a) Action potentials are propagated faster through the thicker

and myelinated axons, rather than through the thin and

unmyelinated axons. As sodium rushes into the node it
creates an electrical force which pushes on the ions already
inside the axon

b)Muscle ultrastructure is characterised by a complex

arrangement of many protein-protein interactions. The
sarcomere is the basic repeating unit of muscle, formed by
two transverse filament systems: the thick and thin filaments

c) Lipid digestion begins in the mouth, continues in the

stomach, and ends in the small intestine. Enzymes involved in
triacylglycerol digestion are called lipase (EC 3.1. 1.3). They
are proteins that catalyze the partial hydrolysis of
triglycerides into a mixture of free fatty acids and
acylglycerols.

d) Pulmonary ventilation is commonly referred to as

breathing. It is the process of air flowing into the lungs during
inspiration (inhalation) and out of the lungs during expiration
(exhalation). Air flows because of pressure differences
between the atmosphere and the gases inside the lungs.

e) The cardiac impulse is primarily generated from pacemaker

cells in the SA node and spreads through the atria in a
uniform manner. An impulse is conducted from the SA node
to the AV node via internodal pathways. The impulse passes
through the AV node to depolarize the ventricular
myocardium through the Purkinje network.
f)The counter-current multiplier or the countercurrent
mechanism is used to concentrate urine in the kidneys by the
nephrons of the human excretory system. The nephrons
involved in the formation of concentrated urine extend all
the way from the cortex of the kidney to the medulla and are
accompanied by vasa recta

i) Your pituitary gland (also known as hypophysis) is a small,

pea-sized gland located at the base of your brain below your
hypothalamus. It sits in its own little chamber under your
brain known as the sella turcica. It's a part of your endocrine
system and is in charge of making several essential hormones

j) In photosynthesis the energy of sunlight is used to

combine CO2 and water into carbohydrates; in the process of
glycolysis, the glucose that is formed from carbohydrates
such as glycogen and other polysaccharides is converted into
pyruvate and then into CO2 and water with the liberation of
energy.

k)Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors,

such as temperature, pH, and concentration. Enzymes work
best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-
optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to
bind to a substrate.