Japanese core sentence

Sentences in all languages: A is B & A does B.

The thing we are talking about (A [main] carriage) and the thing
we are saying about it (B engine). て NOT an engine tell us
more about the real engine (B engine)
The main carriage (A carriage) the subject of the sentence
always carries a が to link it to the engine (B engine).
A is B type sentences always end with だ da is the more
casual/simple form of です. It means IS.
Adjectives end in the い sound and when a sentence ends with
an adjective there is no need to use だ the い in the end of the
adjective takes the だ function of IS. So when we use it in a
sentence for example:
ぺんが赤い。It means The pen is red.
The sentences also can end with a verb and the verbs end with
う.
The engine of the sentence is always visible, but the main
carriage is not always visible.
The invisible carriage (Japanese zero pronoun{が}) it means IT,
but it can mean anything.
The を particle stands for Object (noun we are doing something
to).
It’s not part of the core train (sentences).
The は can never mark part of the core sentence (black car or
engine). It also can’t be a white car like を, because it’s part of
the
logical structure of the sentence. は is non-logical particle. It
flags the topic of the sentence.
私は (as for me)
に car it marks target (indirect object) each carriage is noun +
particle. ‘’When we change a logical particle from one noun to
another we change what is happening in the sentences, but
when we change the non-logical particle は from one noun to
another it makes no difference to the sentence.’’

Japanese past, present and future tenses

Japanese non-past tense defaults to future. いる means be to
relation to animals and people and it forms the present
continuous tense with the white engine car て.
A white engine could be an engine of the sentence it’s
modifying or telling us more about the core elements of the
sentence.
For putting things into the past tense Japanese uses た. The て
and the た forms are made in the same way.

Japanese verb groups and the て-form

Japanese verbs fall into 3 groups.
1st group of Japanese verbs is called いちだん verbs. They end in
いる or える. When it’s morphing just remove the る and put the
て
The 2nd group is called ごだん verbs.
The 3rd group is irregular verbs 来る and する.
ごだん verbs fall into 5 groups. They have 5 types of possible
endings.
The 1st level (group) is the うつる (to move from one thing to
another) group:
う、つ、る　ーー＞　って
The 2nd level (group) is the ぬぶむ NEW BOOM group:
ぬ、ぶ、む　ーー＞　んで
The 3rd level (group) is the く、ぐ:
く、ぐ　ーー＞　いて、いで
The 4th level (group) is the す:
す　―ー＞　して
Irregulars:
来る　―ー＞　きて
する　―ー＞　して
行く　―ー＞　いって

Japanese “Adjectives”
Any one of the 3 kinds of engines can be used like an adjective.
Any verb in any tense can be used like an adjective Example:
歌った少女がー The girl (who) sang.
When we put a noun at the begging of a sentence it changes to
な instead of だ. な adjectives don’t change, because they are
nouns. な is だ. It’s like saying 綺麗だ花 or 綺麗な花
Possessive particle の (white cart).
[Add more about な-adjectives when I read more about it].

Japanese negative verbs, and Adjective

“conjugation”
The fundamental basis of negatives is the adjective ない it
means non-exists
Example:
これはペンではない。で＝て-form of だ (copula)
As for “=pen” (だ)
In order to turn a verb into its negative form we attach ない
with the あ stem.
To form the あ, stem we shift the last kana of the verb from the
う-row to the あ-row.
There is only 1 exception: When a word ends in the う-kana the
stem doesn’t change to あ, instead it changes to わ.

We make adjectives negative when turn the い at the end of it

into a く. If we want to put an adjective into the past tense, we
take the off the い and put かった.
Only 2 exceptions to making verbs negative:
1st: When we add ない and the helper verb (polite form) ます the
negatives becomes ません, not まさない.
2nd: いい has and older form よい and we transform it we use the
old form.

Japanese Conjugation
All the verbs end in the sounds of the う-column and when the
column sounds changes and a different ending is used it is
called a (sticky) stem
1st: い-stem helper verbs- ます (polite form), helper adjective た
い (it means want) and そう. We also use the い-row stem for
attaching nouns in order to convert a verb into a new noun
Example:
買いー buy, 物ー thing together it’s 買い物 – shopping.
2nd: あ-stem helper adjective ない(non-exist), helper verb せる,
させる (2nd one is for the いちだん verb{for causative verb}).
Example: 買うー買わせる- allow to buy, make to buy.
Helper verb れる、られる (it means get ex: bored).
Example: 聞くー聞かれる – get heard.

3rd: え-stem helper verb る、られる (potential form it means

can/able).
Example:
食べるー食べられる- can eat.
4th: お-stem helper verb う (volitional form has a number of uses
ex: for suggestion let’s)
Example: 買おうー let’s buy

Japanese Particles Explained

The detective group of logical particles (がをにへで｛の｝).
Logical particles mark the structural functions of nouns in a
sentences.
Non-logical topic-markers flag topics. They don’t tell nothing
about structure は and も.
There are also particles that are called a-logical example: と.
Logical particles always attach themselves to a noun.

The head of the Logical Particle Detective Agency (LPDA) is

Detective が. Only it can work in A is B sentences.
It asks the question: Who (or what) did it?

Detective を asks: Whom was it done to?

Detective に asks: Where did he go? Or Where’s the weapon? or
Who was the target of an action done to something else?
Detective へ asks: Which direction? (we may not actually know
where he went, so the answer to that question could be north,
south etc. and detector に ask).
Detective で asks: Where was it done? and with what was it
done? (to express that we are doing something in a place rather
than just being there, we have to use で, also use で to express
the means {in terms of a noun} by which we do something).
Example: 公園であそんでいる。ー I am playing in the park.
Example: バスで公園に行く。ー I go to the park by bus.

How to express desire in Japanese

If you want to have something we use ほしい.
If you want to do something we use たい.
Speak for yourself! Emotion-adjectives express our own
emotions.
For someone else we use the helper verb がる (to show signs
of/ to look as if it is the case) with the い-stem.

Main helper verbs and the Potential form

The potential verb it attaches to the え-stem.

Compound Sentences
If we see for example in this sentence:
お姉ちゃんは　つまらない　本を　読んで　いて　あそんで　くれ
なかった。
読んで　いて – it means is reading, because even though the い
て is not いる it is implied and that いる is in the て-form. When
we complete one full clause in a sentence we are adding
another clause and making the sentence a compound.
くれる – means to give-down (to me/us) *or person we identify
with.
上げる- it means to give-up (to others).

と quotation particle
There are 2 words for thing in Japanese:
物 - for concrete things and 事 – for abstract things.

と – quotation particle – When we quote someone as saying

something or even as thinking something, we use this particle.
Structurally it takes whatever it marks as a quotation and it
turns it into a single noun (white carriage). We also use it after
onomatopoeias.
Attach to verbs with the い-stem to give a new meaning.

Receptive helper verb / “Passive Conjugation”

It means receive (the action) or get ✓. We can sometimes do

with a helper verb attached to a verb, a sort of railroad or a
shorthand, and condense those 2 parts into one verb.
Example: 本が読める。 – よめ＋る (can’t be used with receptive),
because when the receptive helper verb is attached to another
verb. The action of the action of the 1st verb is always done by
someone different from the action of the second verb れる、られ
る. The head verb of a れる、られる receptive sentence is always
れる、られる, not the verb to which it is attached.

All about Adverbs: も particle explained

If we want to say something to describe the verb we use
adverb. Any adjective can be turn into an adverb. We remove
the い and add く. We can also form an adverb with some nouns
when we attach に at the end of it. The も is also a flag. It
declares the topic of the sentence, but it also changes it. You
can’t use it unless there is a topic already current in the
conversation.
すぐ – direct (it can also mean “soon/straight”).
We can also apply nouns as adverbs sometimes.

Transitive(self-move) & Intransitive(other-

move) verbs
Example of self-move and other-move verbs:
出る- leave, exit, come out (self-move).
出す- take out, bring out (other-move).

The main self-move verb: ある – to be.

The main other-move verb: する – to do.
The 3 rules of move-word pairs:

1st: if one of a pair ends with a す (and せる) ending verbs are
other move.
2nd: Where one of a pair ends in any of the あ-stem + る (ある)
ending verbs are self-move.

3rd: If we take any regular verb ending in a う sound and change

it to the え-row and add る, which means that it ends in える
that flips it.
4th: All the group of う to える the majority is むー＞める is always
other-move.
[Add more when I finish the video].

Sentence Analysis
When we take the い-stem of a verb and use it on its own it
usually becomes a noun.
When we add 見る to the て- form of another verb, what we’re
doing is saying ‘’try doing something’’ or ‘’do it and see’’.
やる is a more casual form of する.
We can add (and) things together using と and や. The
difference is that と is an exclusive “and”. や is when you
implying that there is something else.
から- from まで - are particles.
We can add です after ない Example:
さくらがはなさないです。
If we use the volitional form for the copula だ it becomes だろう.
If we add It to any other sentence it means probably.
と can sometimes appear in the place of だ because is
“supposing” rather than ‘”being”.
Example: さくがらを日本人とする。 (it means:
[Using]/Taking/Regarding Sakura as Japanese person)- We
enact that Sakura is “Japanese person”. We assume/tale Sakura
to be Japanese (act/think according to the proposition “she is
Japanese”).
として – As
と言う -
Sometimes if I see って and it is not the て-form its と or と言う.
It also can be used (って) in place of the は-particle.

Causative/Causative-receptive helper verb

We always have 2 actors performing the two different verbs,
just as with the receptive.
Example: 犬をたべさせた。- I caused the dog to eat.
せる、させる – make/allow or CAUSE someone to do something.
We have to understand that this thing can be seen as either the
object or the target of the action (せる、させる) of the person or
thing that is doing the causing. If it is a human and we treat it
like an object we use を and if we treat them as a target に, the
implication is more mutual, we are treating them more as an
equal and this goes more with allowing more than compelling.
Causative-receptive – get-made to do.
The 1st and the 3rd actor (subjects) are always the same. The 2 nd
is always different
Example: 私 は ブ ロ コ リ を た べ さ せ ら れ た 。 - I got made to eat
broccoli.

Japanese Directional Words

The こそあど system
It marks physical locations and abstract concepts.
1st meaning: Physical location
ここ – Here (near me)
そこ – There (near you/a little way off)

あそこ – Over there

どこ – Where?
れ – Group act as nouns and the れ is related to ある(be) = a
being (object or sentient)
の – Group act as adjectives and the の is the “adjectival” class-
marking の
どの – How – described?
Example: このペンはあかい。- Here’s pen as-for (it) red is.
な – Group act as real adjectives The な used for adjectival
nouns: descriptive of a thing’s quality.
“Distance” often conceptual, not physical.
どんな – Like what?
Long – Group act as “adverbs” (describe action/way).
Lengthened form of こそあど describes manner of being or
doing.
Like な – group but for actions/states
こう- In this way
そう- In that way
ああ – In that way
どう- How? In what way?

ておく、てある

We use てある when we are implying that someone else is doing

something and we use it with the other-move verb.
置く（おく）- to put
When we use おく
Example: 窓があけておく。- “Put action in place” of opening
window so that it will remain in state of openness.
窓が開けてある。- Exists in state of openness put in place by
someone’s action.
If we said it from the point of view of the person doing the
action. The person put the opening of the window into place so
that thereafter the window would be open.

Sometimes when noun is followed by the に- particle it can also

be followed immediately by the は – particle to show that this
thing is the topic of the sentence.

ては、ても
て- form + も Example:
アリスは空っぽの便（びん）でも下へ落としては悪い思った。
The で in でも is the て- form of だ
も in this case means – even though or as – much – as.
へ -particle tends to refer more to the direction something is
moving than to its actual target.
も (positive) is the additive particle, including and は (negative)
is the subtractive, excluding particle.
Very often ては is contracted to just ちゃ.
When ても links 2 sentences, it doesn’t indicate negative or a
positive result it indicates an unexpected or contrasting result
to the 1st.
 Hearsay and guesses そう、そうだ、そうです
そう – helper verbs it can mean likeness or hearsay (either that
something seems like something or that we are stating not our
own view or opinion, but something we have heard).
With verbs we use the い – stem and for nouns (な – adjectives)
we put the そう after the な.

Japanese Adjectives い and な-adjectives

Facts about adjectives:

1. な - adjectives are nouns (adjectival nouns). They work
exactly like nouns.
2. い – adjectives are close cousins to verbs. They change
their form the way verbs do.
3. い – adjectives have the だ/です function built into them.
When we want to join 2 い – adjectives together we use the
て – form.
With な – adjectives we can put the だ or な or です into the て
– form and the て – form of だ/な is で.

What are な-adjectives

  な-adjectives usually end in い when the い is the last mora
in the reading of the kanji. E.g. 有名/よめい/'famous' - as
you can see, no hiragana.
 Loanword adjectives are usually な-adjectives, so if one of
those ends in い, it's probably a な-adjective. E.g. ドライ
(dry). it's in katakana because it's a loanword from English,
so it's a な-adjective.

 い - adjectives add an い  (or some hiragana ending in 

い like しい to the reading of the kanji, as okurigana. E.g.
楽しい/たのしい/fun - the hiragana is added to the kanji.

So in a nutshell, for な -adjectives, the final い is part of the

kanji, and for い-adjectives, it's added to the kanji.

There are some exceptions to this, of course. The grammar's a

little complicated, but a verb that ends in the mora
う conjugates to ending in い in the ます-stem form, and that
form can then sometimes be used as a な-adjective, e.g. きらい
(嫌い)/'hate', which is a form of 嫌う/"to hate" (although, like its
opposite 好き/'like', which is a form of 好く/"to like", I think the
adjective is more common than the verb). So that's written as
嫌い, which looks like an い-adjective even by the standards I
said above, but it's a な-adjective. This only applies when the
verb conjugated in the ます-stem form ends in い, though.
Verbs conjugated in other forms that end in い (e.g. the
negative ない or the "want to do" たい) act like い - adjectives.
 だって

だ + って（と＋言う）.
だって – it means but/because/even when it’s used on its own,
not as the ending of a sentence (it has argumentative feeling) If
it’s used as because it adds informational value to what the
previous person has had. When we use it as even we’re usually
attaching it to something in particular within the statement
we’re making.
Example with even: さくらは出来る。私だって出来る。
Sakura can do that. Even I can do that.
私＋だって – ゼロが私だって – Say it is me.
Which means take as a hypothesis that it’s me or take the case
of me in this “circumstance”
だから – because (because of that)
から – from/because (from A we can derive fact B. From fact A,
fact B emerges).
それから – after that (from that forward/from that forward in
time/after that).

Japanese sentence ender particles ね、よ、かな、

な、よね
ね – marker for shared information/feelings (speaker assumes
the listener to know the information already). Means tag –
question it is, isn’t it?

よ – marker for sharing information/feelings (marks information

that you assume the listener does not know). It can be assertive
and it can be used to contradict, but in generally is a friendly
particle. Means you know?
よね – sharing and then treating as shared (you are introducing
the listener to something he doesn’t know and then
immediately, since you’ve told it to him he now shares it with
you).
きょう あつ
今 日は 暑 い（です）ね ・ よね。
*Said when you and the listener feel hot like the temp. is 45°C (=113°F).

きょう あつ
今 日は 暑 い（です）ね ・ よね。
*Said when you feel hot, but the listener may not feel hot like 25°C
(=77°F).
ね is more suitable when you seek agreement or confirmation for something obvious. よね is
more suitable for something not obvious.

な – marker for “sharing” feelings with self (It marks a remark

that is addressed to oneself. You are telling yourself the
information it is a self-directed statement. You may intend to
share the information with someone). When it’s lengthened it’s
used an exclamation. な is a little more masculine
かな – I wonder
か＋な　＝ か (question）な (question to self).
 のだ、んだ、なのだ、なんだ endings
The の in these ending is sometimes abbreviated to ん.
Example with のだ: It means it is that
母が来るのです。- It is that mother is coming. It’s like the
nominalizing の

The core of the sentence is ゼロがのです。- It is that/the fact is

that.
The whole of the original sentence 母が来る is loaded into that
の (it is telling us what the の of のです is).
We use なのです when we are dealing with a sentence that was
a copula already – one that already had だ/です.
Example with なのだ: 花がきれいなのだ。

It can be used to answer questions that haven’t been asked and

perhaps weren’t going to be asked it can also be used to ask
question which implies a context to the question. It can also be
used for revealing something unexpected or secret. It can also
soften a statement, by making it seem more explanatory and
therefore a little more conciliatory (помирително) and it has
other uses as well. It lastly can be used as a command.

のに、なのに Endings
のに – is a conjunction (opposing). We use “but” when the 2nd
clause of the 2 somehow contradicts or stands in opposition to
the 1st. It is an opposing conjunction – But / Even though. The
な is used for adjectival nouns
Example with conjunction:
お店に行ったが/けどパンがなかった。- I went to the shop, but
there was no bread.

のに is a little different from those, because it tends to imply

that the 2nd of the 2 clauses is unsatisfactory and very often
personally disappointing to the speaker. When we use なのに
we are using な=だ to connect the conjunction.

なの is completely different from なのです

の a sentence ending particle it has 2 functions. The 1st is very
much like よ. The 2nd meaning is of a question mark (for more
casual speech). な is again the connective form of だ (remove
the だ and put なの). の it is used more by women and children.
A なの ending statement is simply a statement that ends with だ
and the だ is changed to な, because a の is coming after it as
thee sentence ender

かい、だい、ぜ、ぞ、さ、から、し、ちょうだい
sentence enders
かい - is a softened and colloquial form of (か) だい=だ＋かい.
It sounds a little bit folksy and masculine
どうだい – How is it?
ちょうだい it’s the informal equivalent to ください. It is sometimes
considered a female speech
Emphasizers: ぜ、ぞ、さ
な – masculine expressing emotion to oneslef

ぜ、ぞ are verbal exclamation marks which lend a little force to

what are you saying. ぞ the same as よ. ぜ is used more often
with sentences like “let’s do something and”
さ is similar, but it’s not nearly so rough masculine. It’s much
more used in real life
し is similar to から it can actually combine various conditions or
statements, but it’ most common use is to combine reasons.
It implies a couple of reasons.

Nominalizing の
の has a nominalizing function – when の is used sometimes it
turns the phrase or a word into a noun.
Example: アニメを見るのが楽しい。
We take アニメを見る which is an activity and turning it into a
noun. The の is working as or, strictly concealing a pronoun.

Particle Combination
You can combine logical particles with non-logical particles. The
2 primary particles (が,　を) don’t combine with non-logical
particles. If you want to attach non-logical particle to logical
particle, attach it after the logical particle and remove it (the
logical particle)
Ex: 桜はなぐた. – I hit Sakura
Ex2: ゼロが冬には雪ダルマを作る – In the winter we make a
snowman. に functions as normal and the は also function as
normal it makes the topic of the sentence clear

In the Japanese language the ego can be taken out of the heart
of a subjective sentences. i.e. it can be a sentence without I in it
and still means I did…. or I do…. or I am…. (to me). There can
also be ゼロ-は marked topic and it indicates subjective
experiencer of the が marked subject.
Ex: クレープが食べたい – The subject, the doer of the sentence is
the A-car (The crapes), but if we want to express that in English
it wouldn’t be the same sentiment. The crapes are eat-want-
inducing to the experiencer.
な-pre-connective form of だ – used with adjectival nouns and
in some contexts with other nouns. It is used when it’s going
before the noun it modifies, rather than after the noun it
modifies.
In Japanese there are 2 A- is -B sentences, that is adjective
sentences and copula sentences. Subject can be indeterminate
and they are still subjects structurally
We can’t talk about someone else’s state of emotions. We can’t
talk about someone else liking or disliking something
が,は,だ are the most drop in casual speech if it’s obvious what
the nouns were doing. People will often end their sentences on
a because, but, or the て-form
Every sentence is saying something about something