Introduction to Fuzzy Logic

System
Fuzzy Logic is a computing approach based on “Degree of Truth” and is not

limited to Boolean “true or false.” The term ‘Fuzzy’ means something vague

or not very clear. The fuzzy Logic system is applied to scenarios where it is

difficult to categorize states as a binary “True or False.” Fuzzy Logic can

incorporate intermediate values like partially true and partially false. It can

be implemented across a wide range of devices ranging from small

micro-controller to large IT systems. It tries to mimic human-like

decision-making, which can incorporate all values in between True and

False.
● Rules: The rule Base consists of a large set of rules programmed and

fed by experts that govern the Fuzzy System’s decision-making. The

rules are sets of “If-Then” statements that decide the event occurrence

based on the condition.

● Fuzzification: Fuzzification converts raw inputs measured from sensors

into fuzzy sets. These converted inputs are passed on to the control

system for further processing.

● Inference Engine: It helps in mapping rules to the input dataset and

thereby decides which rules are to be applied for a given input. It does

so by calculating the % match of the rules for the given input.

 ● Defuzzification: It is the opposite of Fuzzification. Here fuzzy sets are

converted into crisp inputs. These crisp inputs are the output of the

Fuzzy Logic System.

Membership Function
The Membership Function defines how input to the Fuzzy System is mapped

to values between 0 and 1. Input is usually termed as Universe (U) as it can

contain any value. The membership function is defined as:

μ A:X → [0,1].

Here X represents the Universe, and Y represents any value between 0 and 1.

The Triangular Membership function is the most commonly used Membership

Function. Other Membership function includes Trapezoidal, Gaussian and

Singleton.
Why and When to Use Fuzzy Logic?
Fuzzy Logic is especially useful when you want to mimic human-like thinking

in a control system. More than accurate reasoning, it focuses on acceptable

reasoning, which is very close to how the real world operates. It is designed to

deal with uncertainties and is proficient in finding out inferences from the

conclusion.

Algorithm of Fuzzy Logic System

1. Define all the variables and terms which will be acting as input to the

Fuzzy System

2. Create a Membership Function for the System( As defined above)

3. Create Rule-Base, which will be mapped to each input

4. Convert normal input into fuzzy input, which is fed to the membership

function

5. Evaluate the result from the membership function

6. Combine all the results obtained from the Individual Ruleset

7. Convert the output fuzzy set into Crisp input(Defuzzification)

Application of Fuzzy Logic System
Fuzzy Logic is being adopted across all major industries, but Automotive

remains the major adopter. A few of its applications are listed below:

● Nissan is using Fuzzy Logic to control the braking system in case of a

hazard. Fuzzy Logic uses inputs like speed, acceleration, and

momentum to decide on brakes intensity.

● Nissan is also using Fuzzy Logic to control the fuel injection quantity

and ignition based on inputs like Engine RPM, Temperature and Load

capacity.

● It is used in Satellites and Aircraft for Altitude control.

● Mitsubishi is using Fuzzy Logic to make Elevator Management more

efficient by taking passenger traffic as input.

● Nippon Steel uses Fuzzy Logic to decide the proportion in which

different cement types should be mixed to make more durable cement.

● Fuzzy Logic finds its application in the chemical industry for managing

different processes like pH control, drying process, and distillation

process.

● Fuzzy Logic can be combined with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to

mimic how a human brain works. Fuzzy Logic aggregates data and
 transforms it into more meaningful information, which is used as Fuzzy

sets.

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

Below are five advantages of the fuzzy logic system:

● Fuzzy Logic can work with any kind of input even if it is unstructured,

distorted, imprecise or contain noise.

● Fuzzy Logic Construction is very easy to read and comprehend as it

closely mimics the way Human-Mind make the decision.

● Fuzzy Logic’s nuances involve using key math concepts like Set Theory

and Probability, which makes it apt to solve all kinds of day-to-day

challenges that humanity faces.

● Fuzzy Logic can provide efficient solutions to a very complex problem

across different industries.

● Fuzzy Logic System needs a very little amount of data to prepare a

robust model. Therefore, it needs only a limited amount of memory for

its execution.
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic System
Below are the top four disadvantages of the fuzzy logic system:

● There is no standard way to solve a problem through Fuzzy Logic;

therefore, different experts may have a different solution to a problem,

leading to ambiguity.

● As Fuzzy Logic System works with precise and imprecise data, at times,

its accuracy can be compromised.

● Fuzzy Logic System cannot learn from its past mistakes or failures as it

doesn’t have self-learning ability like Machine Learning and Neural

Network.

● Due to the lack of standardization, there is no one fixed way to find rules

and membership functions for the given problem. Therefore, at times it

becomes difficult to find exact rules and membership functions for

some problems.
Defuzzification
is the process of obtaining a single number from the output of the
aggregated fuzzy set. It is used to transfer fuzzy inference results into
a crisp output. In other words, defuzzification is realized by a
decision-making algorithm that selects the best crisp value based on a
fuzzy set. There are several forms of defuzzification including center
of gravity (COG), mean of maximum (MOM), and center average
methods. The COG method returns the value of the center of area
under the curve.

https://codecrucks.com/defuzzification-methods-solved-examples/

Properties of fuzzy set: All at one place

BY CODECRUCKS · 22/07/2021

Properties of fuzzy set helps us to simplify many mathematical fuzzy set

operations. Sets are collections of unordered, district elements. We can
perform various fuzzy set operations on the fuzzy set. It is recommended to
the reader to first navigate through the fuzzy set operations for a better
understanding of the properties of the fuzzy set.
Properties of Fuzzy Sets

Fuzzy sets are defined as sets that contain elements having varying degrees of
membership values. Given A and B are two fuzzy sets, here are the main
properties of those fuzzy sets:

Commutativity:-

● (A ∪ B) = (B ∪ A)
● (A ∩ B) = (B ∩ A
● (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)
● (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)

Distributivity :-

● A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
● A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)
Idempotent:-

● A∪A=A
● A∩A=A

Identity:-

● A ∪ Φ = A => A ∪ X = X
● A ∩ Φ = Φ => A ∩ X = A

transitivity:-

● If A ⊆ B, B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C

Involution :-
 ● (Ac)c = A

De morgan Property :-

● (A ∪ B)c = Ac ∩ Bc
● (A ∩ B)c = Ac ∪ Bc
In this design have 2 different systems. The first fuzzy logic control system is
used in determining the washing speed with 4 inputs. These 4 inputs can be
provided manually or automatically by using the corresponding sensor. After
the first system produces the output the system then performs a process
whereby the output on the first system is defined as the reference speed at
the second system input. The second system runs the process of regulating
motor speed stability with 3 inputs. Two other inputs include error is the
difference between the reference speed with the actual speed and the current
error difference derror with the previous error. The first step in using Fuzzy
Logic system is to determine the input and output. In this model the desired
output is obviously the washing speed.
Each linguistic input and output is set into the membership function. The
membership function used is the triangular membership function. It can be
seen in figures 4 and 5 show the membership functions of input and output
and also lower and upper limits.

After determining the membership function and upper and lower limits for the
input and output parameters, the total IF-THEN rule.
System 2: As for the method of defuzzification used the method of Center of
Gravity (CoG) or another name centroid. In this method the crisp output value
is obtained by enchanting the center point (z *) fuzzy area. The output on this
system will be forwarded to the next system. The input and output for Fuzzy
Logic Modeling of Induction Motor Speed can be seen in figure 6.

In this model the input parameters are reference speed, error, and derror
value. The reference speed is obtained from the previous system output. Error
is the difference between set point speed and actual speed. Derror is the
current error increment with the previous error. While output is a voltage
(volts) that will be given to the inverter as a control voltage to run the motor.
Membership functions used are triangle and trapezium.
VL, S yields output L, M produces output M, F produces output H, and VF
produces output VH. Although there is a change in the input error and derror.
m