CHAPTER II

NEURONS,
HORMONES, AND
THE BRAIN

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Explain how neural and
biochemical activities in the body
form a basis of behavior;
• Trace the complete pathway of
nerve impulse;

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Identify the main divisions of the
nervous system and show how each
part coordinates behavior;
• Determine the effects of alcohol,
nicotine and drugs to neurotransmitters
and behavior;
• Evaluate the importance of the brain.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
Neuropsychologists
study the brain and the
rest of the nervous
system in hopes of
gaining a better
understanding of
behavior.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 HUMAN
NERVOUS
SYSTEM

CENTRAL PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM

BRAIN

SPINAL CORD

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
SOMATIC NERVOUS AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM SYSTEM
includes the nervous sensory Also called “vegetative
system and the motor nerves nervous system”, is
that activate skeletal concerned with activities of
(voluntary) muscles the body that make us alive.
responsible for movements
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 BASIC
NEURONS SYNAPSE
CONCEPTS

NEURO REFLEXES
TRANSMITTERS
NERVE
IMPULSE
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
NEURONS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 NEURONS
are specialized cells
that are the basic
elements of the
nervous system that
carry massages.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 NEURONS
have the ability to
communicate with
other cells.
How many neurons are there in
our brain? in our whole body?
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
STRUCTURE OF A NEURON

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 DENDRITES
They are cluster of
fibers at one end of
a neuron that
receives messages
from other neurons.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 AXON
It is a tube like long
extension from the
end of a neuron that
carries messages to
other cells through
the neuron.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 CELL BODY
Keeps the
neuron alive and
determines
whether it should
fire.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
MYELIN SHEATH

It is the axons
protective coating,
made of fat and
protein.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 MYELIN SHEATH
Its function is to
prevent messages
from short circulating
by insulating the
axons.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 SENSORY
NEURONS
KINDS OF MOTOR
NEURONS NEURONS
RELAY
NEURONS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 SENSORY
NEURONS

Collects impulses from

sense organs and
direct these impulses
to the spinal cord or to
the brain (CNS)
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 MOTOR
NEURONS

Carry impulses from

the central nervous
system to the muscles
and glands.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 RELAY
NEURONS

Are the connecting

neurons between the
sensory and motor
neurons, are found in the
brain and spinal cord
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
NERVE IMPULSE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 NERVE IMPULSE
Messages are
transmitted by the
neurons in the form
of nerve impulses.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 NERVE IMPULSE
These impulses
involve some
electro-chemical
reactions within the
nerve fiber.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
SYNAPSE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 SYNAPSE
It is the gap between
two neurons through
which chemical
messages are
communicated.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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REFLEXES

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 REFLEXES
The simplest synaptic
arrangements are the
reflexes. These are
simple, inborn,
autonomic responses of
some parts of the body.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 REFLEXES
In such response, messages are
transmitted directly from sensory
to motor neurons forming what is
called a sensory-motor arc which
causes the person to react even
before such messages reach the
cerebral cortex.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
They are chemicals that
carry messages across
the synapse to the
dendrites of a receiver
neuron.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
They can be
produced in the form
of chemical liquids or
gases like nitric
oxide.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
If a receiving neuron fires
and an action potential
travels down the axon, it
is excitory message.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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NEUROTRANSMITTERS
If the neuro-transmitters
chemical information
prevents or decreases the
likelihood of the neuron
fire, it is inhibitory
message.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Effective communication
across synapse becomes
impossible when receptor
neurons are constantly
stimulated by
neurotransmitter.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
In this case the
terminal button
reabsorbs the neuro
transmitter, it is
called reuptake.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 Illustration of the
major elements in
chemical synaptic
transmission.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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STRUCTURES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
TYPES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
EXCITATORY INHIBITORY BOTH

Glycine Acetylcholine
Glutamate

GABA Nor epinephrine

Aspartate
Serotonin

Nitric oxide
Dopamine

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
ROLES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
 DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
NEUROTRANSMITTER DISEASE
Acetylcholine Alzheimer’s
Dopamine Parkinson’s disease //
Schizophrenia
GABA Epilepsy
Serotonin Migraines // ADD // Depression
Glutamate Migraine // Stroke

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
MAJOR PARTS OF THE
BRAIN AND THEIR
RELATIONSHIP TO
BEHAVIOR

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
THE BRAIN
STEM

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 PONS
Involved in
sleeping, waking,
and dreaming

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 MEDULLA
Responsible for
certain automatic
functions such as
breathing and
heart rate.
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 RETICULAR
ACTIVATING SYSTEM
Arouses cortex
and screens
incoming
information
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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THE CEREBELLUM

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 CEREBELLUM

Regulates movement
Plays a part in
and balance  Analyzing sensory
information
Involved in remembering
 Solving problems
simple skills and acquired
 Understanding words
reflexes
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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THE THALAMUS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 THALAMUS

Includes all sensory

Relays sensory messages except
messages to the those of smell, which
are “processed” by the
cerebral cortex olfactory bulb

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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HYPOTHALAMUS
AND PITUITARY
GLAND

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 HYPOTHALAMUS
Involved in drives
Hunger, thirst,
vital to survival
emotion, sex, and
Controls the autonomic reproduction
nervous system

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 PITUITARY GLAND
Small endocrine
gland which releases
hormones and
regulates other
endocrine glands
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 THE AMYGDALA

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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Responsible for:
 Arousal AMYGDALA
 Regulation of Plays important role in:
emotion  Forming and
 Initial emotional retrieving emotional
response to sensory memories
information
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 THE
HIPPOCAMPUS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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Responsible for:
 Storage of new HIPPOCAMPUS
information in memory
 Enabling us to form
 Comparing sensory spatial memories for
information with what navigating the
the brain expects environment
about the world
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 THE CEREBRUM

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 CEREBRUM
 the largest and uppermost
portion of the brain.
 The cerebrum consists of the
cerebral hemispheres and
accounts for two-thirds of the
total weight of the brain.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 CEREBRUM

One hemisphere,
usually the left, is The other hemisphere
functionally dominant, interprets visual and
controlling language spatial information.
and speech.

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERE OF THE BRAIN

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
D. Abaya, A. Magaya, & J. Tuguinay (2020)
LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERE OF THE BRAIN

LEFT HEMISPHERE OF RIGHT HEMISPHERE

THE BRAIN OF THE BRAIN
Function: Function:
Responsible for control of Responsible for control of
the right side of the the left side of the body,
body, and is the more and is the more artistic
academic and logical side and creative side of the
of the brain brain
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 ACTIVITY 3:

ARTICLE REVIEW
ON PHINEAS
GAGE

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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 ACTIVITY 4:

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL,
NICOTINE AND DRUGS TO
NEUROTRANSMITTERS

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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SUMMATIVE TEST 2

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY
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