See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/361808013

Health and Happiness: The Upshot of Recreational Activities for Elderly

People International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS)

Article · July 2022

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

CITATIONS READS

0 17

6 authors, including:

Stephen Fadare Loury Mae Isong

Mindanao State University La Salle University
22 PUBLICATIONS   2 CITATIONS    2 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Aisa Langco Lken Paclibar

Mindanao State University Timber City Academy, Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte, Philippines
3 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS    1 PUBLICATION   0 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

challenges, coping mechanisms and Success stories, of Neophyte principals: Impact on school Leadership and Management. View project

Nurturing Teenagers with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A basis for Government Intervention Program View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Stephen Fadare on 11 July 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

Health and Happiness: The Upshot of

Recreational Activities for Elderly People
Fadare A.Stephen, EdD, Isong, Loury Mae, Montalban, G.Kharen,Langco, L.Aisa& Paclibar, LKen.
14
CSPEAR, Mindanao State University (Main) Marawi City, Lanao del Sur, Philippines.
2,3
Department of Physical Education,COA&S, La Salle University Ozamiz City,Philippines.
5
Timber City Academy, South Montilla, Boulevard Butuan City, Butuan City, Philippines

Abstract - Recreational activities can meet a range of needs for elderly people as well as people of all ages,
creating good health and happiness. Increased health and fitness are key benefits of recreation for the elderly
population. Activities provide opportunities for socializing, utilizing skills and abilities earned over their lives,
and learning new skills. The aims of this review were to emphasize the relevance of leisure activities for elderly
people, aging and quality of life, leisure activities and physical health, leisure activities and well-being, mental
health and well-being, and leisure and social connectedness. A literature review was conducted on several
published peer-reviewed journal articles, but only articles from 2015–2021 and those written in the English
language were considered for inclusion in this study. Researchers searched Google Scholar, Microsoft
Academic, ProQuest, PLoS One, Cochrane Library, JSTOR, Microsoft Academic databases, and Pubmed for
information. Several articles were related to the subject, but only a few text articles were used for this review.
According to the reviewed articles, the studies pointed to the fact that elderly and agedpeople should be
encouraged to participate in recreational activities throughout their lives to maintain and improve their health.

Keywords: Health and happiness, Upshot, Recreational activities, Elderly people

I INTRODUCTION
Recreation refers to any activities that individuals engage in to revitalize their bodies and minds while also
making their free time more interesting and pleasurable. Its actions are advantageous in a variety of ways.
Consider how your favourite hobbies make your life better. Think about why you enjoy them and what your life
might be like if you didn't. Remember everything nice that happened as a consequence. In retrospect, we forget
how much time and work went into establishing skills necessary in order to enjoy these hobbies correctly, but in
retrospect, it was well worth it. Recreational activities are like taking a vacation from your regular routine.
There is a sensation of calm and stress relief.

Leisure activities, on the other hand, are activities that individuals do in their spare time. Leisure activity
participation has been linked to improved cognitive performance, physical function, and mental wellness (Sala
et al., 2019). In addition, Auger (2020) remarked that leisure in our society may take many different forms. It
can be done alone or in collaboration with others. It can happen in a variety of situations. Recreational activities
can have an impact on people of different nationalities and socioeconomic backgrounds. Leisure has various
good consequences for people and communities in our culture. The value and significance of leisure activities
must be instilled into society. This supports and develops leisure in our society and regards its position as a
significant priority for governments and decision makers.

According to Dionigi (2017), leisure and recreation can be physical, social, cognitive, emotional, and/or spiritual
in character. Older folksparticipate in a wide range of leisure activities, from conventional or stereotyped
hobbies like cards and gardening to more modern ones like master’s sport participation. Furthermore,
engagement in leisure activities is linked to several aspects of good aging, including physical health and well-
being.
Leisure activities and psychological qualities (such as happiness) have been identified as precursors of good
aging. Aspects of successful aging, on the other hand, may come before leisure activities and emotions of well-
being: persons who are healthy enough to participate in leisure activities are more likely to have good
psychological outcomes (Paggi et al. 2016).

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 1
International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

Researchers like Chang et al. (2015), while partaking in leisure activities may improve several dimensions of
well-being, the exact type of leisure activity may be particularly significant, with some types of activities giving
greater benefit than others. Chang et al. (2015) defines five categories of leisure activities in older adults:
mental, social, physical, productive, and recreational—in order to analyze how involvement influences health
status.
Rivera-Torres et al., (2021) inferred that the elderly population is the fastest-growing age category in the United
Nations, with the worldwide population of 65 years or over expected to reach 1.5 billion by 2050. A big
majority of older persons will need to improve their functional abilities in order to age well. Physical, social, and
mental health are all components of good aging that are adapted to an individual's preferences and
predispositions within their age group (World Health Organization[WHO], 2021; Torres et al., 2021).

Furthermore, leisure activities are thought to be beneficial to overall health, but the effects vary depending on
the type of leisure activity. Certain recreational activities may be more helpful to their bodily and psychological
wellbeing than others. Leisure plays an important part in people's standard of living when they confront
significant changes such as retirement age, empty nests, and widowhood (Nimrod, Janke, following Liechty,
Genoe, as mentioned in Gümüş & Erbaş, 2020). As a result, leisure academics have called for additional
research into older people's leisure experiences, including their views regarding aging, leisure definitions, and
activity participation. Individuals with a higher monthly income have greater access to social and cultural
activities (Gümüş & Erbaş, 2020).

The Importance of Recreational Activities for the elderly

Recreation becomes a therapeutic activity that fosters connections, enhances mental health, and improves
physical health, all of which are vital to the elderly's total health and pleasure. Recreation benefitsboth physical
and mental health. These are activities that can benefit the elderly's cognitive and emotional wellbeing.
Individual and group activities allow seniors to express themselves and their sentiments while also strengthening
their emotions and cognitive abilities. This is possible through arts and crafts or painting. Jigsaw and word
puzzles, as well as card games, help to improve organizational and problem-solving abilities while also raising
mental awareness.
Maintaininga healthy mind and body requires recreation. Exercising in groups not only improves your general
health but also helps you to make new friends and meet new people. Elderly people who have just had major
surgery or who live alone intheir homes while their children are abroad find it difficult to regulate their emotions
and do even the most basic tasks. As a result, engaging in physical activities enhances both the mental health
and functionality of older adults. When it comes to substantial health changes, such as surgery, older folks are
more prone than younger people to feel depression and anxiety. Consequently, engaging in recreational
activities will benefit them and lower their dangers. Participating in group activities also lessens their need for
company as well as feelings of loneliness and isolation. It also increases excitement and enhances mood
(Anvaya, 2019; Sala et al., 2019; Paggi et al., 2016).

Recreational and leisure activities for the elderly

According to Szanton et al. (2015), indicates the proportion and ranking of older persons' favorite activities
during recreation and leisure time to be would prefer walk, jog, garden, or play sports than watch TV, go to
religious services, or travel. According to the present research, older individuals constantly chose a physically
stimulating activity as their "favorite," which contradicts popular belief. Zhang and Zhang (2018), on the other
hand, feel that community and family activities are the most practical kind of leisure activity for older people to
participate in. While Rivera-Torres et al. (2021) reported that the engagement of seniorpeople in leisure and
recreation activities varies by age group, for example, in the United States, middle-aged people (70–79 years)
andolder-aged adults (80 and above) are more likely to participate.Zingmark et al. (2021) stated that elderly
Swedes place a high emphasis on nature encounters and outdoor activity. Walks, being in the forests and fields
for a natural experience, outdoor swimming, picnics, cycling for enjoyment and fitness, gardening, and being
outside among the most prevalent outdoor activities.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 2
International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

Aging and Quality of life

Life quality is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) as how individuals perceive their lives
within the framework of their culture and value system, as well as their physical, psychological, and social well-
being. Life quality is defined differently as a shared dimension with the capacity for pleasure and contentment in
which the quality of life and manifestations of goodness linked with sub-areas of life influence the quality. The
phrase "life quality" refers to a larger concept that includes personal well-being as well as physical health. The
concept of measuring life quality evaluates characteristics like as one's role, mood, experiences with sickness
and analogous circumstances, general psychological condition, happiness, and life satisfaction (Çiyan, et al.,
2021).
Similarly, aging is caused by the accumulation of various molecular and cellular damage over time. This causes
a progressive loss of physical and cognitive function, as well as an increased risk of illness and, finally, death.
These changes are neither linear or continuous, and they are only distantly related to a person's chronological
age. The age-related variety is not by chance. Aside from biological changes, aging is typically associated with
other life transitions such as retirement, relocation to more suitable housing, and the loss of friends and
companions (World Health Organization, 2021). According to Alcaiz and Solé-Auró (2018), while it is a
common wish to live a long and healthy life, aging is a complex, protracted process that does not end with
death(WHO, 2015).

In addition, as people become older, their well-being may be severely influenced by deteriorating physical
health and functionality as a result of age-related changes. As a result, elderly persons may confront additional
barriers to healthy aging. Consider just the specific illnesses or limits that may affect an older individual,
providedthat what is required is an assessment of their influence on health and functional trajectories. Being
socially active, having good physiological and mental health, feeling cheerful, being independent, self-possessed
happiness, and being financially secure all contribute to aging well. Improving physical exercise, social
involvement, leisure activities, good eating habits, a sense of purpose in life, and intellectual engagement, all
contribute to healthy aging (Halaweh, et al., 2018).

According to estimates, there will be 703 million individuals aged 65 and more in the world in 2019. By 2050,
this amount is predicted to more than quadruple to 1.5 billion. Globally, the proportion of individuals aged 65
and older climbed from 6% in 1990 to 9% in 2019. This number is anticipated to climb to 16% by 2050,
whenone out of every six individuals on the planet would be 65 or older (World Population Ageing, 2019).
According to Zin et al. (2020), the growing aging population presents challenges for governments in terms of
providing appropriate healthcare and social security, as well as having a wide variety of effects for society and
healthcare employees. Because the aging population now has a higher life expectancy,than ever before, it is
critical to assist individuals in growing old with a high quality of life (QOL).

Similarly, Marufkhani et al. (2021) explain quality of life as an essential aspect in one's health, particularly for
the elderly (QoL). QoL is influenced by physical health, psychological health, independence, social
communication, and environmental ties (Pinto et al., 2017). Patinan et al. (2017) reveal aging is a period of life
during which the elderly may confront difficulties to their quality of life, such as an increase in chronic illness
symptoms, loneliness, and a loss in mental health. As a result, it is vital to undertake appropriate treatments to
protect and improve the health and quality of life of older individuals. According to Sajin et al., (2016), one
factor that influences people's quality of life is how they use their free time.

Leisure Activities and Physical Health

Participation in leisure activities has been connected to a variety of features of healthy aging, including physical
health and well-being (Paggi et al., 2016). Meanwhile, it appears that physical health influences leisure activity
participation, and that both physical health and activities impact well-being (Lawton et al., 2017; Ihle et al.,
2017; Paggi et al., 2016). Furthermore, Halaweh (2018) found that older adults linked their level of
independence to their physical and mental health, which is a reasonable and understandable relationship because
higher physical functioning allows older adults to perform more integrated functional tasks, such as daily
activities, social roles, and recreational activities. As a result, keeping active was associated with excellent
physical health among the individuals. They have regularly mentioned walking to keep active. Walking is one of

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 3
International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

the most popular forms of physical activity among older people, and it is simple to include into one's daily
routine. Walking is also associated with physical and functional well-being in the elderly.

Furthermore, mild workouts and moderate activities can improve senior people's mobility, balance, flexibility,
and agility. Physical activity can also aid in the prevention of illnesses and injuries like falls. Activities include
daily walks and structured exercise such as swimming, stretching, and correct chair movements. Other aerobic
activities include taking dance lessons or even gardening. Light exercise and movement can also assist to relieve
muscular strain and spasms while also improving cardiovascular and respiratory health. According to Fong
(2021), maintaining regular leisure-time physical activity(LTPA) is critical because physical activity, such as
exercise, can limit physiological deterioration caused by maturing and neglect and is associated with improved
functional and mental well-being, a lower risk of chronic illnesses, subjective well-being, and health.

Physical activity can assist people of all ages gain muscle strength, improve coordination, and maintain balance.
Physical health may limit the sorts of leisure activities available to older people, thus additional methods should
be devised to guarantee that a varied variety of activities is supplied regardless of physical capabilities (Paggi et
al., 2016). Maintaining good physical health and functionality is critical for easing mobility and allowing older
persons to perform more integrated functional tasks including daily routines, social roles, and leisure activities.
According to data, physical exercise is associated with improved physical functioning, and this association has a
favourable influence on physical and functional well-being. Furthermore, excellent physical functioning helps to
prevent the occurrence and negative impacts of falls in older persons, such as social isolation and activity
limitation (Halaweh et al., 2018).

Leisure activities and well-being

The experience of health, pleasure, and prosperity is referred to as well-being. It requires strong mental health, a
high degree of life happiness, a feeling of meaning or purpose, and the ability to cope with stress (Liang, et al.,
2021). Happiness, as defined by Davis (2019), is a subjective mental state characterized by emotions of
enjoyment and contentment that represents an individual's total subjective well-being. Recreational activities
improve emotional well-being and life satisfaction, and time management. Therapeutic leisure activities, on the
other hand, help people improve their quality of life by providing a variety of benefits, including improved
physical and psychological health, sociability, improvement in individual functions, self-confidence, and the
ability to live independently (Çiyan, et al., 2021).

Additionally, leisure time helps people to feel pleased and autonomous, as well as experience pleasurable
feelings and learn useful skills and information. Participating in leisure activities helps people to interact and
network with others, which improves sociability and adds to social cohesion. Leisure also allows for better
stress management by promoting life balance. In turn, physical exercise is significantly linked to the pursuit and
maintenance of personal health,health-related quality of life, and psychological well-being, and it is actively
promoted as a good habit among healthy people (Cocozza et al., 2020).

Furthermore, Paggi et al. (2016) revealed one of the most prevalent measures of happiness in the psychology
literature is life satisfaction. Previous study has demonstrated that recreational activities improve well-being.
Pressman et al. (2009) discovered that the frequency of engaging in enjoyable leisure activities (e.g., quiet time
alone, socializing with others, and hobbies) was positively associated with well-being, highlighting the
importance of various types of leisure activities throughout the adult life span. Many Furthermore, longitudinal
studies have demonstrated that diverse forms of leisure activities have a positive influence on happiness. They
observed that leisure activity participation predicted life satisfaction in an older population, and a comparable
longitudinal study corroborated this seven years later (Sala et al., 2019).

Additionally, being in a natural setting may be helpful to both physical and psychological health. According to
Zingmark et al., (2021), local parks provide space for physical activity; these natural places should be regarded
as part of a plan for health promotion and illness prevention among older individuals. The definition of "outdoor
recreation" thus encompasses nature experiences that have consequences for health and well-being, but it is
wide in terms of both the sorts of activities undertaken and the types of natural surroundings encountered
(Zingmark et al., 2021).

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 4
International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

Mental Wellbeing
There may be different risk factors for mental health concerns at different stages of life. Elderly persons may be
subjected to stresses that impact everyone, as well as stressors that are more frequentin later life, such as a
severe loss of skills and functional ability. Older folks, for example, may suffer from diminishedmobility,
chronic pain, frailty, or other health issues that necessitate long-term care. Furthermore, older persons are more
prone to be affected by conditions such as bereavement or a decrease in socioeconomic status due to retirement.
All of these stresses could create isolation, loneliness, or psychological suffering in elders, demanding long-term
care (WHO, 2017). The mental health of the elderly changes from young (60-69) to old (80-89), especially since
the elderly (80-89) are more sensitive to mental illness(Callow et al., 2020; CDC, 2020).

According to Lilford and Hughes (2020), the global incidence of mental health difficulties affecting those aged
60 and older is roughly 20%. Mental diseases account for 17.4 percent of the population's handicapped years.
Depression (7%) and dementia (5%) are the most frequent mental and neurological disorders among those aged
60 and above, respectively. Anxiety (3.8%), drug use disorders (about 1%), and self-harm (a fifth of all deaths)
are all frequent mental health diseases in the same population.

Kuykendall et al. (2015) and Arem et al. (2015) discovered that older persons who participated in leisure and
recreation activities had better mental health and lived longer. Furthermore, involvement in non-physically
demanding leisure activities, such as artistic leisure, has been demonstrated to promote mental health in older
individuals, helping them to age well and preserve a reasonable quality of life and mental health in later life
(Lee & Allen, 2021). According to Jeong and Park (2020), the elderly's participation in energetic, sociable, and
productive leisure activities is significant and can favourably influence depression and quality of life (CDC,
2020).

The studies of Vahiaet al. (2020) and Jeste et al, (2020), and many others also revealed six (6) ways to improve
mental health ofelderly people are:

a) Playing mind games - Just as the body needs physical activity and stimulation to stay healthy, the brain
needs stimulation to stay sharp and avoid cognitive decline as we age.

b) Get physical Exercise - Exerciseand physical activity improve both the mind and the body by improving
confidence and lowering the chance off alls. Stayingactive and getting enough exercise are just as crucial
for seniors'mental health and well-being as they are for anybody else at any age.

c) Stay connected to family/relatives - Keeping in contact with loved one scan help older persons avoid
loneliness and feelings of isolation. Learning how to connect with new and old friends on social media,
FaceTime, Zoom, or Skype are just a few methods to remain in contact. There are always people eager to
educate older person show to utilize these various programs, as well as online tutorials.

d) Pick up new hobby - Hobbies like framed wall painting and gardening can help the brain's neuroplasticity.
Retirement is an excellent opportunity to review your "checklist" of life goals. Gardening, quilting, art,
French cooking, teaching, and other activities are examples of interests you might pursue.

e) Volunteer - Volunteering after retirement can provide a number of extra benefits that improve
elders'physical, emotional, and mental health and to donate their time after retirement.

f) Caring for grandchildren/pets - According to the CDC (2020), many studies have shown that the bond
between humans and their pets can increase fitness, lower stress and bring happiness.

Leisure and Social Connectedness

O'Rourke and Sidani (2017) defined social connection as the inverse of loneliness, a subjective assessment of
one's ability to develop meaningful, intimate, and constructive interactions with others (i.e., individuals, groups,
and society). Maintaining strong relationships, as well as engaging in meaningful and purposeful activities, such

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 5
International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

as leisure activities, is regarded to be vital for effective aging (Bone et al., 2022). Lack of social interaction,on
the other hand, is a risk factor for early mortality equivalent to smoking, flu immunization, physical inactivity,
and obesity. As a result, social connection serves as a protective element, with a considerable relationship to
psychological well-being (Suragarn et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2021).Leisure activities improve stress perception
and social support. As a result, the importance of leisure activities for senior people's physical and mental health
should be highlighted.
Recreational activities are commonly utilized as an intervention technique to prevent and treat loneliness in
older persons (Teh & Tey, 2019). Participation in leisure activities accounts for a major share of elderly people's
social connections and social connectivity. Furthermore, volunteer work, cultural events, and shopping are
examples of leisure activities that represent the social connectivity of older people. Participating in passive
leisure activities like hobbies and social leisure activities like frequent contact with friends has been
demonstrated to reduce loneliness and promote well-being in older persons regardless of age, gender, or marital
status.
Furthermore, Zhang et al. (2021) noted that participating in leisure activities helps older persons to communicate
with other older adults, therefore extending their friend networks, compensating for lost social involvement due
to work retirement, and fulfilling their sense of value. When older persons have financial challenges, they are
more likely to get assistance from others they have met through leisure activities, since leisure activities allow
them to share mutual interests and build meaningful connections. Even if their older counterparts lack the
financial resources to assist, their words and actions will play a reassuring role in elevating older individuals'
emotions and significantly lowering their depression levels. Older persons are more prone to engage in leisure
and recreation activities for enjoyment, pleasure, and entertainment, as well as for health and wellness(Rivera-
Torres et al., 2021).
The Review's Limitations
The observed findings discussed in this scoping review are based on health and happiness and are the outcome
of older leisure activities. The aim of the study was to look at every study published between 2015 and 2022.
We acknowledge the constraint that just a few research was performed during the three months of review
(April–June 2022).

II. CONCLUSION
Conclusion
As a result, leisure is critical for the well-being and increaseof the quality of life of the aged. Seniors, as well as
persons of all ages, can benefit from leisure activities. Recreation improves the elderly's health and fitness while
also providing chances for socialization, the application of skills and talents acquired during their lives, and the
acquisition of new capabilities. Regular physical exercise aids in the maintenance of functional independence,
the prevention of illnesses, the improvement of functional skills, andthe reduction of the risk off alls and
accidents. However, physical inactivity is a serious public health problem worldwide, particularly in rapidly
aging Asian countries, where inactivity is most prevalent among middle-aged and older adults.
Author Contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors.All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We appreciate the authors whose works were cited in this study. To Dr. Hendely Arreza Adlawan, the Dean of
College of SPEAR, MSU Marawi for serve as our internal peer reviewer. We werealso grateful for the insightful
comments offered by the anonymous peer reviewers at IJSMS.
Ethical Approval: No ethical approval is required.
Conflict of Interest:The authors declare no conflict of interest.
ORCID iDs:
1
Fadare, A. S. - 0000-0002-3444-4713,
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Fadare/%20
https://publons.com/researcher/ADX-8181-2022/

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 6
International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

REFERENCES
[1] Alcañiz, M.& Solé-Auró, A. (2018) Feeling good in old age: factors explaining health-related quality of life.Health and Quality of
Life Outcomes 16, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0877-z

[2] Andrieieva, O., Hakman, A., Kashuba, V., Vasylenko, M., Patsaliuk, K., Andrii Koshura, A. &Istyniuk., I.(2019). Effects of physical
activity onaging processesin elderly persons. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19 (4), 1308 – 1314. doi:10.7752/jpes.
2019.s4190.

[3] Anvayaa. A.I. (2019). The Importance ofRecreational Activities For The Elderly. https://www.anvayaa.com/blog/importance-
recreational-activities-elderly/.

[4] Auger, D. (2020). Leisure in everyday life. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 43(2), 127-128.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2020.1788780.

[5] Arem, H., Moore, S. C., Patel, A., Hartge, P., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., &Visvanathan, K., et al., (2015). Leisure time physical
activity and mortality:A detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship.JAMA Internal Medicine, 175(6), 959-967.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533.

[6] Bone, J., Bu, F., Fluharty, M., Paul, E., Sonke, J.& Fancourt, D. (2022). Engagement in leisure activities and depression in older
adults in the United States: Longitudinal evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. Social Science & Medicine,294,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114703.

[7] Bureau of Labour Statistics. (2019). Time spent in leisure activities in 2019, by gender, age, and educational attainment. The Eco-
nomics Daily US Department of Labor. (Accessed on April 22, 2022 from https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2015/time-spent-in-leisure-
activities-in-2014-by-gender-age-and-educational-attainment.htm?view_full.

[8] Callow, D. D., Arnold-Nedimala, N. A., Jordan, L. S., Pena, G. S., Won, J., Woodard, J. L.& Smith, J. C. (2020). The
mentalhealth benefits of physical activity in older adultssurvivethe COVID-19 pandemic.The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,
28(10), 1046-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.024.

[9] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020). Mental Health. (Accessed on April 25, 2022 from
https://www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/index.htm.

[10] Chang, P., Wray, L. & Lin, Y. (2015).Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Adults. Health Psychol, 33(6),516–
523. doi: 10.1037/hea000005.

[11] Çiyan, C., Başaran, Z., Çolak1, S. & Erdal, R. (2021). Effect of Recreational Activities On Life Quality Of Elders. The Online Journal
of Recreation and Sport, 10(4).

[12] Cocozza, S., Sacco, P., Matarese, G., Maffulli, G., Maffulli, N., & Donatella, T. (2020). Participation to Leisure
Activities and Well-Being in a Group of Residents of Naples-Italy: The Role of Resilience.International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health, 17. doi:10.3390/ijerph17061895.

[13] Dahiya, R. & Sekhri, R. (2018). A Comparative Study of Depression, Anxiety and Well BeingAmong Elderly.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343219683_A_Comparative_Study_of_Depression_Anxiety_and_Well_Being_Among_Eld
erly/stats.

[14] Dionigi, R. (2020). Leisure and recreationin the lives of olderpeople. Healthy ageing and aged care,204-
220.https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/leisure-and-recreation-in-the-lives-of-older-people-2.

[15] Fong, J. (2021). Leisure-time physical activity and its correlates in a multi-ethnic sample ofadults over age 50 in Singapore.
BMCPublicHealth, 21, (Accessed on May 10, 2022, from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-021-
10431-.

[16] Grammatikopoulos, I. (2016). The Geriatric Giant:Mental Health and Well-being inElderly. Mental Health in Family Medicine.
12(01),110-111. doi:10.25149/1756-8358.1201007.

[17] Gümüş, H. & Erbaş, U. (2020). The relationship between leisure activity types selected by older adults and their income. Studia
Periegetica, 29 (1), 87-98. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.1220.

[18] Halaweh, H., Ivanoff, S., Svantesson,U. &Willén, C. (2018). Perspectives of Older Adults on Aging Well: A Focus Group
Study.Journal of Aging Research, 2018, para. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9858252.

[19] Ihle, A., Gouveia, É.R., Gouveia, B.R., Van der Linden, B.W.A. , Sauter,J. Gabriel, R. Oris, M. Fagot,D. Kliegel, M. (2017).
The role of leisure activities in mediatingthe relationship between physical health andwell-being: differential patterns in old and very
old ageGerontology, 63 (6) (2017), pp. 560-571.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 7
International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

[20] Jeong, E.-H., & Park, J.H. (2020). The Relationship Among Leisure Activities, Depression and Quality of Life in Community-
Dwelling Elderly Koreans.Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721420923449.

[21] Jeste,D.V., Di Somma, S., Lee, E.E., et al. (2022). Study of loneliness and wisdom in 482 middle-aged and oldest-old adults. Aging
Ment Health. doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1821170.

[22] Kuykendall, L., Tay, L., & Ng, V. (2015).Leisure engagement and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin,
141(2), 364–403. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038508.

[23] Lawton, E., Brymer, E., Clough, P., and Denovan, A. (2017). The relationship between the physical activity environment, nature
relatedness, anxiety, and the psychological well-being benefits of regular exercisers. Front. Psychol. 8:1058. doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01058.

[24] Liang, C., Wu, P. L., Lee, P.F., & Ho, C.C. (2021). Association of Regular Leisure-TimePhysical Activity withHappinessamong
Middle-Aged and Older Adults inTaiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 8175. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph18158175.

[25] Lilford, P.& Hughes, J. (2020). Epidemiology and mental illness in old age. BJPsych Advances, 26(2), 92-103.
doi:10.1192/bja.2019.56.

[26] Marufkhani, V., Mohammadi, F., Mirzadeh M., Allen K.& Motalebi, S. (2021) Leisure activity engagement as a predictor for quality
of life in community-Dwelling older adults. Asian Journal of social health and behaviour. 4(10), 2-7. doi: 10.4103/shb.shb_38_20.

[27] O'Rourke, H. M., & Sidani, S. (2017). Definition, Determinants, and Outcomes of Social Connectedness for Older Adults: A Scoping
Review. Journal of gerontological nursing, 43(7), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20170223-03.

[28] Paggi, M., Jopp, D. & Hertzog, C. (2016). The Importance of Leisure Activities in the Relationship between Physical
Health and Well-Being in a Life Span Sample. Gerontology, 64, 450-458. https://doi.org/10.1159/000444415.

[29] Patinan, S., Esmaeilpour-Bandboni, M., Mansour-Ghanaei, R.&Atrkar-Roshan, Z., (2017). The relationship between chronic diseases
and quality of life of elderly residing in nursing homes across Guilan. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care, 6:5. doi: 10.5812/jjcdc.57872.

[30] Pinto, S., Fumincelli, L., Mazzo, A., Caldeira, S., & Martins, J. C. (2017). Comfort, well-being, and quality of life: Discussion of the
differences and similarities among the concepts. Porto biomedical journal, 2(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbj.2016.11.003.

[31] Rivera-Torres, S, Mpofu, E., Keller, M. & Ingman, S. (2021). Older Adults’ Mental Health Through Leisure Activities During
COVID-19: A Scoping Review. GerontolGeriatr Med, 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214211036776.

[32] Sala, G, Jopp, D., Gobet, F., Ogawa, M., Ishioka, Y., Masui, Y. & Inagaki,et al. (2019). The impact of leisure activities on older
adults' cognitive function, physical function, and mental health. PLoS One.8;14(11):e0225006. doi: 10.1371/.

[33] Sarkar, S. (2020). Living Arrangements and Health Well Being among Elderly Women in India. 9Accessed on May 05, 2022
fromhttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/338490620_Living_Arrangements_and_Health_Well_Being_among_Elderly_Women_
in_India.

[34] Sajin, N.B., Dahlan, A. & Ibrahim, S.A. (2016). Quality of life and leisure participation amongst Malay older people in the
institution. Procedia Soc Behav Sci, 234:83-9. (Accessed on May 15, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309891800_Quality_of_Life_and_Leisure_Participation_amongst_Malay_Older_People_in
_the_Institution.

[35] Sala, G., Jopp, D., Gobet, F., Ogawa, M., Ishioka, Y., Masui, Y., Inagaki H., Nakagawa, T.,Yasumoto, S., Ishizaki, T., Arai, Y.,
Ikebe, K., Kamide, K. & Gondo, Y. (2019). The impact of leisure activities on older adults’ cognitive function, physical function, and
mental health. PLoS ONE, 14(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225006

[36] Suragarn, U., Hain, D. & Pfaff, G.(2021). Approaches to enhance social connection in older adults: an integrative review of
literature.Aging and Health Research, Volume 1, Issue 3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahr.2021.100029.

[37] Szanton, S., Walker, R., Roberts L., Thorpe R., Wolff, J., Agree, E., Roth, D., Gitlin, L. &Seplaki, C. (2015). Older adults' favorite
activities are resoundingly active: Findings from the NHATS study. Geriatric Nursing, 36(2), 131-135.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.12.008.

[38] Teh, J. & Tey, N. (2019). Effects of selected leisure activities on preventing loneliness among older Chinese.SSM - Population
Health,9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100479.

[39] Theimportance of recreational activities for the elderly. (2021). (Accessed on May 15, 2002 from
https://www.academia21.com/blog/2021/05/21/the-importance-of-recreational-activities-for-the-elderly/

[40] Tramontano, D. (2020). Participation to Leisure Activities and Well-Beingin a Group of Residents of Naples-Italy: The Role of
Resilience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 17(6).doi: 10.3390/ijerph17061895.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 8
 International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) E-ISSN: 2581-5946

DOI: 10.51386/25815946/ijsms-v5i4p101

Volume: 5 Issue: 4 July to August 2022 https://www.ijsmsjournal.org

[41] United Nations, (2019). World population ageing.United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Report.pdf.

[42] Vahia, I.V, Jeste, D.V,, Reynolds, C.F. (2020). Older Adults and the Mental Health Effects of COVID-19. JAMA.324(22):2253–2254.
doi:10.1001/jama.2020.21753.

[43] World Health Organization. (2021). Ageing and health. (Accessed on May10, 2022 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/ageing-and-health.

[44] World Health Organization. (2017). Mental health of older adults. (Accessed on April 28, 2022 from https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-of-older-adults.

[45] Zin, P. E., Saw, Y.M., Saw, T.N., Cho, S. M., Hlaing S. S., Noe, M., et al. (2020) Assessment of quality of life amongelderlyin urban
andperi-urban areas, Yangon Region, Myanmar.PLoS ONE 15(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241211,

[46] Zhang, L. & Zhang, J. (2018). Impacts of Leisure and Tourism on the Elderly’s Quality of Life in Intimacy: A Comparative Study in
Japan. Sustainability, 10(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124861.

[47] Zingmark, M., Ankre, R., & Wall-Reinius, S. (2021). Promoting outdoor recreation among older adults in Sweden - a theoretical and
empirical foundation for the development of an intervention. Archives of public health = Archives belges de santepublique, 79(1),
232. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00762-6.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Page 9

View publication stats