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1NH14CV101
1NH14CV101
1NH14CV101
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“ A STUDY ON BACTERIAL CONCRETE ”
CERTIFICATE
External Viva
1.
2.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
impossible without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance
and encouragement crowned our efforts with success.
We have great pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Mohan Manghnani,
Chairman of New Horizon Educational Institutions for providing necessary infrastructure and
creating good environment. We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude to
Dr. Manjunatha, Principal, for his constant support and encouragement. We are grateful to
Dr. Prashanth C.S.R, Dean Academics, for his unfailing encouragement & suggestions,
given to us in the course of our project work. We would also like to than Dr.Niranjan P.S,
Head of Department of Civil Engineering, for her constant support. We express our gratitude
to Sandeep TD Professor, our project guide, for constantly monitoring the development of
the project and setting up precise deadlines. His valuable suggestions were the motivating
factors in completing thework.
Finally a note of thanks to the teaching and non-teaching staff of Dept. of Civil Engineering,
for their cooperation extended to us, and our friends, who helped us directly or indirectly in
the course of the project work.
SANDHYA MG
(1NH14CV101)
RADHIKA S
(1NH14CV090)
SAVITHA R
(1NH15CV415)
II
4
ABSTRACT
properties. However, the drawback of this material is that it easily cracks due to its low
tensile strength. It is a well-known fact that concrete structures are very susceptible to
cracking which allows chemicals and water to enter and degrade the concrete, reducing the
performance of the structure and also requires expensive maintenance in the form of repairs.
In this paper, the following notable points regarding classification of bacteria, selfhealing of
bacterial concrete etc., are observed and identified from the other research works. Cracking
in the surface layer of concrete mainly reduces its durability, since cracks are responsible for
the transport of liquids and gases that could potentially contain deleterious substances. On the
other hand the concrete structures show some selfhealing capacity, i.e. the ability to heal or
seal freshly formed micro-cracks. When micro-cracks growth reaches the reinforcement, not
only the concrete itself may be damaged, but also corrosion occurs in the reinforcement due
to exposure to water and oxygen, and possibly CO2 and chlorides too. Self-healing of
concrete can be done by many ways such as application of specific calcite precipitating
bacteria for concrete repair, usage of synthetic polymers such as epoxy treatment, bio-
DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
NOTATIONS viii
CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 : General 1
CHAPTER 2:
2.1 : Objectives 5
CHAPTER 3:
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 : Materials
3.1.1 : Cement 8
3.1.4 : Bacteria 10
3.1.5 : Water 10
3.2 : Methodology
CHAPTER 4:
MIX DESIGN
4.1 : Introduction 20
4.4.2 : Workability 23
4.4.3 :Durabality 24
of aggregate
CHAPTER 5:
STRENGTH PARAMETERS
CHAPTER 6:
RESULT
bacterial concrete 35
6.5 :Permeability test results 36
CHAPTER 7:
CONCLUSIONS
7.1: Conclusions 37
CHAPTER 8:
REFERENCES 38
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 GENERAL:
recognised in several recent studies. The capacity for self-healing in most common types
The mechanism of the self-healing process may actually differ as it mainly depends on
the composition of concrete mixture. For eg; crack healing in mortar of centuries – old
brick buildings in Amsterdam canals has been observed, and here the process was
contributed to dissolution and reprecipitation of calcium carbonate within the mainly lime
based mortar matrix. Crack penetrating water would not only dissolve calcium calcite
particles present in the mortar matrix but would also react together with
atmosphericcarbon dioxide with not fully hydrated lime constituents such as calcium
The freshly produced products from the above reactions that are precipitated on the
surface of cracks resulted in the crack healing and unfriendly due to high energy
consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. However concrete with low cement content
will not feature significant crack healing capacity as the cement particles have already
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undergone full hydration during the early stages. To improve the durability of such cheap
and eco friendly sustainable concrete an alternative self healing mechanism is likely to be
bacteria,alkaliphilic bacteria and endolithic bacteria. Particularly, the bacteria of the latter
producing groups appear to be more promising for the self-healing properties. This not
only heals the cracks but also increases the strength properties of the concrete such as
Sookie Bang in 1990’s. She had idea of using it as a sealer on Mount Rushmore, which
was subject to the effect of the climate. The team at South Dacota school of Mines and
percent. But the application of this theory was not taken because of lack of interest among
The main aim of the research was to find the right type of bacteria that has to survive in
extreme conditions like alkaline environment. Cement and water have a pH of 13 when
mixed together usually hostile environment. Most of the organisms die at higher Ph but
there are certain organisms which can survive in such extreme environments and can be
found naturally. Samples of certain bacteria was collected from lakes. It was seen that
samples of bacillus genus could thrive to survive in this extreme environment. Different
types of bacteria was induced into the concrete blocks and these blocks were left for one
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or two months to set. Then the block was checked if the bacteria was able to survive in
such kind of climate. It was found that the only bacteria that was able to survive is the one
that produces spores. These spores have thick cell walls and can’t remain intact for about
200 years. They become germinated when the crack takes place and the food is available
while the water enters into these cracks. To find a proper food source for this bacteria
took a very long time and many sources were tried until it was found that calcium lactate
was a carbon source that provides biomass. When it dissolves during mixing process,
calcium lactate will not effect the setting time of the concrete.
There are various types of bacteria’s that can be used in the concrete such as bacillus
bacillus subtilis,bacillus cereus and e-coli due to its ease of availability. These bacteria’s
nutrients for the bacteria which are able to precipitate calcite are calcium sources
concrete, when the seepage of water takes place into formed cracks helps in reacting with
the nutrient to precipitate calcite. The main parameter that is considered is the change in
pore structure. Though change in pore structure gives better result in preventing ingress of
harmful chemicals into concrete that may cause deterioration of structures. Compared to
traditional concrete the bio-cement incorporated has shown higher strength from previous
research. The urease producing alkaphilic bacteria which is grown in nutrient media,
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added with the healing agent of calcium source to the concrete mix has showed relatively
calcium carbonate precipitates is due to the hydrolysis of urease which results in the
binds calcium ions present in medium resulting in the formation of calcium carbonate
crystals which was deposited in agar. All the three bacteria’s are capable of precipitating
calcite which will heal the micro cracks and pores in concrete. From previous
experiments the inclusion of bacteria has increased the compressive strength of the
concrete. The improvement in the compressive strength is due to the plugging of micro
cracks and pores in concrete with calcite precipitated in the bacteria. This is probably due
to the deposition of calcite on the micro-organism cell surfaces and within the pores of
cement sand matrix which plug the pores. The durability of the concrete has also been
factors:
1) Calcium concentration
3) The Ph
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CHAPTER 2
2.1 OBJECTIVES:
To verify the performance of various bacteria with 1mm and 2mm crack width
assessment on bacteria based self healing concrete. It was observed that the
addition of bacteria there was a significant increase in the tensile strength by 63%
after 28 days.
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of self healing concrete using Silica Fume and GGBS. In this paper the cubes
were prepared by adding a percentage of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% of silica fume and
concrete mixed with fly ash. In this paper the bacteria Bacillus Subtilis was used.
There was an improvement in the strength properties which was due to the
increasing the durability. In this paper totally 6 samples were collected from
different sites such as mangrove area. It was found that these samples were calcite
ureolysis. It was observed that the compressive strength was higher than that of
OPC.
bacteria on cement composites. In this paper two types of bacterias were used
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namely, Bacillus sphaericus and sporosarcinapastuerii. It was observed that the
halodurans and Bacillus pseudofirmus species were used. It was observed that by
adding bacteria there is 10% loss in compressive strength but, this loss in strength
paper crack repair was enhanced through the biological treatment in which
Bacillus sphaericus culture was incorporated in a gel matrix. Silica gel was used to
protect the bacteria against the pH in concrete which was found effective as
CaCO3 crystals precipitated inside the matrix. The crack sealing resulted in the
material.
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CHAPTER 3
3.1 MATERIALS
mankind and is used in most of the infrastructures. Cement is used as a binder and it
sets and hardens independently and can be used to bind other materials also. The main
market was used in the investigation. The cement was tested for various properties as
12269-1987.
3.1.2 FINE AGGREGATE- Aggregates are granular materials such as sand, gravel,
or crushed stone. This is one of the essential component used in the concrete. The
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main use of aggregate is that when high performance concrete is required to where the
theIn our project we have used M-sand confirming to the zone II according to IS 383.
changes occurring in the mix. In our project we have used aggregates passing through
20mm.
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3.1.4 BACTERIA-In our project we have used three spore producing bacteriasi.e
Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, E-coli
3.2 METHODOLOGY
We have selected Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Ecoli since they produce
calcium carbonate and due to ease of availability. Members of the genus Bacillus are
rod shaped and can form a tough, protective endospores, allowing it to tolerate
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extreme environmental conditions. Bacterias of bacillus genus are considered to be
best gram positive bacteria and e-coli is also capable of producing endspores.
BACTERIA
The samples Bacillus Subtilis, Bacillus Cereus and E-coli were collected from
Bangalore University using slants that were prepared in lab. Slants were prepared by
adding 50 ml of nutrient agar. A small portion of slant was taken and introduced into
nutrient broth for further growth. A small portion of nutrient broth is added to
500ml conical flask containing distilled water. It is then covered with a thick cotton
plug and is made air tight with paper and rubber band. It is then sterilized using a
cooker for about 10-20 minutes. Now the solution is free from any contaminants and
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Later the flasks are opened up and a small amount of each of the bacteria was added
to the sterilized flask and is kept in a shaker at a speed of 150-200rpm for 24 hours.
After 24 hours the solution was found to be whitish yellow turbid solution
mixing water. Using haemocytometer the counting of colonies was done and appropriate
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Bacteria is harmful for human health and may lead to various diseases and due to this
working with bacterial solution. The whole procedure musrt be done between two flames
so that the bacteria used will not be contaminated by the interference of other bacteria
present in the environment. Also safety masks is worn so that we don’t inhale the bacteria
Specific gravity: It is the ratio between weight of the material and weight of equal
volume of water.
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Initial setting time: It is the time at which cement starts to harden and completely
Final setting time: It is the time at which cement completely lose its plasticity
and gain its entire strength is called as the final setting time.
Fineness test: It is the property of cement that indicates the particle size of
consistency 4
time 5 30 min
5 hours
6 Compressive IS 4031:1988-Part6 53 53
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3.2.4.2 Material properties of fine aggregate:
Specific gravity:It is the ratio between the weight of material and weight of equal
amount of water.
Zone : According to IS 383 table 4 the fine aggregate that is used comes under
zone II
Recommendations values
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3.2.4.3 Material properties of coarse aggregate:
Specific gravity: It is the ratio betweenthe weight of the material and weight of
aggregate.
Bulk density: It is the mass of aggregates required to fill the container of a unit
gravity
absorption Part 3
density(gm/cc) Part 3
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3.2.5 FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES
SLUMP CONE TEST: Slump test is an empirical method to measure the workability of
the concrete. The test is carries out using slump cone, the slump cone is placed on a
and each layer is being tamped by 25 layers using a standard tamping rod. The excess
concrete is removed and is leveled using a trowel. The mould is raised immediately and
slowly in the upward direction. The slump is now measured as the difference between the
height of the mould and that of height point of the specimen. The slump that we obtained
is 100mm.
In order to reduce the influence on slump of the variation in the surface friction, the inside
of mould and base will be moistured before starting the test and before lifting the mould
the area around the base should be cleaned properly from concrete which might be
dropped by mistake.
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The slump that we have obtained is 100mm and shows that is has good workability and
aggregates cement etc. It also depends on temperature. So all the above parameters should
3.2.6 MIX DESIGN: Mix design is defined as the selection and proportioning of
constituents to produce a concrete with defined characteristicsin the fresh and hardened
states. Its objective is to produce concrete of certain minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible.
The mix ratio obtained after the mix design , the concrete was developed. The following
1) Controlled concrete
Method of mixing bacteria into concrete: There are different methods of mixing
a) Direct mixing
b) Indirect mixing
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c) Injection method
In our project we have used the first method ie direct method of mixing. Firstly the
measuring jars were sterilized in the oven. After few minutes once it gets slightly cooled
the solution was poured into the measuring jar. The flask was firstly heated before we
poured into the jar so that the bacteria does not get contaminated by the other bacteria
present in the environment. Now the bacterial solution is added into the mixing water that
Once the concrete is completely mixed it is poured into the cube and vibration was done
using vibration machine. Then it was kept for 24 hours to dry. Moulds were removed
after 24 hours and they were kept in the curing tanks. Curing was done for 7, 14 and 28
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CHAPTER 4
MIX DESIGN:
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative
amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability,
and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The
concrete in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If the plastic concrete is
not workable, it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of workability,
index of its other properties, depends upon many factors, e.g. quality and quantity of
cement, water and aggregates; batching and mixing; placing, compaction and curing. The
cost of concrete is made up of the cost of materials, plant and labours. The variations in
the cost of materials arise from the fact that the cement is several times costly than the
aggregate, thus the aim is to produce as lean a mix as possible. From technical point of
view the rich mixes may lead to high shrinkage and cracking in the structural concrete,
and to evolution of high heat of hydration in mass concrete which may cause cracking.
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The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials required for producing a
minimum mean strength called characteristic strength that is specified by the designer of
the structure. This depends on the quality control measures, but there is no doubt that the
quality control adds to the cost of concrete. The extent of quality control is often an
economic compromise, and depends on the size and type of job. The cost of labours
depends on the workability of mix, e.g., a concrete mix of inadequate workability may
result in a high cost of labour to obtain a degree of compaction with available equipment.
The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredient
are:
b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting
equipment available.
mass concrete.
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4.3 TYPES OF MIXES
In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio which ensures adequate
strength are termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and under normal
circumstances, have a margin of strength above that specified. However, due to the
variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely
in strength.
The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by volume) vary widely in
strength and may result in under- or over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimum
compressive strength has been included in many specifications. These mixes are termed
standard mixes.
IS 456-2000 has designated the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10,
M15, M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix
and the number tomorrow the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/mm2. The
mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25 correspond approximately to the mix
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4.3.3. Designed Mixes
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the
mix proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, except that the minimum
cement content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to the selection of mix
proportions with specific materials in mind possessing more or less unique characteristics.
The approach results in the production of concrete with the appropriate properties most
economically. However, the designed mix does not serve as a guide since this does not
guarantee the correct mix proportions for the prescribed performance. For the concrete
quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used only for very
small jobs, when the 28-day strength of concrete does not exceed 30 N/mm2. No control
4.4.1Compressive strength
It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other
describable properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive strength required
at a specific age, usually 28 days, determines the nominal water-cement ratio of the mix.
The other factor affecting the strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed
4.4.2 Workability
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The degree of workability required depends on three factors. These are the size of the
compaction to be used. For the narrow and complicated section with numerous corners or
inaccessible parts, the concrete must have a high workability so that full compaction can
be achieved with a reasonable amount of effort. This also applies to the embedded steel
sections. The desired workability depends on the compacting equipment available at the
site.
4.4.3. Durability
High strength concrete is generally more durable than low strength concrete. In the
situations when the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of exposure are such
that high durability is vital, the durability requirement will determine the water-cement
ratio to be used.
In general, larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for
increase in maximum size of the aggregate. However, the compressive strength tends to
IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 recommend that the nominal size of the aggregate
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The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a specified workability and
water cement ratio. Coarser the grading leaner will be mix which can be used. Very lean
mix is not desirable since it does not contain enough finer material to make the concrete
cohesive.
The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregate-cement ratio for the desired
The degree of control can be estimated statistically by the variations in test results. The
variation in strength results from the variations in the properties of the mix ingredients
and lack of control of accuracy in batching, mixing, placing, curing and testing. The
lower the difference between the mean and minimum strengths of the mix lower will be
the cement-content required. The factor controlling this difference is termed as quality
control.
in the terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a concrete
mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregate are in the ratio
1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts of
coarse aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water-cement
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4.5. Factors to be considered for mix design
• The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size
And shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for
transportation, placing and compaction
As per • IS 10262:2009
• Grade designation • M 25
• Mineral Admixture • No
super plasticizer 2%
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CHAPTER 5
STRENGTH PARAMETERS
The concrete cubes were taken out from the curing tank after their respective days of
curing. These cubes were allowed to dry for some time. Once the cubes were dried, it is
placed under the compressive testing machine in order to check its compressive strength.
The water present on the surface of the cubes were wiped properly before placing under
the compressive testing machine. The testing machine was cleaned and the bearing
surfaces was checked. The various samples of controlled concrete and bacterial concrete
was placed under the machine such that the load was applied on the opposite side of the
cube cast. The specimen is aligned on the base plate of the machine. And the load was
gradually apples without any shock and continuously. The maximum load applied and
noted down and further comparison is made. Comparison is made with concrete with all
The rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross sectional area of
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The cubes have been placed into a prepared mould and the permeameter is all set
for conducting experiment.
Allow water to flow through the funnel until the water level in the funnel
is constant.
Switch on the permeameter allow the compressed air and water to flow through
the cubes.
After 3 hours note down the final height of water in the water gauge.
If the water level goes down that means the concrete specimen is pervious.
If the water level goes down too much then it is said to be the concrete specimen
k = Q/AT * L/H
Where,
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Q = discharge in cm^3/sec
L= length of specimen in cm
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CHAPTER 6
RESULTS
Average
Trail Load Area Stress
Specimen Dimension stress(M
no. (kN) (mm²) (Mpa)
pa)
1 (15×15×15)cm 550 150x150 24.4
conventional
2 (15×15×15)cm 600 150x150 26.6
3 (15×15×15)cm 480 150x150 21.3 24.1
150x150
Bacillus subtilis 1 (15×15×15)cm 650 28.8
150x150
2 (15×15×15)cm 610 27.11
150x150 27.25
3 (15×15×15)cm 580 25.77
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
Bacillus cereus 1 500 22.22
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
2 660 29.33
(15×15×15)cm 150x150 26.78
3 650 28.8
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
E coli 1 600 26.6
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
2 580 25.77
(15×15×15)cm 150x150 27.08
3 650 28.88
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6.2 14 DAYS RESULT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Average
Trail Load Area Stress
Specimen Dimension stress(M
no. (kN) (mm²) (Mpa)
pa)
1 (15×15×15)cm 650 150x150 28.8
conventional
2 (15×15×15)cm 700 150x150 31.1
3 (15×15×15)cm 720 150x150 32 30.6
150x150
Bacillus subtilis 1 (15×15×15)cm 700 31.1
150x150
2 (15×15×15)cm 760 33.7
150x150 33.3
3 (15×15×15)cm 790 35.11
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
Bacillus cereus 1 700 31.1
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
2 690 30.6
(15×15×15)cm 150x150 31.06
3 710 31.5
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
E coli 1 800 35.5
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
2 780 34.6
(15×15×15)cm 150x150 35.6
3 830 36.8
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6.3 DAYS RESULT OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Average
Trail Load Area Stress
Specimen Dimension stress(M
no. (kN) (mm²) (Mpa)
pa)
1 (15×15×15)cm 800 150x150 35.5
conventional
2 (15×15×15)cm 780 150x150 34.6
3 (15×15×15)cm 820 150x150 36.4 35.5
150x150
Bacillus subtilis 1 (15×15×15)cm 830 36.88
150x150
2 (15×15×15)cm 900 40
150x150 37.7
3 (15×15×15)cm 820 36.44
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
Bacillus cereus 1 700 31.1
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
2 750 33.33
(15×15×15)cm 150x150 33.03
3 780 34.66
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
E coli 1 900 40
(15×15×15)cm 150x150
2 850 37.7
(15×15×15)cm 150x150 40.43
3 980 43.5
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6.4 GRAPHICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN
CONTROLLED AND BACTERIAL CONCRETE
27.5 27.25
27.08
27 26.78
26.5
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
26
25.5
25
24.5 24.1
24
23.5
23
22.5
1
24.1-NORMAL CONCRETE
27.25-BACILLUS SUBTILIS
26.78-E.COLI
27.08-BACILLUS CEREUS
35
34
33.3
33
32
COMPRESSIVE TEST
31.06
31 30.6
30
29
28
30.6- NORMAL CONCRETE
33.3- BACILLUS SUBTILIS
31.06- BACILLUS CEREUS
35.6- E-COLI
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25
20
15
10
5
0
SPECIMEN PERMEABILITY
(cm/s)
Controlled concrete 1.678x10-5
Bacillus subtillis 6.08x10-6
Bacillus cereus 8.192x10-6
E coli 1.19x10-6
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CHAPTER
CONCLUSION
1. Due to its eco-friendly nature, self-healing abilities and increase in durability of many
building materials, the bacterial concrete is found to be more advantageous than that of
reinforcement etc.
4. Cementation by bacteria is very easy and convenient for usage. This will soon provide
the basis for high quality structures that will be cost effective and environmentally safe,
but more work is required to improve the feasibility of this technology from both
5. Increase in compressive strength is mainly due to the consolidation of the pores inside
the cement mortar with microbiologically induced calcite precipitation. 6. When bacterial
7. A lower permeability due to healing of cracks would result in a decreased ingress rate
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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES
3. Mayur Shantilal Vekariya, Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda., “Bacterial Concrete: New Era For
Recycled Waste Water”, JIPC Journal, Vol 24, No.1, Page 17-22, 2008.
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