Example Set 2 Capacitor Examples

10/5/2019
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Capacitor Examples
Outline
• Parallel plate capacitor
• How big is a Farad?
• Coaxial capacitor
• RG‐59 coax
• Inhomogeneous capacitor
Slide 2
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Example #1:
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Slide 3
Example 1
Step 1 – Choose a convenient coordinate system.
Cartesian
Slide 4
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Example 1
Cartesian
Step 2 – Let the plates carry charges +Q and –Q.
Slide 5
Example 1
Step 3 – Calculate 𝐷 using Gauss’ law.
Recall the field around an infinite plate.
 
D  S aˆn
2
Field below the top plate,
 
Dtop   S aˆ z
2

Dtop
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Example 1
 
D  S aˆn
2
 
Dtop   S aˆn
2

Field above the bottom plate, Dbot
 
Dbot   S aˆ z
2
Slide 7
Example 1
 
D  S aˆn
2
 
Dtop   S aˆn
2
 
Field above the bottom plate, Dtop  Dbot
 
Dbot   S aˆn
2
When both plates are considered
  
D  Dtop  Dbot   S aˆ z
Slide 8
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Example 1
The surface charge density is
Q
S 
S

D
The final express for is
 Q
D   S aˆ z   aˆ z
S

D
Slide 9
Example 1
Step 4 – Calculate 𝐸.
Calculate 𝐸 from the constitutive relation.

 D Q
E  aˆ
 S z

E
Slide 10
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Example 1
Step 5 – Calculate V0.
Given 𝐸, calculate V0 by integrating from the bottom plate to the top plate.
 
V0    E  d 
L
d
 Q 
V0      aˆ z   dzaˆ z
0   S 
d
Q
 S 0
V0  dz
L
Qd
V0 
S
Slide 11
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Example 1
Step 6 – Calculate capacitance C.
Q Q Q S
C   
V0 Qd Qd d
S S
The final answer is
S
C
d
Self‐check – C should not be a
function of Q or V0.
Slide 12
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Example #2:
How Big is a Farad?
Slide 13
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Example #2
Suppose the plates of a capacitor are 10 m by 20 m and the gap between the plates is 1 mm.
C
S

 0 r LW

8.854 10 12
F m  1.0 10 m  20 m 
d d  0.001 m 
 1.78 10 6 F
 1.78 μF The capacitor is physically very large, yet the
capacitance is very small.
The Farad is a HUGE unit!!!
Slide 14
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Example #3:
Coaxial Capacitor
Slide 15
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Example #3 – Coaxial Capacitor
Cylindrical (,,z)
Slide 16
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Cylindrical (,,z)
Step 2 – Let the plates carry
charges +Q and –Q.
Slide 17
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Define a Gaussian surface with radius  to be inside of the
dielectric.
 
Q   ds
S
D
From the boundary S
conditions, it is known that
the electric field will be
normal at the interfaces to
the metal.
Slide 18
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The only field configuration that makes sense considering the
boundary conditions is when the field
is purely radially directed.

D  D   ,  , z  aˆ 
S
Slide 19
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Gauss’ law becomes
L 2
Q
0 0
  D aˆ     d dzaˆ  d  dzaˆ   d dzaˆ 
z
L 2
  D  d dz
0 0 S
2

L

 D     d  dz
0 0 
L
 D    2  dz
0
L 
 2 D    dz   2 D  L
0 
Slide 20
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Solving for 𝐷 gives
Q
D   ,  , z   𝐷 only depends on .
2 L
 Q
D  aˆ 
2 L
Step 4 – Calculate 𝐸.
Calculate 𝐸 from the
constitutive relation.

 D Q
E    aˆ 
 2 L
Slide 21
21
Given 𝐸, calculate V0 by integrating from the inner conductor to the outer
conductor.
 
V0    E  d 
L
b
 Q 
   aˆ     d  aˆ  
a
2 L 
b
Q
  d
a
2 L
 ln  
b
Q 1 Q
2 L  
b
 d  
a 2 L a
Slide 22
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Continued…
V0  
Q
2 L
b
ln  a 
Q
  ln b  ln a 
2 L
Q b
 ln  
2 L  a 
Slide 23
23
Step 6 – Calculate capacitance C.
Q
C
V0
Q

Q b
ln  
2 L  a 
2 L
C
b
ln  
a
* Self Check – C is not a function of Q or V0.
Slide 24
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Distributed Capacitance
Sometimes it is desired to specify the capacitance without knowledge of L.
This is done using the distributed
capacitance, which is defined as
capacitance per unit length.
C 2

L b
ln  
a
Slide 25
25
Example #4:
RG‐59 Coax
Slide 26
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Example #4 – RG‐59 Coax
A standard RG‐59 coax has
Inner conductor diameter: 0.81 mm (20 AWG)
Outer conductor diameter: 3.66 mm
Dielectric constant: 2.1
Specified capacitance: 86.9 pF/m
C 2 0 r

L ln  b a 
2  8.854  1012 F m   2.1

ln  3.66 mm 0.81 mm 
 7.746 1011 F m  77.46 pF m
Slide 27
27
Example #5:
Inhomogeneous Capacitor
Slide 28
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Example #5 – Inhomogeneous Capacitor
Suppose there exists an inhomogeneous
capacitor.
Slide 29
29
Separate the inhomogeneous capacitor
into a combination of homogeneous
capacitors.
Slide 30
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Calculate each homogeneous
capacitor independently.
1S1 1tw1
C1  
d1 d1
Slide 31
31
1S1 1tw1
C1  
d1 d1
 2 S2  2tw2
C2  
d1 d1
Slide 32
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1S1 1tw1
C1  
d1 d1
 2 S2  2tw2
C2  
d1 d1
 3 S3  3t  w1  w2 
C3  
d2 d2
Slide 33
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View the capacitor as a series/parallel
combination of capacitors.
The equivalent capacitance is
Ceq   C1  C2  C3
C1 C2
  tw  tw   t  w  w2 
 1 1  2 2  3 1
 d1 d1  d2
C3
t 3  1w1   2 w2  w1  w2 
Ceq 
d 2  1w1   2 w2    3 d1  w1  w2 
Slide 34
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Example Set 2 Capacitor Examples

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10/5/2019

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