Vapor pressure refers to the pressure that a vapor applies to a liquid.

If we have
a closed vessel with water inside of it that is thought to have an atmospheric pressure,
let's imagine that vessel. The water will then start to evaporate as a result of being
heated within the vessel or container. The water molecules will turn into vapor and put
pressure on the liquid water when the temperature hits 100 degrees Celsius. Vapor
pressure would then be the name of the pressure.

A decreasing pressure, which is lower than the saturated vapor pressure, may be
applied to a liquid at constant temperature. The magnitude at which a rupture occurs is
known as the tensile strength of the liquid, or p C, and the value of vapor pressure
subtracted to decreasing pressure is known as the tension. Thus, cavitation is the term
used to describe the process of rupturing a liquid by a decrease in pressure at a
relatively constant liquid temperature.

Catastrophic damage may result from extreme cavitation scenarios, such as

water column separations in hydraulic systems during transient processes brought on
by enormous cavitation bubbles. A cavitating flow frequently produces bubbles that are
not spherical. According to Brennen (2014), It is frequently maintained, nonetheless,
that the spherical analysis captures the whole range of pressure, temperature, noise,
and damage effects that might result from bubble collapse. The collapse's focal point
can be dispersed by departure from sphericity, which can also lower potential peak
pressures and temperatures. In the experimental study on the effect of a deformable
boundary on the collapse characteristics of a cavitation bubble (2019), The solid wall
surface will be susceptible to impact effects that cause boundary material erosion,
fatigue damage, and fracture when the collapse of cavitation bubbles takes place close
to the boundary surface.

Moreover, The paper of Xu, P., Liu, S., Zuo, Z., & Pan, Z. (2021) said that a
cylindrical bubble has a limited collapse velocity comparable to the initial impact velocity
or the speed of the liquid relative to the pipe, in contrast to the infinite collapse velocity
of a spherical cavitation bubble predicted by the traditional Rayleigh equation.
In the book of Li (2000) the following two criteria, cavitation damage in pumps tends to
occur more frequently in the inlet area of the blades and is more severe than in turbines.
In the first place, the flow in the input area of pumps (especially under off-design
settings and with small commercial pumps) is a very unstable vortex flow that is
extremely prone to cavitation and offers the highest erosive power^10. Second, as was
already said, for pumps, the rising mean pressure along the flow channel emphasizes
the pressure gradient of the pressure recovery, which creates a considerably higher
driving force for the cavitation bubbles/clusters to burst. Finally, a study of Song, P. F.,
Zhang, Y. X., Xu, C., Zhou, X., & Zhang, J. Y. (2015, January) demonstrates that the
cavitation performance of an impeller and hydraulic efficiency of a centrifugal pump may
both be enhanced by modifying the suction side blade profile curve. Compared to a
designed impeller, the crucial Under the same flow rate coefficient, the centrifugal
pump's cavitation number decreases by 26.5%, and the redesigned impeller's cavitation
intensity is successfully reduced. Modified impeller also has a 4.9% increase in
hydraulic efficiency..

Thus, it is important to study and know the significance of vapor pressure and cavitation
to know their connections and impact to the society and environment. Such as,
cavitation must be prevented, which simply means there shouldn't be a spot where air
bubbles develop while the water flows through the pipeline. We work to prevent the
production of air bubbles because when they burst, they create an enormous increase
in pressure, which causes the pipeline walls to become pitted or appear to be corroded
when in fact corrosion is occurring. This pushes the cavitation phenomenon.

ChristopBrennen, C. E. (2014). Cavitation and bubble dynamics. Cambridge university

press.

Xu, P., Liu, S., Zuo, Z., & Pan, Z. (2021). On the criteria of large cavitation bubbles in a
tube during a transient process. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 913, R6.

Li, S. (Ed.). (2000). Cavitation of hydraulic machinery (Vol. 1). World Scientific.
Zhai, Y., Xu, W., Luo, J., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Experimental study on the effect of a
deformable boundary on the collapse characteristics of a cavitation bubble. Thermal
Science, 23(4), 2195-2204.

Song, P. F., Zhang, Y. X., Xu, C., Zhou, X., & Zhang, J. Y. (2015, January). Numerical
studies in a centrifugal pump with the improved blade considering cavitation. In IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 72, No. 3, p. 032021). IOP
Publishing.