Unit-4

HEAT EXCHANGERS
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Types of heat exchanger

(i) Recuperative type: The heat being exchanged between fluids separated
by a wall.
(ii) Regenerative or storage type: Store heat in a storage medium by one
stream and then extract it with another stream.

Recuperative type Regenerative or storage type

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Concentric tube heat exchangers. (a) Parallel flow. (b) Counterflow.

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Boilers and Condensers
Heat exchangers are often given specific names to reflect the
specific application for which they are used. For example, a condenser
is a heat exchanger in which one of the fluids is cooled and
condenses as it flows through the heat exchanger. A boiler is another
heat exchanger in which one of the fluids absorbs heat and vaporizes.

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Cross-flow heat exchangers. (a) Finned with both fluids unmixed. (b)
Unfinned with one fluid mixed and the other unmixed.

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OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

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Fouling Factor

The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat

transfer and causes the rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger to
decrease. The net effect of these accumulations on heat transfer is
represented by a fouling factor (Rf), which is a measure of the
thermal resistance introduced by fouling.

where Uf is overall heat transfer coefficient for fouled surface and

Uc is for clean surface.
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Log mean temperature difference
The temperature difference
between the hot and cold fluids
varies along the heat exchanger,
and it is convenient to have a
mean temperature difference
ΔTm for use in the relation

an energy balance on each fluid

in a differential section of the
heat exchanger can be expressed
as:

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The rate of heat transfer in the differential section of the heat exchanger
can also be expressed as

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LMTD for a counter-flow heat exchanger is always greater than that 14
for a parallel-flow heat exchanger.
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for a parallel-flow heat exchanger can be rearranged as

Substituting this relation into the above Eq. after adding and
subtracting Tc,in it gives

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 Or

From definition effectiveness is

Therefore for parallel flow

Or

Taking either Cc or Ch to be Cmin (both approaches give the same result),

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the relation above can be expressed more conveniently as
 Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically involve the
dimensionless group UAs /Cmin. This quantity is called the number
of transfer units NTU and is expressed as

In heat exchanger analysis, it is also convenient to define another

dimensionless quantity called the capacity ratio c as

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For Boilers and Condensers

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