Table of Contents

Abstract.......................................................................................................................................................2
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives..............................................................................................................................................3
Specific objective.....................................................................................................................................3
General objective....................................................................................................................................4
1.4 Significance of the Study..................................................................................................................5
1.5 Scope of the Work.................................................................................................................................5
1.6 Organization of the Works.....................................................................................................................5
2. Literature Reviews...................................................................................................................................6
Conclussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6

Recommendations.......................................................................................................................................7
Chapter one
Abstract
A comparative analysis of M-QAM and MSK over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise)
channel would likely focus on the performance of each modulation scheme in terms of error rate,
data rate, and spectral efficiency.

M-QAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is a form of quadrature amplitude

modulation that uses a finite number (M) of discrete amplitude levels, typically arranged in a
square or rectangular constellation. In an AWGN channel, M-QAM is known to have a good
error rate performance at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) but a poor performance at low SNR.

MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying modulation

that uses only two phase shifts (0 and pi) to represent the two symbols (0 and 1). In an AWGN
channel, MSK is known to have a better error rate performance than M-QAM at low SNR, but a
worse performance at high SNR.

In terms of data rate and spectral efficiency, M-QAM generally has a higher data rate and
spectral efficiency than MSK. However, the trade-off between data rate and error rate must be
considered when choosing a modulation scheme for a specific application.

Overall, the choice between M-QAM and MSK depends on the specific requirements of the
application, such as the required data rate, error rate, and the operating SNR of the channel.

1. INTRODUCTION
With the advent of the internet and the smartphone it is evident that transmission and
reception of digital data is a common daily occurrence and therefore this process must be
as polished as possible. To achieve this, initially
communication was switched to digital from analog due to the many concrete advantages
such as security, compression and error correction. Today, it is necessary to improve such
digital communication systems. These systems mandatorily require a digital signal as
input but to transmit analog information like voice, the signal has to be converted to
 digital by sampling, quantization and encoding. The signal thus obtained consists of
source symbols which are converted to code symbols by source coding. Subsequently,
channel encoding provides redundancy to shield against losses in the channel. Finally,
digital modulation is used to encode the digital data on to a high frequency carrier signal
which will enable long distance transmission. There are several digital modulation
techniques and each of them is affected by noise to a different extent. Studying the
performance of the different modulation techniques in the presence of Additive White
Gaussian Noise in channel and implementing the findings will improve the performance
of digital communication systems and enable faster and relatively less error prone
communication

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The problem in comparative analysis of MQAM (Multiple Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and MSK
(Minimum Shift Keying) over AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channels is to evaluate and
compare the performance of these two modulation schemes in terms of various performance metrics
such as bit error rate (BER), symbol error rate (SER), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a range of noise
conditions. This comparison can help determine which modulation scheme is more suitable for a
particular communication system and operating environment. Factors that may influence the results of
the comparison include the number of bits per symbol, the spectral efficiency, and the complexity of the
receiver implementation.

1.3 Objectives
Specific objective
The specific objectives of a comparative analysis of M-QAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation) and MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian
Noise) channel would likely include:

1. Determining the performance of each modulation scheme in terms of bit error rate (BER) or
symbol error rate (SER) in the presence of AWGN.

2. Comparing the power efficiency of M-QAM and MSK, as well as determining the required
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a certain level of performance.
3. Investigating the effect of increasing the modulation order (M) on the performance of M-
QAM and determining at which point the performance begins to degrade.

4. Analyzing the spectral efficiency of each modulation scheme, which is a measure of how
much information can be transmitted over a given bandwidth.

5. Evaluating the complexity of each modulation scheme and determining which one is more
suitable for implementation in a real-world system.

6. Investigating the robustness of each modulation scheme to channel fading and multipath.

General objective
MQAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) are two different
types of modulation techniques that can be used for wireless communication over an AWGN (Additive
White Gaussian Noise) channel.

The main objective of MQAM is to increase the data rate and spectral efficiency of a communication
system, while maintaining a low error rate. This is achieved by using a larger number of amplitude and
phase levels, which allows for the transmission of more bits per symbol.

The main objective of MSK is to minimize the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the signal, which
helps to reduce the distortion caused by nonlinearities in the transmitter and receiver. MSK achieves this
by only using two phase states, which results in a constant envelope signal.

In terms of performance, MQAM typically has a higher data rate and spectral efficiency than MSK, but it
also has a higher PAPR. MSK, on the other hand, has a lower PAPR and is more robust to nonlinearities,
but it has a lower data rate and spectral efficiency.

Ultimately, the choice between MQAM and MSK will depend on the specific requirements of the
communication system, such as data rate, spectral efficiency, and PAPR.
 1.4 Significance of the Study
Comparative analysis of MQAM (Multiple Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and MSK (Minimum Shift
Keying) over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel is important because it allows for the
evaluation of the performance of these modulation schemes in a noisy communication system. MQAM
and MSK are two different types of digital modulation schemes, and comparing their performance can
help determine which one is more suitable for a particular application. For example, MQAM may
provide a higher data rate, but MSK may have better robustness to noise. Such analysis can help in
optimizing the system design and trade-off between various parameters like data rate, robustness,
complexity, power consumption and other constraints.

1.5 Scope of the Work

The scope of a comparative analysis of M-QAM and MSK over an AWGN channel could
include comparing the bit error rate (BER) performance of the two modulation techniques under
various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, analyzing the sensitivity of each technique to
channel impairments, and examining the complexity of the receiver design for each technique.
Additionally, the study may also compare the spectral efficiency of the two techniques and their
suitability for different types of communication systems.

1.6 Organization of the Works

In summary, M-QAM and MSK are both modulation schemes used for digital data transmission
over a noisy channel like the AWGN channel. M-QAM has a higher spectral efficiency and
lower BER than MSK, but is less robust and more complex. MSK is more robust and less
complex, but has a lower spectral efficiency and higher BER. However, newer modulation
schemes like OFDM and 5G-NR have been developed to offer better performance in terms of
spectral efficiency, BER, robustness, and complexity. The choice of modulation scheme will
depend on the specific requirements of the application.

CHAPTER TWO
2. Literature Reviews
A literature review of comparative analysis of M-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and
MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel would
likely examine the performance of these two modulation techniques in terms of various metrics
such as bit error rate (BER), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and spectral efficiency.

Research studies have shown that M-QAM generally provides better performance than MSK in
terms of BER and SNR, but at the cost of increased bandwidth. MSK, on the other hand, is
known for its excellent spectral efficiency, but its BER performance is not as good as M-QAM.

In terms of implementation, M-QAM is generally considered to be more complex than MSK, due
to the need for precise carrier phase and amplitude control. MSK, on the other hand, is relatively
simple to implement and has a low implementation cost.

Overall, the choice between M-QAM and MSK would depend on the specific requirements of
the communication system, such as bandwidth, BER, and complexity.

CHAPTER THREE
3. Conclusion
It is difficult to provide a conclusion on a comparative analysis of MQAM and MSK over an
AWGN channel without more information about the specific parameters and conditions of the
analysis. Both MQAM and MSK are modulation techniques that can be used for communication
over an AWGN channel, but their performance will depend on factors such as the signal-to-noise
ratio, the number of bits per symbol, and the specific implementation of the modulation scheme.
In general, MSK has a lower peak-to-average power ratio compared to MQAM and is less
sensitive to phase noise. However, MQAM has a higher data rate and can be more robust to
channel fading. Therefore, the choice of which modulation technique to use will depend on the
specific requirements of the communication system.
 Recommendations
M-QAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) and MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) are
both modulation schemes that are used to transmit digital data over a noisy channel, such as the
AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel.

A comparative analysis of these two modulation schemes over an AWGN channel would involve
comparing their performance in terms of various parameters, such as:

- Spectral efficiency: This is a measure of how much information can be transmitted per unit
bandwidth. M-QAM generally has a higher spectral efficiency than MSK, as it can transmit more
bits per symbol.

- Bit error rate (BER): This is a measure of the number of errors that occur during the
transmission of data. M-QAM has a lower BER than MSK at the same signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR), due to its higher spectral efficiency.

- Robustness: This is a measure of how well a modulation scheme can resist fading and other
forms of channel distortion. MSK is more robust than M-QAM, as it is less sensitive to phase
noise.

- Complexity: This is a measure of how complex the modulation and demodulation processes
are. M-QAM is generally more complex than MSK.

Overall, M-QAM is a better choice for high data rate and low BER, whereas MSK is better for
low data rate, high robustness and low complexity.

It is also worth noting that newer modulation schemes, like OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing) and 5G-NR (New Radio) have been developed to mitigate the limitations
of M-QAM and MSK and offer better performance in terms of spectral efficiency, BER,
robustness, and complexity.