Module : Plane Coordinate Geometry

Lesson : Functions and Relations

EXPECTATIONS

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 define a functions and relations

 determine if the given is a relations or a functions
 real-life application of a functions and relations

MOTIVATION QUESTION

Is every function considered a relation?

LOOKING BACK

Let’s now review on some key concepts as used in functions and relations.
What is a set?
A set is a collection of distinct or well-defined members or elements.
What are ordered-pair numbers?
These are numbers that go hand in hand.
What is a domain?
A domain is a set of all input or first value of a function. Inputs values
are generally ‘x’ values of a function.
What is a range?
The range of a function is a collection of all output or second values.
Output values are ‘y’ values of a function.

PROPER DISCUSSION
Before we go deeper, let’s understand the difference between both with a simple
example. An ordered pair is represented as (INPUT, OUTPUT): The relation shows the
relationship between INPUT and OUTPUT. Whereas, a function is a relation which
derives one OUTPUT for each given INPUT.
What is a function?
A function is a relation which describes that there should be only one output for
each input (or) we can say that a special kind of relation (a set of ordered pairs),
which follows a rule i.e., every X-value should be associated with only one y-value
is called a function.

 For example:
Domain Range

-1 -3

1 3

3 9

Types of Functions
 In terms of relations, we can define the types of functions as:
1. One to one function or Injective function
2. Many to one function
3. Onto Function or Surjective function
4. One-one correspondence or Bijective function

 One to one function basically denotes the mapping of two sets. A function g is
one-to-one if every element of the range of g corresponds to exactly one element
of the domain of g. One-to-one is also written as 1-1. A function f() is a method,
which relates elements/values of one variable to the elements/values of another
variable, in such a way that the elements of the first variable identically determine
the elements of the second variable.
 One-to-one functions define that each element of one set, say Set (A) is mapped
with a unique element of another set, say Set (B). Or it could be defined as each
element of Set A has a unique element on Set B

Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c, d}. Which of the following is a one-to-one function?
1. {(1, c), (2, c)(2, c)}
2. {(1, a),(2, b),(3, c)}
3. {(1, b)(1, c)}
The Answer is 2.
Explanation: Here, option number 2 satisfies the one-to-one condition, as
elements of set B(range) are uniquely mapped with elements of set A(domain).

 Many to one function: A function is called many-to-one (sometimes written 'many-

one') if some function output value corresponds to more than one input value. In symbols,
the function f is many-to-one if there are two distinct values a and b in the domain of f such
that f(a)=f(b).

This graph shows a many-to-one function. The three dots indicate three x values that are
all mapped onto the same y value.
  Onto functions: Onto function could be explained by considering two sets, Set A
and Set B, which consist of elements. If for every element of B, there is at least
one or more than one element matching with A, then the function is said to be onto
function or surjective function. The term for the surjective function was introduced
by Nicolas Bourbaki.
◦ In the first figure, you can see that for each element of B, there is a pre-image or
a matching element in Set A. Therefore, it is an onto function. But if you see in the
second figure, one element in Set B is not mapped with any element of set A, so
it’s not an onto or surjective function.

 Bijective function: A function is said to be bijective or bijection, if a function f: A

→ B satisfies both the injective (one-to-one function) and surjective function (onto
function) properties. It means that every element “b” in the codomain B, there is
exactly one element “a” in the domain A. such that f(a) = b. If the function satisfies
this condition, then it is known as one-to-one correspondence.
o Bijective Function Properties
 A function f: A → B is a bijective function if every element b ∈ B and every element
a ∈ A, such that f(a) = b. It is noted that the element “b” is the image of the element
“a”, and the element “a” is the preimage of the element “b”. The basic properties
of the bijective function are as follows:

What is the Relation?

It is a subset of the Cartesian product. Or simply, a bunch of points (ordered pairs).
In other words, the relation between the two sets is defined as the collection of the
ordered pair, in which the ordered pair is formed by the object from each set.
◦ A relation is a pairing or correspondence between two variables.
◦ Relation – it is a set of ordered pairs.
Example: {(-2, 1), (4, 3), (7, -3)}, usually written in set notation form with curly brackets.
Relation Representation
There are other ways too to write the relation, apart from set notation such as through
tables, plotting it on XY- axis or through mapping diagram.

Types of Relations
1. Empty Relation
◦ When there’s no element of set X is related or mapped to any element of X, then
the relation R in A is an empty relation, and also called the void relation, i.e R= ∅.
For example, if there are 100 mangoes in the fruit basket. There’s no possibility of
finding a relation R of getting any apple in the basket. So, R is Void as it has 100
mangoes and no apples.
2. Universal relation
◦ R is a relation in a set, let’s say A is a universal relation because, in this full relation,
every element of A is related to every element of A. i.e R = A × A.
◦ It’s a full relation as every element of Set A is in Set B.
3. Identity Relation
◦ If every element of set A is related to itself only, it is called Identity relation.
I={(A, A), ∈ a}.
For Example,
When we throw a dice, the total number of possible outcomes is 36. I.e (1, 1) (1,
2), (1, 3)…..(6, 6). From these, if we consider the relation (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) (4, 4)
(5, 5) (6, 6), it is an identity relation.
 4. Inverse Relation
◦ If R is a relation from set A to set B i.e., R ∈ A X B. The relation R-1= {(b,a):(a,b) ∈
R}.
For example,
◦ If you throw two dice if R = {(1, 2) (2, 3)}, R-1 = {(2, 1) (3, 2)}. Here the domain is
the range R-1 and vice versa.
5. Reflexive Relation
◦ A relation is a reflexive relation iIf every element of set A maps to itself, i.e for every
a ∈ A, (a, a) ∈ R.
6. Symmetric Relation
◦ A symmetric relation is a relation R on a set A if (a, b) ∈ R then (b, a) ∈ R, for all a
& b ∈ A.
7. Transitive Relation
◦ If (a, b) ∈ R, (b, c) ∈ R, then (a, c) ∈ R, for all a,b,c ∈ A and this relation in set A is
transitive.
8. Equivalence Relation
◦ If a relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, then the relation is called an
equivalence relation.

PRACTICE EXERCISES

Example 1: All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions. Justify.

Solution:
Let’s suppose, we have two relations given below

As we can see duplication in X-values with As every value of X is different and is

different y-values, then this relation is not a associated with only one value of y, this
function. relation is a function
Example 2.

Relation A represents a Relation B does not represent a function

functions because 1 maps onto more than one
One to one output

Example 3. The relationship between age and height.

If you took a group of people at random, you would notice a relationship between their
ages and height. This is because people get taller with time and then remain at the same
height for a while.
This is a relation because if you input a specific age and check all the people of that age,
you would get different heights.
However, if you were to take the height of a particular person over the years, the height
would be a function of age. This is because a person would have only one value of height
at any point in life.

Example 4. A Semester in School

In a college, students take different classes to fulfill the requirements of a given course.
A student may have different grades for different subjects. Therefore, there is a relation
between the student and his grades.
However, in a single class, the tutor assigns each student a grade depending on the
performance of that particular subject. There can never be a student with two grades in a
single subject.

Example 5. Temperature and Location

A location may have varying temperatures according to the time of the day and weather.
This may repeat itself over the years as long as the conditions are similar to those of the
last time. That can be said to be a relation.
However, the temperature can also be a function of time. At any one time, there can only
be one temperature reading for a location.

Example 6. The Cost of Fuel

Once you pull over to a gas station, the cost of filling your car is dependent on the amount
of gasoline you put into its tank.
Therefore, the cost is a function of the quantity in this case. There can never be two costs
for the same quantity of fuel in a gas station.
Most people estimate the amount of fuel to put into their vehicle based on the cost of a
liter of gasoline.

ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT
Determine whether the given is a relation or a function. Justify.
1. The cost of taking a taxi
2. Money won from a lottery ticket
3. Money won from a lottery ticket
4. Places you can drive with two gallons of fuel
5. The velocity of an object in free fall
6. An ATM machine
SOURCES
◦ https://byjus.com/maths/relations-and-functions/
◦ https://www.nagwa.com/en/videos/526120939874/
◦ https://study.com/academy/lesson/coordinate-system-in-geometry-definition-
types.html
◦ https://www.cuemath.com/distance-formula/

Prepared by:

Niña D. Acenas
Reporter