PHARMACOLOGY

It is the study of the biological effects of chemicals or

drugs.

DEFINITION
● Pharmacopeias are the total of all authorized drugs
available within the country.
● Medication is a substance administered for
diagnosis, cure, treatment, mitigation, or prevention.
● Prescription is the written direction for the
preparation and the administration of the drug.
● The therapeutic effect is the primary effect intended
that is the reason the drug is prescribed such as
morphine sulfate is analgesia. inability to feel pain
● Side effects are secondary effects of the drug is one
that unintended, side effects are usually predictable
and may be either harmless. causing harm or damage

● Drug toxicity is the deleterious effect of the drug on

an organism or tissue result from overdose or
drug A taken before or external use.
after alters Drug B or
even Drug C's effect ● Drug allergy is an immunological reaction to a drug.
● Drug interaction occurs when administration of one
drug before or after alter effect of one or both drug.
● Drug misuse is the improper use of common
medications in ways that lead to acute and chronic
toxicity for example laxative, antacid, and vitamins.
● Drug abuse is an inappropriate intake of substance
either continually or periodically.
● Drug dependence is a person’s reliance on or need to
take drug or substance there are two types of
body tissues are addicted.
depdence:
○ Physiological dependence is due to biochemical
changes in the body tissue, these tissue come to
require substance for normal function.
 human is addicted.

○ Psychological dependence is emotional reliance

on a drug to maintain a sense of wellbeing
habit before addiction accompanied feeling of need.
● Drug habituation denotes a mild form of
psychological dependence.
● Illicit drug also called street drugs are those sold
illegally.

DRUG NAMES

1. CHEMICAL NAME
○ Describes the drug’s chemical composition and
molecular structure
○ An example:
i. (+/-)-2-(p-isobutylphenyl) propionic acid
2. GENERIC NAME (nonproprietary name)
○ Name given by the United States or Adopted Name
Council
TRADEmark
○ An example:
i. Ibuprofen ii. paracetamol
3. TRADE NAME (proprietary name)
○ The drug has a registered trademark ®; use of the
name restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually
the manufacturer)
○ An example:
i. Motrin®, Advil®

DRUG
● It is any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of
living organisms.
● Natural product, or pharmaceutical preparation intended
for administration to a human to diagnose or treat a
disease.
natural or synthetic
SOURCES OF DRUGS
1. Plant or plant parts - which has been used since
prehistoric times. (pancreases of cows & pigs) (thyroid glands from pigs & cows but not
approved in the U.S. FDA anymore)

2. Animal products - like insulin, growth hormones, thyroid

drugs (estradiol, progesterone, & testosterone)
3. Inorganic compounds - Aluminum, flouride, iron
4. Synthetic sources - scientist used genetic engineering to
alter bacteria to produce chemicals that are therapeutic
and effective like vaccines.

DIFFERENT FORMS OF DRUG

1. Tablets and capsules
○ Enteric-coated
○ Sustained or extended release
○ Lozenges
2. Solutions and suspensions
○ Syrup
○ Elixirs
○ Sterile solutions and suspension
3. Skin patches
4. Aerosols
○ Nasal sprays
5. Ointments, creams, lotions
6. Suppositories
○ Vaginal
○ Urethral
○ Rectal

ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
A. Enteral Administration
○ Sublingual - placed under the tongue
○ Buccal - placed between the cheek and the gum
○ Oral - per orem
○ Rectal butt
 B. Parenteral Administration
○ Intravenous
○ Intramuscular
administered or
occuring between ○ Subcutaneous under the skin; into the tissue layer between the skin and the muscle.
elsewhere in the ○ Intrathecal - injection of the drug through the theca
body than the
mouth and of the spinal cord and into the subarachnoid space.
alimentary
(gastrointestinal)
○ Intra-articular - drugs used to treat arthritis
canal ○ Transdermal - application of drugs to the skin for
absorption into the circulation
○ Topical - application of drugs to the surface of the
body to produced effect; used to treat disorders of
the skin, eyes, nose, mouth, throat, rectum, and
vagina Inflammation and irritation of the
mucous membrane of the nose

○ Inhalation - drugs used to treat asthma or rhinitis,

whereas a systemic effect is observed when a general
anesthetic (e.g halothane) is inhaled.