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Community 

Psychiatry

劉震鐘 醫師
Laurens van Lieshout (User:LaurensvanLieshout) - CC BY-SA3.0,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1423431

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Why “Community”

• In contrast to institution
• Preventive perspectives
• Humanity perspectives
• Longitudinal perspectives
• Resource/economics perspectives

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Social
Structural Social Psychosocial
Conditions Networks Mechanisms Pathways

Culture: Social support: Behavioral pathways:


norms/values Social network structure instrumental/financial smoking
social cohesion size informational diet
racism range appraisal exercise
sexism density emotional adherence to medical
competition boundedness treatments
proximity Social influence: help-seeking behavior
Socioeconomic homogeneity constraining/enabling
factors: reachability direction of norms
inequality Psychological pathways:
peer pressure
discrimination self-efficacy
conflict Characteristics of self-esteem
Social engagement:
labor market network ties: coping effectiveness
cognitive exercise
poverty face-to-face contact depression/distress
meaningful social role
non-visual contact sense of well-being
bonding
Politics: organization participation
laws reciprocity of ties Person-to-person Physiological pathways:
public policy multiplexity contact HPA axis response
participation duration allostatic load
political culture intimacy immune system function
Access to resources:
job opportunities cardiovascular reactivity
Social change access to health care cardiopulmonary fitness
institutional contact transmission of diseases

Conceptual Models of How Social Networks Impact Health


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Berkman LF & Glass T 2000
The Natural History of Disease

Preclinical Clinical
phase phase
Outcome

Biological Symptoms Diagnosis Therapy


onset

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Onset and progression of schizophrenia in relation to risk factors and 
developmental processes affected by the disorder

Millan et al. (2016) Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 6


Concepts of preventive medicine

• Primary prevention: health promotion; reduce risk 
factors/enhancing host resistance: minimize 
incidence
• Secondary prevention: early detection and prompt 
treatment: minimize prevalence
• Tertiary prevention: rehabilitation: minimize 
disability

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Preventive approaches based on level of risks

• Universal 
• Selective 
• Indicated

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精神健康知能
Aug 12 2007 China Times daily

50
45
Registered
40
Recruited
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
11/1/06 12/1/06 1/1/07 2/15/07 3/15/07 4/15/07 5/15/07 6/15/07 7/15/07 8/15/07 10/1/07 11/1/07 12/1/07

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病人如何界定/辨識自已問題 問題呈現
病人/家屬的背景及過去史 疑似精神病前期
首次發生的精神病
影響專業特質的因子 精神醫療專業:
年齡、性別 態度/信念/ 問題辨識/
訓練背景 知識/經驗 暫時診斷
次專科、資歷
工作場域 風險/期程/
治療的考量:
本次就診型式 給付結構 症狀層面評估
是否有其他需求 執行實務
執業結構
病人期待
繼續教育課程 新知的認識

轉介系統 轉介 治療 暫時處理 忽略

後續發展: 臨床成效、病人滿意度、專業
成就感、 轉介與否等等

圖一、影響第一線精神醫療專業人員處置的可能因素
Clinical trajectories of young individuals seeking help who are at high 
risk for developing schizophrenia
Millan et al. (2016) Nature Reviews Drug Discovery

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憂鬱性疾患 具精神病風險狀態  焦慮性疾患

雙相情緒疾患  強迫性疾患 

人格障礙或人格特質問題 適應性/成長階段困擾  個案後來可能發展


成各種不一樣的精
精神病光譜疾患  神疾病,也可能只
是成長過程中的風
圖二、示意圖:以「跨診斷」(transdiagnostic)的模式來看待「具 暴,一陣子過後自
精神病風險狀態」個案在追蹤時,可能出現的變化 然就好了
改編自Liu et al. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association (In
press)
參考原始文獻McGorry et al. World Psychiatry 2018, 17(2):133-
142. 12
Hospital services for psychiatric patients

• Outpatient care
• Emergency care
• Acute inpatient care
• Day care
• Chronic inpatient rehabilitation
• Chronic nursing care

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Community rehabilitation settings

• Home care
• Halfway house
• Sheltering training programs
• Community rehabilitation center

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中央主管機關 

學校系統  地方衛生單位  勞動系統 

社區心理  精神醫療網 
衛生中心  核心醫院 
(個管師)  (個管師) 

個案 

基層精神醫療  綜合醫院 

摘自衛福部「精神病早期介入處置臨床參考指引」,各層級社區精神醫療網絡在早期介入的角色與連結
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Services other than chronic psychosis
• Early intervention for children
• Long‐term care of elderly
• Domestic violence: aggressors and victims
• Sexual abuse: perpetrators and victims
• Substance misuse
• Post‐traumatic stress follow‐up
• Suicide/depression prevention
• Health education/promotion campaigns 
• Public mental health in the era of global pandemic

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Mental Health Care Team

• Psychiatrists
• Clinical psychologists
• Social workers
• Psychiatric nurses
• Occupational therapists
• Employment specialist
• Administrative and clerical staff members
• Links to other human services groups
• Case managers

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Focused on 
• Outreaches rather than center‐based
• Active participants rather than passive recipients
• Strengths rather than weakness
• Resources rather than limitations
• Dynamic adjustment rather than static implement

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Challenges in community psychiatry
• Stigmatization
• Revolving door phenomenon
• Changes in psychosocial environment
• Inadequate support systems 
• Diversity of mental health problems
• Priority of mental health issues in public policies
• Legal aspects
• NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) 

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Student project

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報告寫作重點

‧儘量以病歷報告的方式呈現
• 練習coding精神症狀(情緒Affect、行為Behavior、
認知Cognition、驅力Drive等的變化)
• 練習和bio‐psycho‐social factors串連記錄或討論病
情的變化
• 討論著重在精神疾病相關的內容、不需對整部電
影或小說討論
‧科學性的文章:文字通順、條理清楚
‧避免使用文學性的詞藻堆疊、含糊糾結的描述
‧切勿抄襲
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