Matrizes

Exercício 1
   
−14 20 24 3 42 28
a) 2A + 4B =  −16 6 8  b) 4(A + B) − BA =  −15 19 8 
   

−2 6 12 16 1 32

   
46 −30 20 5 −4 −12
c) A(A − B) =  −15 4 −2  d) BB =  8 −5 −10 
   

51 −42 42 1 −5 −2

Exercício 2
   
−3 −3 0 1 −3 −3 0 1 (AB = AC ∧ B 6= C)
AB =  1 15 0 −5  , AC =  1 15 0 −5  ⇓
   

−3 15 0 −5 −3 15 0 −5 6
AB = AC =⇒ B=C

Exercício 3
" # " # " #
3x 3y 3x 3y x y
a) MX = = = XM =⇒ X=
3z 3w 3z 3w z w

" # " # " #

x y x+y y x 0
b) MX = = = XM =⇒ X=
x+z w+y w+z w z x

" # " # " #

3x + z w + 3y 3x x + y x y
c) MX = = = XM =⇒ X=
z w 3z w + z 0 x − 2y

55
Exercício 4
" # " # " #
3 2
2x1,1 + 4x2,1 2x1,2 + 4x2,2 1 0 − 10 5
a) AX = = = I2 =⇒ X= 2
4x1,1 + 3x2,1 4x1,2 + 3x2,2 0 1 5 − 15

   
x1,1 x1,2 x1,3 1 0 0
b) BX =  x1,1 + x2,1 x1,2 + x2,2 x1,3 + x2,3  =  0 1 0  = I3 =⇒
   

2x1,1 + 2x2,1 + x3,1 2x1,2 + 2x2,2 + x3,2 2 x1,3 + 2x2,3 + x3,3 0 0 1

 
1 0 0
X = −1 1 0 
 

0 −2 1

Exercício 5
×C−1
CT AT XC −C = 0 ⇐⇒ CT AT XC = C ⇐⇒ CT AT XI3 = I3 ⇐⇒ AT X = (CT )−1 I3 ⇐⇒ X = (AT )−1 (CT )−1

⇐⇒ X = (CT AT )−1 ⇐⇒ X = ((AC)T )−1

     
−5 0 −8 −5 −1 0 −5 −8 3
AC =  −1 1 1  =⇒ (AC)T =  0 1 −3  =⇒ ((AC)T )−1 =  24 40 −15 
     

0 −3 −8 −8 1 −8 8 13 −5

Exercício 6 (AT )T = A
T −1

T
= A−1


A (AB)T = BT AT

−1 T
T T
AT X + (AB)−1 = A A−1 X + (AB)−1 = A X T A−1 = A − (AB)−1
 
a) ⇐⇒ ⇐⇒

(AB)−1 = B−1 A−1

×A
⇐⇒ X T A−1 = A − B−1 A−1 ⇐⇒ X T A−1 A = AA − B−1 A−1 A ⇐⇒ X T = A2 − B−1

     T  
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 −3
A2 =  2 1 0  , B−1 =  0 12 0  =⇒ X = (A2 −B−1 )T =  2 1
0  = 0 1
0
       
2 2
−3 0 0 0 0 13 −3 0 − 13 0 0 − 13

b) ker(A) = h(0, 0, 1)i =⇒ dim(ker(A)) = 1

56
Exercício 7
   
2 −1 1 8 2 −1 1 8
a11 =2
a)  −3

2 1 −7 
 / 0
 1 5
5

3L1 2 2
2 +L2
−2 1 2 −3 0 0 3 5
L1 +L3

2x − y = 8 − 53 19
+ 53
   

 2x − y + z = 8 
 
2x = 3 
x =4
   
1 5 1 5
2 y + 2 z = 5 ⇐⇒ 2 y = 5 − 25
6 ⇐⇒ y = 5
3 ⇐⇒ y = 3 .

 
 
 

5 5 5
3z = 5 z= 3 z= z=
   
3 3

     
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
a11 =1 a22 =1
b)  1 2 3 0 
  / 0 1 2 0
  / 0 1 2 0

L2 −L1 L3 −2L2
 
3 5 7 1 L3 −3L1 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 1


x+y+ z = 0

y + 2z = 0 .


0 = 1 Impossível


     
1 −1 −3 4 1 1 −1 −3 4 1 1 −1 −3 4 1
     
1 1 1 2 −1  a11 =1 0
/
2 4 −2 −2  a22 =2 0
/
2 4 −2 −2 
c) 
 0 −1 −2 1

L2 −L1  0 −1 −2

L2

 1 
  1 1 
 2 +L3
0
 0 0 0 0 

L3
1 2 3 1 −2 L4 −L1
0 3 6 −3 −3 3L
L4 − 22 0 0 0 0 0

  

x − y − 3z + 4t = 1 
x − y − 3z + 4t = 1 
x = z − 3t

 
 

2y + 4z − 2t = −2 y = −1 − 2z + t  y = −1 − 2z + t

 
 
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒ .


 0=0 

 0=0 

 0=0

 
 

  
0=0 0=0 0=0

     
0 1 −3
     
 −1   −2   1 
s=
 0 +z 1 +t  0 
    
     
0 0 1

57
    
1 −2 3 −4 2 −2 1 −2 3 −4 2 −2
a22 =4
1

2 −3 0 −1 −3 
 a11 =1 0

4 −6 4 −3 −1

 L
L2 −L1 L3 − 42
/ 0 /
   
d)  1 −1 2 −3 0 10 
L3 −L1
1 −1 1 −2 12 
L
L4 − 42
   
0 1 −1 −1 −2 −5  0 1 −1 −1 −2 −5
   
L4  7L
L5 − 42
2 3 −1 1 4 1 L5 −2L1 0 7 −7 9 0 5

   
1 −2 3 −4 2 −2 1 −2 3 −4 2 −2
0 4 −6 4 −3 −1 0 4 −6 4 −3 −1
   
 
a33 = 12
/ 0
   
1
0
 0 2 0 − 45 49
4

 L4 −L3  0 1
2 0 − 54 49
4


1 5 19
0 0 2 −2 − 4 − 4 0 0 0 −2 0 −17
   
 L5 −7L3 
7
0 0 2 2 21
4
27
4 0 0 0 2 14 −79

 
1 −2 3 −4 2 −2
0 4 −6 4 −3 −1 
 
a44 =−2
/ 0
 
1 5 49 
L4 +L5  0 2 0 − 4 4 
0 0 0 −2 0 −17
 
 
0 0 0 0 14 −96

x − 2y + 3z − 4t + 2w = −2 x − 2y + 3z − 4t + 2w = −2 x − 2y + 3z = −2 + 2 48 17
  

 
 
 7 +4 2
  
4y − 6z = −1 − 3 48 − 4 17
  



 4y − 6z + 4t − 3w = −1 


 4y − 6z + 4t − 3w = −1 


 7 2
  
1 5 49 1 5 49 49 60
2z − 4 w = 4 ⇐⇒ 2z − 4 w = 4 ⇐⇒ z = 2 − 7

 
 

− 2t = −17 t = 17 t = 17

 
 






 2 

 2
  
48
14w = −96 w=−7 w = − 48
  
7

= −2 + 2 48 17 103
= −2 + 2 48 17 103 20 251
  

x − 2y 7 + 4 2 − 3 14 
x 7 + 4 2 − 3 14 − 2 7 
x = 14
  
= −1 − 3 48 17 103
= − 20 = − 20
  
4y 7 − 4 2 + 6 14 y y

 
 






 7 

 7
103 103 103
z = 14 ⇐⇒ z = 14 ⇐⇒ z = 14 .

 
 

17 17 17
= = =
  


 t 2


 t 2


 t 2

 
 

w = − 48 w = − 48 w = − 48
  
7 7 7

58
    
5 1 1 0 3 5 1 1 0 3
   
 0 4 0 4 4  a11 =5 0 4 0 4
/
4  a22 =4
/
e)  
2L1

L3

 0 0 2 1 −4 
 5 +L4
 0 0 2 1 −4



7L
−2 1 0 4 −1 0 75 25 4 1 L4 − 202
5

   
5 1 1 0 3 5 1 1 0 3
   

 0 4 0 4 4 
 a33 =2
/

 0 4 0 4 4 

L

 0 0 2 1 −4 
 L4 − 53

 0 0 2 1 −4 

2 13
0 0 5 5 − 65 0 0 0 12
5 − 25

5x = 3 − 76 + 23 3
   

5x + y + z =3 
5x + y + z = 3 
 12 
x = 4
   
= 4 + 4 16  y =7 7
   
4y + 4t = 4 4y  y =

 
  
6 6
⇐⇒ ⇐⇒ ⇐⇒ .


 2z + t = −4 

 2z = −4 + 16 

 z = − 23
12


 z = − 1223

 
 
 

12
= − 25 t = − 16 t = − 16 t = − 61
   
5t

Exercício 8
     
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
a11 =1  a22 =2
a)  0 2 1 0 1

0
 / 0 2 1 0 1 0 /
0 2 1 0 1 0

L3 −L1
  L2
2 +L3
1 −1 0 0 0 1 0 −1 −1 −1 0 1 0 0 − 12 −1 12 1
L2 +2L3
   
1 0 0 −1 1 2 L2 1 0 0 −1 1 2
L1 +2L3
/ 0

2 0 −2 2 2  −2L /  0 1 0 −1 1
 2 
1 

a33 =− 21 3
0 0 − 12 −1 12 1 0 0 1 2 −1 −2
 
−1 1 2
A−1 =  −1 1 1 
 

2 −1 −2
     
4 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 0 0
a11 =4 a22 =2
b)  0 2 1 0 1 0 
  /
0 2 1 0 1 0
 /
0 2 1 0 1 0

L L
L3 − 41 L3 − 22
1 1 9 0 0 1 0 1 35 1
4 −4 0 1 0 0 33 1 1
4 −4 −2 1

59
 4L
L2 − 333    
4L 4 0 0 34
33
2
33 − 4
33 L1 1 0 0 17
66
1
66 − 1
33
L1 − 333
/ 1 35
 0 2 0 33 33 − 33 4  4 / 1
 0 1 0 66 35 2 
− 33
a33 = 33
 L2 66 
4 2
0 0 33 1
4 −4 −2
1
1 4L3
1
0 0 1 − 33 2
− 33 4
33
33
 17 1 1

66 66 − 33
A−1 =  1 35 2 
− 33

66 66 
1 2 4
− 33 − 33 33
     
2 5 3 1 0 0 2 5 3 1 0 0 2 5 3 1 0 0
a11 =2 a22 = 12
c)  1 3 2 0 1 0 
  /
 0 21 12 − 12 1 0 
 /
 0 12 12 − 12 1 0 

L
L2 − 21 L3 −3L2
1 4 5 0 0 1 L
0 23 72 − 12 0 1 0 0 2 1 −3 1
L3 − 21

L
L2 − 43    
3L 2 5 0 − 12 29 − 23 2 0 0 7 −13 1
L1 − 23 L1 −10L2
/
 0 12 0 − 34 47 − 41 
 /
 0 12 0 − 34 7
− 14 

a33 =2 a22 = 12 4
0 0 2 1 −3 1 0 0 2 1 −3 1

   
L1 1 0 0 72 − 132
1
2
7
2 − 13
2
1
2
2 /
 0 1 0 − 32 7
− 21 
 / A−1 =  − 32
 7
− 12 

2L2 2 2
L3 0 0 1 12 − 23 1
2
1
2 − 32 1
2
2

   
2 −1 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 −1 3 0 1 0 0 0
0 23 − 12 1 − 12
   
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 a11 =2 1 0 0 a22 = 32
/ /
   
d)  
L

4L

 0 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 
 L2 − 21

 0 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 
 L3 − 32

−1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 L1
2 +L4
0 − 21 72 1 12 0 0 1 L2
3 +L4

    5L
2 −1 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 −1 3 0 1 0 0 0 L3 + 214

0 23 − 12 1 − 12 1 0 32 − 12 1 − 12 1 L
   
0 0 a33 = 23 0 0 L2 + 74
/ /
   
  
2 5 2

 0 0 3 3 3 − 43 1 0 

L4 −5L3 
 0 0 2
3
5
3
2
3 − 43 1 0 

a44 =−7

0 0 103
4
3
1
3
1
3 0 1 0 0 0 −7 −3 7 −5 1

60
   3L
 
17
2 −1 3 0 1 0 0 0 L2 + 43 2 −1 0 0 14 − 32 6
7
15
− 14
3 1 13
2 − 57 1 9L
 0 32 0 0 − 27 9
− 76 9 2L
   
 0 2 − 2 0 − 14 L1 − 23 L1 + 32
/ /
7
 28 4 28

  
2 1 1 4 5 a33 = 23 0 0 2 0 1 1 4 5 a22 = 23
0 0
 3 0 − 21 3 − 21 21

  3 − 21 3 − 21 21


0 0 0 −7 −3 7 −5 1 0 0 0 −7 −3 7 −5 1

  L1
 
4 2 6
2 0 0 0 7 0 7 − 7 2 1 0 0 0 27 0 1
7 − 3
7
 3 27 9 6 9  2L2  9 3 4 3 

 0 2 0 0 − 28 4 − 7 28   3 /
 0 1 0 0 − 14 2 − 7 14  

 0 0 32 0 − 21
1 1
3 − 4
21
5 
21 
3L3
2

 0 0 1 1
0 − 14 1
2 − 2
7
5 
14 
0 0 0 −7 −3 7 −5 1 L
− 74 0 0 0 3
1 7 −1 7 − 17
5

 
2 1
7 0 7 − 37
 9 3
− 74 3 
 − 14
A−1 =  2 14


 −1 1
− 72 5 
 14 2 14 
3 5
7 −1 7 − 17

Exercício 9
   
0 1 −2 1 0 0
   
1 2 4  0
0 1 0
a) A = 
2 2 2 

0 0 1,
A =  x3 = 0 ∧ x2 = 0 ∧ x1 = 0
   
1 0 3 0 0 0

=⇒ ker(A) = {(0, 0, 0)} ∧ dim(ker(A)) = 0

   
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 −1
b) B =  1 2 2 0  B0 =  0 1 0 0  , x3 = − x24 ∧ x2 = 0 ∧ x1 = x4
   

−2 4 2 3 0 0 1 12

=⇒ ker(A) = h(2, 0, −1, 2)i ∧ dim(ker(A)) = 1

61
    
0 1 1 1 −2 1 0 −1 1 0
   
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
C0 = 
 
c) C =   , x5 = 0 ∧ x2 = −x3 − x4 ∧ x1 = x3 − x4
1 1
 0 2 −1 

0 0 0 0 1



1 −2 −3 −1 5 0 0 0 0 0

=⇒ ker(A) = h(−1, −1, 0, 1, 0), (1, −1, 1, 0, 0)i ∧ dim(ker(A)) = 2

Exercício 10
   
0 1 2 1 1 0 0 −1
a) A =  1 2 2 0  A0 =  0 1 0 0  , x3 = − x24 ∧ x2 = 0 ∧ x1 = x4 ,
   

−2 4 2 3 0 0 1 12

ker(A) = h(2, 0, −1, 2)i

   
3 2 1 −1 −1 1 0 0 − 23 1
b) A =  1 −1 −1 −1 2  A0 =  0 1 0 23 −3  ,
   

−1 2 3 1 −1 0 0 1 − 13 2

x3 = x4
3 − 2x5 ∧ x2 = 3x5 − 2x34 ∧ x1 = 2x4
3 − x5 =⇒ ker(A) = h(−1, 3, −2, 0, 1), (2, −2, 1, 3, 0)i

Exercício 11 AXA−1 = A + I3 ⇐⇒ X = A−1 (A + I3 )A ⇐⇒ X = A−1 AA + A−1 I3 A = A + I3

     
7 0 5 1 0 0 8 0 5
X =  0 1 0 + 0 1 0  =  0 2 0 
     

4 0 3 0 0 1 4 0 4

Exercício 12 AX +C = B ⇐⇒ AX = B −C ⇐⇒ X = A−1 (B −C)

    
1 −1 1 1 0 1 1
X = A−1 (B −C) =  −1 1 0  1 2  =  0 2 
    

0 1 −1 1 3 0 −1

62
Exercício 13

(AB)T = BT AT = BA −→ AB é simétrica se e só se AB = BA.

(ABT )T = (BT )T AT = BAT = BA −→ AB é simétrica se e só se AB = BA.

Exercício 14
     
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
a11 =0 a22 =0
1 0 2 0 1 0
  /
0 0 1 1 0 0
 /
 0 1 −1 0 0 1 

L1 L2 L2 L3
0 1 −1 0 0 1 0 1 −1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

L2 +L3
   
1 0 0 −2 1 0 −2 1 0
L1 −2L3
/
0 1 0 1 0 1

, C−1 =  1 0 1 
 
a33 =1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

Exercício 15
   
1 3 2 −1 1 3 0 −7 x3 = −3x4 ∧ x1 = 7x4 − 3x2 ,
A= 2 6 5 1  A0 =  0 0 1 3 ,
   

5 15 12 1 0 0 0 0 ker(A) = h(7, 0, −3, 1), (−3, 1, 0, 0)i

Exercício 16
     
1 2 −3 0 1 2 −3 0 1 2 −3 0
a11 =1 a22 =2
 2 6 −11 b 
  /
0 2 −5 b 
 /
 0 2 −5 b 

L2 −2L1 2L2 +L3
1 −2 a + 7 c L3 −L1 0 −4 a + 10 c 0 0 a 2b + c

a 6= 0 =⇒ r(A) = r(A|b) = n −→ Sistema Possível e Determinado

a = 0 ∧ 2b + c = 0 =⇒ r(A) = r(A|b) < n −→ Sistema Possível e Indeterminado
a = 0 ∧ 2b + c 6= 0 =⇒ r(A) < r(A|b) −→ Sistema Impossível

Exercício 17 A e B matrizes simétricas.

Se (AB)T = AB =⇒ BT AT = AB =⇒ BA = AB.

Portanto se AB for simétrica, AB = BA.

63