POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH

College of Engineering - Electrical Engineering
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE)

ELEN 30083
Electrical Machines 1
Prepared by:

JR THADEUS L. ARCHE, REE

Subject Instructor
 Chapter 4

Direct-Current
Generator
Characteristics
Types of DC Generator
 Types of DC Generator

1. Separately-Excited Generator – the field

windings of the generator is excited from a
separate source usually a battery.
 Types of DC Generator

1. Separately-Excited Generator
𝑷𝑳
𝑰𝑳 =
𝑽𝑳
𝑰𝒂 = 𝑰𝑳
𝑬 = 𝑽𝑳 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂
𝑷𝒈 = 𝑬𝑰𝒂
Where:
𝑰𝑳 =load current 𝑷𝑳 =power delivered to the load
𝑽𝑳 =terminal voltage or load voltage
𝑰𝒂 =armature current 𝑹𝒂 =armature winding resistance
E=generated emf in the armature
𝑷𝒈 =power developed or generated in the armature
 Types of DC Generator

2. Self-Excited Generator – the field

windings of the generator is
supplied or excited from its own
generated emf.
 Types of Self-Excited Generator

1. Shunt Generator – The field windings are

connected across or in parallel with the
armature conductors.
 Types of Self-Excited Generator

1. Shunt Generator
𝑽𝑳
𝑰𝒔𝒉 =
𝑹𝒔𝒉
𝑷𝑳
𝑰𝑳 =
𝑽𝑳
𝑰𝒂 = 𝑰𝑳 + 𝑰𝒔𝒉
𝑷𝒈 = 𝑬𝑰𝒂
𝑬 = 𝑽𝑳 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂
Where:
𝑰𝒔𝒉 =shunt field current 𝑹𝒔𝒉 = shunt field resistance
 Types of Self-Excited Generator

2. Series Generator – The field windings are

connected in series with the armature
conductors.
 Types of Self-Excited Generator

2. Series Generator
𝑰𝒂 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝑳
𝑷𝒈 = 𝑬𝑰𝒂
𝑬 = 𝑽𝑳 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑹𝒔𝒆

Where:
𝑰𝒔𝒆 = series field current
𝑹𝒔𝒆 = series field resistance
 Types of Self-Excited Generator

3. Compound Generator – This is a

combination of a series and a shunt
generator and can be either short-shunt or
long-shunt. When the series fields aids the
shunt field, the generator is called
cumulative compound. If series field
opposes the shunt field, the generator is
called differential compound.
 Types of Compound Generator

1. Short-Shunt Compound Generator – The series

field coils are connected in series with the
load, while the shunt field coils are connected
in parallel with the armature coils.
 Types of Compound Generator

1. Short-Shunt Compound Generator

𝑰𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝑳
𝑷𝑳
𝑰𝑳 =
𝑽𝑳
𝑽𝑳 + 𝑰𝒔𝒆 𝑹𝒔𝒆
𝑰𝒔𝒉 =
𝑹𝒔𝒉
𝑬 = 𝑽𝑳 + 𝑰𝒂 𝑹𝒂 ′ + 𝑰𝒔𝒆 𝑹𝒔𝒆
𝑷𝒈 = 𝑬𝑰𝒂
𝑰𝒂 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝑳
 Types of Compound Generator

1. Short-Shunt Compound Generator

𝑹𝒂 ′ = 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑹𝒊𝒑 + 𝑹𝒄𝒘

Where:
𝑹𝒂 ′=armature equivalent resistance
𝑹𝒊𝒑 =interpole winding resistance
𝑹𝒄𝒘 =compensating winding resistance
 Types of Compound Generator

2. Long-Shunt Compound Generator – The series

field coils are connected in series with the
armature coils, while the shunt field coils are
connected across the series combination.
 Types of Compound Generator

2. Long-Shunt Compound Generator

𝑰𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝒂
𝑷𝑳
𝑰𝑳 =
𝑽𝑳
𝑽𝑳
𝑰𝒔𝒉 =
𝑹𝒔𝒉
𝑬 = 𝑽𝑳 + 𝑰𝒂 (𝑹′𝒂 +𝑹𝒔𝒆 )
𝑷𝒈 = 𝑬𝑰𝒂
𝑰𝒂 = 𝑰𝒔𝒉 + 𝑰𝑳
𝑹′𝒂 = 𝑹𝒂 + 𝑹𝒊𝒑 + 𝑹𝒄𝒘
 Sample Problem 1

A shunt generator delivers 450 A at 230 V and

the resistance of the shunt field and armature are
50Ω, and 0.03Ω, respectively. Calculate the
generated emf.
 Sample Problem 2

A long shunt compound generator delivers a

load current of 50 A at 500 V and has armature,
series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05Ω,
0.03Ω, and 250, respectively. Calculate the
generated voltage and the armature current. Allow
1V per brush for contact drop.
 No-Load Characteristics of Generators

The generated voltage of a generator depends

upon two factors: a) the speed of rotation and b)
flux. If the flux is kept constant while the speed is
increased or decreased, the voltage will rise or fall,
respectively, in direct proportion to the changed
speed. Similarly, if the speed is held constant
while the flux is varied, the voltage will change in
direct proportion to the change in magnetism.
 No-Load Characteristics of Generators

The two graphs in figure show the generated

voltage and speed relation at constant flux, and
the no-load saturation at constant speed.
 Requirements for Voltage Build-Up of a
Self-Excited Shunt Generator

Before loading a self-excited shunt generator, it

is necessary to build-up its voltage. The
requirements for voltage build-up of a self-excited
shunt generator are as follows:
1. There must be some residual magnetism.
2. The shunt field coils should be correctly
connected to the armature for the given
direction of rotation.
 Requirements for Voltage Build-Up of a
Self-Excited Shunt Generator

3. The shunt field resistance should be less than

the critical resistance.
4. The speed must be high enough for the shunt
field resistance used.
 Voltage Regulation

The performance of generator is

measured by its percent voltage regulation.
The voltage regulation is the change in
voltage when the load is reduced from
rated value to zero, expressed as the
percentage of the rated load voltage, at
constant speed.
 Voltage Regulation

In equation, the percent voltage regulation is

𝑽𝑵𝑳 − 𝑽𝑭𝑳
%𝑽𝑹 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑭𝑳

Where:
%𝑽𝑹 = percent voltage regulation
𝑽𝑵𝑳 = no-load voltage
𝑽𝑭𝑳 = full-load voltage
 Sample Problem 3

The voltage of a 50 kW 230-volts shunt

generator rises to 245 volts when the load is
removed. What full load current does the machine
delivers and its percent voltage regulation?
 Characteristic Voltage Load Curves of
Generators

In the next figure illustrate the external

characteristic curves for all common types of dc
generators.
1. Cumulative Compound Generator
• Flat Compound Generator: 𝑽𝑵𝑳 = 𝑽𝑭𝑳 ; percent
regulation is zero.
• Over Compound Generator: 𝑽𝑵𝑳 < 𝑽𝑭𝑳 ; the
number of turns used for series field is
comparatively greater than the flat compound
generator.
 Characteristic Voltage Load Curves of
Generators

1. Cumulative Compound Generator

• Under Compound Generator: 𝑽𝑵𝑳 > 𝑽𝑭𝑳 ; the
percent regulation is greater the zero but less
than of self-excited shunt generator.
 Characteristic Voltage Load Curves of
Generators

2. Differential Compound Generator

The percentage voltage regulation of
differential compound generator is considerably
greater than self-excited shunt generator because
of the demagnetizing action of the series field.
3. Series Generator
The terminal voltage rises rapidly from its no-
load value 𝑽𝑵𝑳 to full load value 𝑽𝑭𝑳 .
 Characteristic Voltage Load Curves of
Generators

4. Shunt Generator
The percentage voltage regulation is greater
than the under compound generator and greater
than zero; 𝑽𝑵𝑳 > 𝑽𝑭𝑳 .
Characteristic Voltage Load Curves of
Generators
Characteristic Voltage Load Curves of
Generators
 Degree of Compounding Adjustment

A diverter or a very low resistance shunt

directly across the series field is used to increase
the no-load voltage at any desired value to meet
individual demands. The diverter diverts or
bypassed a part of the load current through a wire
that creates no flux as show in the figure. When
the resistance of diverter is extremely large, the
diverter current will be small, and the generator
characteristic will be over compounded.
 Degree of Compounding Adjustment

If the resistance of the diverter approaches that

of a short-circuit, the operating external
characteristics resembles that of a shunt generator.
 Degree of Compounding Adjustment

The following equations are needed in the

calculation of problems that involve the use of
diverters in compound generators. Note that the
diverters is across the series field winding.
𝑰𝑳 = 𝑰𝒅 + 𝑰𝒔𝒆
𝑰𝒅 𝑹𝒅 = 𝑰𝒔𝒆 𝑹𝒔𝒆
𝑹𝒅
𝑰𝒔𝒆 = × 𝑰𝑳
𝑹𝒔𝒆 + 𝑹𝒅
 Degree of Compounding Adjustment

A shunt generator can be converted into a

compound generator by adding a few series turns
to the shunt generator as in equation,
𝑵𝒔𝒉 ∆𝑰𝒔𝒉 = 𝑵𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝒔𝒆
Where:
𝑵𝒔𝒉 = shunt field turns per pole
∆𝑰𝒔𝒉 = change in shunt field current from no-load to full
load
𝑵𝒔𝒆 = series field turn
𝑰𝒔𝒆 = series field current
 Sample Problem 4

The series field of a compound generator has a

resistance of 0.018 ohm. If the full-load current is
120 amp and it is necessary to divert 36 amp so
that the full-load voltage will be brought down to
the desired value, calculate: a) the value of the
diverter resistance, b) the length of a square
manganin wire (resistivity = 265) whose cross-
sectional area is 15,616 circular mils.
 Sample Problem 5

Each of the series field coils of a four-pole 50

kW 250-volt compound generator has 𝟔𝟏𝟐 turns of
wire. The resistance of the entire series field is
0.012 ohm, and the diverter resistance is 0.036
ohm. Calculate the number of ampere-turns of
each series field coil at full load.
 Sample Problem 6

A shunt generator is to be converted into a

compound short-shunt generator so that 𝑰𝒔𝒆 = 𝑰𝑳 .
𝑰𝒔𝒉 = 5A @ 𝑽𝑵𝑳 = 440 V
𝑰𝒔𝒉 = 6A @ 𝑰𝑭𝑳 = 200 A
𝑵𝒔𝒉 = 1600 turns/pole
Calculate the number of turns in the series field
winding.
 Armature Reaction

It is the effect of magnetic field set up by the

armature current on the distribution of flux
under the main poles of generator. The
armature magnetic field has two effects:

1. It demagnetizes or weakens the main flux;

and
2. It cross magnetizes or distorts it.
 Armature Reaction

Compensating winding is used to neutralize

the cross-magnetizing effect of armature
reaction. This winding is embedded in slots in
the pole shoes and connected in series with the
armature in such a way that the current in it
flows in opposite direction to that flowing in
armature conductors directly below the pole
shoes.
 Commutation

Commutation is the process in which the current reverses

its direction as it passes the magnetic neutral axis. Too much
spark in the brushes is the result of poor commutation. The
current direction can not reverse completely by the end of the
short circuit period. The use of interpoles is a method of
improving commutation. These are small poles fixed to the
yoke and spaced in between main poles and the windings are
wound with comparatively few heavy gauge copper wire turns
and are connected in series with the armature so that they carry
full armature current. The emf induced from the interpoles is
called reversing emf which neutralizes the reactance emf in the
armature windings, thereby,resulting to sparkles commutation.
Commutation
 Operation of Generators in Parallel

The reasons in the parallel operation of

generators are:
1.Continuity of service;
2.Efficiency
3.Maintenance and repair; and
4.Additions to plant (provision/or future
extension)
 Uses of DC Generators

1. Shunt Generators with field regulators are used

for ordinary lighting and power supply
purposes. They are also for charging batteries
because their terminal voltages are almost
constant.
2. Series Generator are not used for power supply
because of their rising characteristics. However,
their rising characteristics make them suitable
for being used as boosters in certain types of
distribution system particularly in railway
service.
 Uses of DC Generators

3. Compound Generators. The cumulative compound

generators are most widely used dc generators
because their external characteristics can be adjusted
for compensating the voltage drop in the line
resistance. Hence, such generators are used for
motor drives which require dc supply at constant
voltage, for lamp loads and for heavy power service
such railways. The differential compound generator
has an external characteristics similar to a shunt
generator. Hence, it is used in arc welding where
larger voltage dropis desirable with increase in
current.