Assignment No.

1
1-1. List three advantages and disadvantages of steel as a building material, and research the
Internet for the three tallest steel building structures in the world, indicating the types of gravity
and lateral load resisting systems used in these buildings.

Steel as Building Material

Advantages Disadvantages
High strength-to-weight ratio Susceptible to corrosion
High ductility High maintenance cost
Can easily be recycled Adversely affected by high temperatures

Three Tallest Steel

Building Structures in Types of Gravity and
the World Lateral Load Resisting Height (m)
System

Goldin Finance 117 Braced mega tubes/mega

597
Building in Tianjin columns
Shanghai World Financial Combined and Shared
492
Center in Shanghai Systems
Burj Khalifa in Dubai Buttressed Core 828

1-2. List the various types of standard shapes available in the AISCM.

 Wide-flanged: W-shapes and M-shapes

 S-shapes
 HP-shapes
 Channel or C- and MC-shapes
 Angle (L) shapes
 Structural Tees — WT-, MT-, and ST- shapes
 Plates and Bars
 Hollow Structural Sections
 Structural Pipes
 Built-up Sections
1-3. What are the smallest and the largest wide flange or W-shapes listed in the AISCM?
- The smallest W-shape is W4 X 13 and the largest W-shape is W44 X 335
1-4. Determine the self-weight, moment of inertia (Ix), and cross-sectional areas for the
following hot-rolled standard sections:
 Self-Weight (lb/ft) Moment of Inertia (Ix) (in4) Cross-sectional area (in2)
W14 X 22 22 199 6.49
W21 X 44 44 843 13
HSS 6 X 6 X 0.5 35.11 48.3 9.74
1
L6 X 4 X 16.2 17.3 4.75
2
C12 X 30 30 162 8.81
WT 18 X 128 128 1210 37.7

1-5. Determine the weight, area, and moment of inertia (Ix) of the following built-up sections:

Solution:
(a) Plate girder
Top = 1.5 in x 14 in = 21 in2
Web = 7/8 in x 24 in = 21 in2
Bottom = 1.5 in x 14 in = 21 in2
Y1 = 1.5/2 = 0.75 in
Y2 = 1.5+24/2 = 13.5 in
Y3 = 1.5+24+7/8 = 26.25 in
Element A(in2) y A(y) d = y-ȳ Ig Ig+Ad2
Top 21 26.25 551.25 12.75 3.9375 3417.75
Flanged
Web 21 13.5 283.5 0 1008 1008
Bottom 21 0.75 15.75 -12.75 3.9375 3417.75
Flanged
 Total/Σ 63 850.5 7843.5 in4
Unit Weight of Steel = 7850 kg/m3 or 7.85 g/cm3 or 78.5 kN/m3 or 489.84 lb/ft3 or 490
lb/ft3

ȳ=ΣA(y)/ΣA.
 = 850.25/63
= 13.5 inches
dtop= 26.25 -13.5 = 12.75
dweb= 13.5 - 13.5 = 0
dbottom= 0.75 - 13.5 = -12.75.
Ig(top)= bh³/12
= 14"(1.5")³/12
= 3.9375 in⁴
Ig(web)= bh³/1 2
= 7/8"(24")³/1 2
= 1008 in⁴
Ig(bottom)= bh³/1 2
= 14"(1.5")³/1 2
= 3.9375 in⁴
Self-Weight = (63/1 44)(490lb/ft³) = 214.375 lb/ft
Moment of Inertia, I = 7,843.5 in⁴
Area = 63 in²
(b) Reinforced W-section
Refer to Wide Flanged Dimension Chart for W18 x 35
Top = 3/8 in x 7 in = 2.625 in2
Beam W18 x 35 = 10.3 in2
Bottom = 3/8 in x 7 in = 2.625 in2
Y1 = 3/8 in x 2 = 0.1875 in
Y2 = 3/8 in + 17.7/2 = 9.225 in
Y3 = 3/8 in + 17.7 + (3/8 in)/2 = 18.2625 in

Element A(in2) y A(y) d = y-ȳ Ig Ig+Ad2

Top Plate 2.625 18.2625 47.9390625 9.0375 0.03 214.430566

Beam 10.3 9.225 95.0175 0 510 510

 Bottom 2.625 0.1875 0.4921875 -9.0375 0.03 214.430566
Plate
 Total/Σ 15.55 143.44875 938.8311 in4

ȳ= ΣA(y)/ΣA.
= 143.44875/15.55
= 9.225 inches
dtop= 18.2625 - 9.225 = 9.0375
dbeam= 9.225 - 9.225 = 0
dbottom= 0.1875 - 9.225 = -9.0375
Self Weight = (15.55/144)(490lb/ft³) = 52.9132 lb/ft
Moment of Inertia, I = 938.8311 in⁴
Area = 15.55 in²
(c) S12 x 31.8 with C10 x 5.13
Based on the AISCM Table 1-20
Moment of Inertia = 314 in⁴
Area = 13.8 in²
Self-Weight = 47.1 lb/ft

1-6. List the basic structural elements used in a steel building.

 Beams and Girders

 Columns
 Beam-columns
 Hangers
 Trusses
 Frames
1-7. Plot the idealized stress–strain diagram for a 6-in.-wide by 1 ⁄2-in.-thick plate and a 6-in.-
wide by 1-in.-thick plate of ASTM A36 steel. Assume that the original length between two points
on the specimen over which the elongation will be measured (i.e., the gage length) is 2 in.

Given:
E = 29,000 ksi
Gage Length, L = 2 in
Area = 6x1/2
 = 3 in2
Answer:
Elongation, εL = Strain x Gage
P in terms of (ksi) Stress = P/A Strain, ε = P/EA
Length
0 0 0 0
20 6.6667 0.00022988 0.00045976
40 13.3333 0.00045977 0.00091954
60 20 0.000689655 0.00137931
80 26.6667 0.00091954 0.00183908
100 33.3333 0.0011494 0.0022988
108 36 0.0012414 0.0024828

For Area = 6 (1) = 6 in2

E = 29,000 ksi
P in terms of (ksi) Stress = P/A Strain, ε = P/EA Elongation, εL = Strain x Gage
Length
0 0 0 0
40 6.6667 0.00022988 0.00045976
80 13.3333 0.00045977 0.00091954
120 20 0.000689655 0.00137931
160 26.6667 0.00091954 0.00183908
200 33.3333 0.0011494 0.0022988
216 36 0.0012414 0.0024828