Slides VectorAnalysis

Electromagnetic Theory1
Prof. Manjuladevi V
Physics Department
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
manjula@pilani.bits-pilani.ac.in
Assignment Chapter1:11,13,15,18,21,27,28,36,40,43,44,47,50
What is Electrodyanamics?
Behavior of a system subjected to force: Mechanics

Forces: Strong, Electromagnetic, weak and Gravitational
Repulsive force between two electrons ~1042 times gravitational force
between them
Electricity, magnetism, optics: Electromagnetism
Maxwell equations are the pillars of Electromagnetism.
Electric charge, force between charges
Vectors
⃗ ⃗
⃗
⃗
Addition of vectors:
• Commutative
• Associative
⃗ ⃗ = ⃗
⃗
)
Multiplication of vectors
Dot Product Cross Product
⃗= ⃗ ⃗
⃗
⃗
⃗⋅ ⃗= ⃗ ⋅ ⃗ ⃗× = sin
= 2 cos How perpendicular the vectors are?

Law of cosines
How parallel the vectors are? ⃗× = × ⃗
z
Vector Algebra
z
̂ Az ̂
y
y
Ax
Ay
x
⃗
x
= ̂
⃗= ̂
⋅ = ⋅ = ̂⋅ ̂=1
∵ , , ̂ %& '()() ** +&%+& ,- (* % ( -) .& )/%0
⋅ = ⋅ ̂= ̂⋅ =0
⃗⋅ = × = × = ̂× ̂=0
× = ̂= ×
= × ̂= = ̂×
̂× = = × ̂
⃗× = ̂
⃗× = ̂
̂ × = × = ̂× ̂=0
⃗× =
× = ̂= ×
× ̂= = ̂×
̂× = = × ̂
Triple Product
Scalar Triple Product
Volume of the parallelepiped

⃗⋅ ⃗
× ⃗
⃗ cos × ⃗
times C
⃗⋅ × ⃗ = ⋅ ⃗× ⃗ = ⃗⋅ ⃗×
⃗. × ⃗) =
( ⃗⋅ )× ⃗
⃗⋅ × ⃗ = ⃗× ⋅ ⃗
Triple Product
Vector Triple Product
4 × 5 × 6 = 5 4. 6 - 6 4. 5
⃗× × ⃗= ⃗× ⃗× = ⃗ . ⃗ + ⃗. ⃗
⃗× . ⃗×7 = ⃗. ⃗ .7 ⃗. 7 . ⃗
⃗× × ⃗ × 7) = ⃗. ⃗ × 7) ⃗. ⃗×7
Position, displacement and separation vectors
;
8 ≡ :: ;
<< ==
%̂
Position vector from origin
, ,
%⃗
8= :> <> =>

Distance from origin
%⃗ ̂ Infinitesimal displacement vector

%̂ = =
% from (x,y,z) to (x+dx, y+dy, z+dz)
is ?@⃗ = A::
; A<< ; A==
Unit vector pointing radially outward
Position, displacement and separation vectors
Source point
C⃗
C⃗ = D D D
̂
%′
Field point
C = D D D
%⃗
C= D D D
Separation vector C⃗ ≡ %⃗ - %′
E :F:G :
; H <F<G <
; H =F=G =
C = %⃗− %′ ;=
E =
E :F:G > H <F<G > H =F=G >
%⃗ − %′
C= Unit vector in the direction from
%⃗− %′ r/ (source point) to r (field point)
Differential Calculus
Ordinary derivative
KJ
dJ = d
K LM
is the slope of function f(x) versus x
L
f
f
x
x
Gradient:
KN KN KN
Temperature(T) is f(x,y,z)
,N = d dy dz
K Ky Kz
KN KN KN
PN = ̂
K K K
KN KN KN
dN = ̂ ⋅ , , , ̂
K K K
Gradient of T
Gradient QR points in the direction of

dN = PN ⋅ d*⃗ Maximum increase of the function T
dN = PN d*⃗ cosθ The magnitude of QR gives the slope

along this maximal direction.
The operator ∇:
L L L
PN = L L
̂L T
del operator vector operator Temperature(T) is f(x,y,z) is a scalar

K K K
P= ̂
K K K
∇) acts on:
del operator (∇
i. Scalar function T : PN Gradient)

ii. Vector function S via dot product: P ⋅ S (divergence)
iii. Vector function S via cross product: P × S (curl)
7-.&%T& & P ⋅ S):
L L L
P. S = ̂L . S S S ̂)
L L
KS KS KS
P⋅S = Divergence of a vector function is scalar
K K K
Positive divergence:
Spreading outwards
Curl P × S ):
̂
K K K
P×S =
K K K Curl of a vector function is vector
S S S
LUV LUW LUX LUV LUW LUX

P×S = + + ̂
L L L LY L L
Product Rules:
Gradient QR Measure of rate and
direction of change
of a scalar field
Divergence Z⋅[ Measure of

magnitude of a
source (sink) at a
given point of a
vector field
Curl Q×[ Measures the

tendency to rotate
about a point of a
vector field
Line Integral
^
\ S · ,*⃗
_
Surface Integral
da is infinitesimal patch ^
\S · ,⃗
area with direction
perpendicular to surface
Volume Integral
\ N,
U
Integral Calculus
Fundamental theorem of calculus
a
\ ,J/, ,: = c d c
b
\e ,: = c d c
b
Where e = ,J/,
The integral over a derivative over some region

is given by the value of the function at end points
Integral Calculus
Fundamental theorem of calculus
a
\ ,J/, ,: = c d c
b
\e ,: = c d c
b
Where e = ,J/,
The integral over a derivative over some region

is given by the value of the function at end points
Integral Calculus
\ PN · ,@⃗ = N d N Fundamental theorem of gradients

b
Corollories:
a
fb PN · ,@⃗ is independent of path taken
g PN · ,@⃗ = h

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Electromagnetic Theory1

Behavior of a system subjected to force: Mechanics

Electric charge, force between charges

Dot Product Cross Product

= 2 cos How perpendicular the vectors are?

How parallel the vectors are? ⃗× = × ⃗

Volume of the parallelepiped

8= :> <> =>

%⃗ ̂ Infinitesimal displacement vector

Gradient QR points in the direction of

dN = PN d*⃗ cosθ The magnitude of QR gives the slope

del operator vector operator Temperature(T) is f(x,y,z) is a scalar

i. Scalar function T : PN Gradient)

LUV LUW LUX LUV LUW LUX

Divergence Z⋅[ Measure of

Curl Q×[ Measures the

The integral over a derivative over some region

The integral over a derivative over some region

\ PN · ,@⃗ = N d N Fundamental theorem of gradients

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