CHAPTER VI

CONSCIOUSNESS,
HYPNOSIS &
MEDITATION AND
DRUG USE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Summarize the stages of sleep;
• Explain REM sleep;
• Discuss the nature of sleep;
• State the impact of sleep
disturbance;
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Describe circadian rhythms;
• Identify sleep related disorders;
• Discuss hypnosis and the effects
of meditation;
• Apply the procedures of
meditation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Identify the classifications of drugs
• Explain the effects of drugs
• Discuss the reasons why people
engage to drugs
• Create a poster in relation to the
theme on drug prevention and
control week
 PART 1:
CONSCIOUSNESS
 Consciousness
process through which
one’s capacity or
disposition is changed
as a result of
experience.
THE STAGES OF SLEEP
 Stage 1
§ relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain
waves
§ transition between wakefulness and
sleep that last for few minutes
§ sometimes images appear, as if we
were viewing photos but not
dreaming
Stage 1
 Stage 2

§ slower and more regular wave

pattern
§ there are momentary interruptions
of sharply pointed (sleep spindles)
 Stage 2
§ people are difficult to be awaken from sleep as
stage 2 progresses
§ K complexes - single large negative wave
(upward deflection) followed immediately by a
single large positive wave ( downward
deflection)
Stage 2
 Stage 3

§ brain waves become slower with

greater peaks and valleys in the
wave pattern than in Stage 2
Sleep
Stage 3
 Stage 4

§ pattern is even slower and more

regular
§ least responsive to outside
stimulation
§
Stage 4
STAGES OF SLEEP DURING A
SINGLE NIGHT
 REM Sleep (Rapid Eve Movement)

§ heart rate increases and becomes

irregular, blood pressure rises,
breathing rate increases
§ males and even infant have erections
§ characterized by the back and forth
movement of the eyes
§ REM occupies 20% of adult’s total
sleeping time
 REM Sleep (Rapid Eve Movement)

§ heart rate increases and

becomes irregular,
blood pressure rises,
breathing rate increases
§ males and even infant
have erections
 REM Sleep (Rapid Eve Movement)

§ REM sleep is usually

accompanied by dreams
that are most vivid and
easily remembered
§ Dreams are also
occurred in the non-
REM
 REM and Non-REM Sleep

REM sleep – sleep Non-REM sleep – all

associated with other stages of sleep
emergent stage 1
Slow-wave sleep (SWS)
EEG, associated – Stages 3 and 4, after
with (rapid eye the delta waves that
movement) characterize them
§ period to rest and
relax
§ requirement for
normal human
functioning
§ period to rest and
relax
§ requirement for
normal human
functioning
Studies shows that we sleep
because……..
1 conserve energy at night

2
reduced activity of the brain
during non-REM sleep may
give neurons in the brain a
chance to repair themselves
3 stops the release of neurotransmitters
called monoamines and to permits
receptor cells to get some necessary rest

people sleep
4 between 7-8 hours
each night
Lack of sleep makes us….
1. feel edgy (tense)
2. slow reaction time and
lessen our creativity
3. lower academic
performance
4. lower physical tasks
5. prone to accident (driving
while very sleepy)
Hypothalamic regions involved in sleep
 Unconscious wish
fulfillment
The Function
and Meaning of Dreams for survival
Dreaming theory
Activation synthesis
theory
 Common Symbols Universal Meaning
Symbol (Manifest Content of Interpretation
Dream) (Latent Content)
• climbing up a stairway, Sexual
• crossing a bridge, Intercourse
• riding an elevator,
• flying in an airplane,
• train travelling through a tunnel,
• entering a room
 Common Symbols Universal Meaning
Symbol (Manifest Content of Interpretation
Dream) (Latent Content)
• apples Breasts
• grapefruits
• bullets, fire, snakes, sticks, Male sex organs
umbrellas, guns, hose, knives
• ovens, boxes, tunnels, closets, Female sex organs
caves, bottles, ships
 Circadian Rhythms

are physical, mental, and behavioral

changes that follow a daily cycle. They
respond primarily to light and darkness in an
organism's environment. Sleeping at night
and being awake during the day is an
example of a light-related circadian rhythm.
 Circadian Rhythms: Body Clock

biological
process that
occur
regularly on
approximately
24-hour cycle
 Sleeping Related Disorders

• Periodic limb
• Insomnia movement disorder
• Night Terror • Restless legs
• Narcolepsy syndrome
• Sleep Apnea • Sleep
Walking/Talking
 Insomnia
§ disorder marked by inability to
initiate and maintain sleep
§ acute insomnia -1 night to
few weeks
§ chronic insomnia - 3 nights
a week for 3 months or more
 Night Terror
§ sudden awakening from non-
REM
§ (most cases during Stage 4)
§ accompanied by extreme fear,
panic and strong physiological
arousal
§ occur frequently among children
between the ages of 3 and 8
 Narcolepsy
§ uncontrollable
sleeping that
occurs for short
periods while
person is awake
 Narcolepsy
§ Cataplexy -
recurring losses
of muscle tone
during
wakefulness
 Narcolepsy
§ Sleep paralysis
– inability to
move just as
one is falling
asleep or
waking up
 Narcolepsy
§ hypnagogic
hallucinations -
dreamlike
experiences
during
wakefulness
Sleep Apnea
§ difficulty breathing
while sleeping
§ reawakened due to
insufficient oxygen
§ wake as many as 500
times but not aware
 Periodic limb
movement disorder

§ periodic involuntary
movement of the
limbs during sleep
 Restless legs
syndrome
§ tension or uneasiness
in the legs
(aching, tingling, or
crawling in nature)
§ uncontrollable urge to
move legs
 Restless legs
syndrome
§ legs starts or get worse
during rest or inactivity
§ it could become difficult
to fall asleep or return
to sleep after waking
up
 Sleep Walking/Talking
§ sleeping person exhibits
behaviors associated
with being awake
§ appears to be awake
but is actually still
sleeping
 Sleep Walking/Talking

§ Sleep talking is when an

individual vocalizes in
their sleep, anything
from a few words to
whole conversation
 Sleep Walking/Talking

§ Sleepwalking episodes
usually involve routine
activities sitting up in
bed walking to the
bathroom
 Sleep Walking/Talking

§ sleep walkers are very

rarely aggressive, but
may become confused
and combative when
attempts are made to
arouse them
 Sleep Walking/Talking
§ episodes usually occur during non-REM, delta
("slow wave"), during which the arousal
threshold is particularly high
§ often has little or no memory of the event
§ sleepwalking diminishes as children grow
older
 Sleep Walking/Talking
§ fatigue, stress or anxiety, lack of sleep, illness,
physiological stimuli such as a full bladder, or
alcohol use are often associated with
sleepwalking episodes
§ for habitual sleepwalkers, the sleeping
environment should be modified to reduce the
risk of injury
https://www.youtube.com/w
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https://www.youtube.com/w
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 PART 2:
HYPNOSIS & MEDITATION
 Hypnosis
§ state in which susceptibility
to follow suggestions of
others is at its peak
§ attentive to hypnotist’s
suggestions and may carry
out the suggestions
 Hypnosis
§ increases level of
concentration
§ it increases the ability to
recall and construct images
and accept suggestions
contrary to their own view
 Hypnosis
§ 5 to 20% cannot be
hypnotized at all
§ 15 percent are very easily
hypnotized
§ often used as a
hypnotherapy
https://www.youtube.com/w
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https://www.youtube.com/w
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 Meditation: Regulating our own state of
Consciousness
§ popularized by Zen
Buddhism (attain greater
spiritual insight)
§ refocusing attention that
brings about an altered
state of consciousness
 Meditation: Regulating our own state of
Consciousness
§ comes with repetition of
mantra
§ others may focus on such
object (picture, flame and
others)
§ most importantly is
consciousness to attain such
state of consciousness
 Meditation: Regulating our own state of
Consciousness
§ people say that they are
relaxed after meditation
§ gained insights of
themselves and
problems they are
facing
 Meditation: Regulating our own state of
Consciousness
§ improves health -
oxygen usage
decrease, heart rate
and blood pressure
decline and brain-wave
pattern changes
Simple Procedures of Meditation

§ sit in a quite room

1
Simple Procedures of Meditation
§ eye closed

2
 Simple Procedures of Meditation
§ breathing deeply and rhythmically

3
 Simple Procedures of Meditation
§ repeating words or sound (one word
over and over)

4
 Simple Procedures of Meditation
§ do it in 20 minutes,
twice a day

5
 PART 3:
DRUG USE
 Psychoactive Drugs

§ affects person’s
emotions,
perception and
behavior
 Psychoactive Drugs
§ affect the
nervous system
in different
ways
 Psychoactive Drugs

§ most dangerous
drugs are
addictive drugs
 Addictive Drugs

§ use of drugs accompanied by a

physiological dependence in the user,
made evident by tolerance and
withdrawal
 Tolerance and Withdrawal

§ Tolerance- physiological process in

which greater amounts of an addictive
drugs are required to produce same
effect
 Tolerance and Withdrawal

§ Withdrawal- negative physiological and

psychological reactions evidenced
when a person suddenly stops taking
an addictive drugs
 Why do people take dugs?
§ pleasure of the experience itself
§ escape from the everyday pressures of life
§ achieve religious or spiritual state
§ thrill from trying something new
§ sense of helplessness (unemployed
individuals trapped in lives of poverty)
 Why do people take dugs?
§ pleasure of the experience itself
§ escape from the everyday pressures of life
§ achieve religious or spiritual state
§ thrill from trying something new
§ sense of helplessness (unemployed
individuals trapped in lives of poverty)
 Stimulants

Classifications Depressants
of Drugs Narcotics

Hallucinogens
 Stimulants: has arousal effects on
“Drug Highs” the central nervous
system
rise in heart rate
blood pressure
muscular tension
 TYPES OF
STIMULANTS
 Caffeine

ü most consumed type of

stimulant
ü increase attentiveness and
decrease reaction time
ü improve mood (mimic
brain chemical adenosine)
 Caffeine
ü too much can cause
insomnia and
nervousness
ü sudden stop from
drinking can experience
headache and
depression
 Nicotine
ü found in cigarettes
ü soothing effects that is
addictive
ü activates neural
mechanisms similar to
those addictive
cocaine
 Cocaine
ü inhaled, smoked and
injected
ü give profound
psychological well-
being, confidence,
alertness
 Cocaine
ü does not allow the
reabsorption of
leftover dopamine
causing pleasure
ü cause hallucinations
ü overdose can cause
death
 Amphetamines
ü strong stimulants such as
Benzedrine Dexedrine
(popular name as speed)
ü brings sense of energy
and alertness,
talkativeness, over
confident and a high mood
 Amphetamines
ü reduce fatigue,
loss appetite & sex
drive
ü increased anxiety
& irritability
Methamphetamine
ü crystalline drugs
and most
dangerous street
drugs
ü highly addictive
and cheap
 Methamphetamine
ü users take it more
and more frequently
and increasing doses
ü long terms can
cause brain damage
What is Retrieval Cues?
stimulus that allows us to recall more easily
information that is in long-term memory in a form
of word, an emotion, a sound and among others

Example: The smell of a particular scent evokes memories with

your ex-girlfriend/ ex-boyfriend.
Depressants:
Drug Lows § impede (slow) nervous
system by causing neurons
to fire more slowly
§ result to least temporary
feelings of intoxication-
drunkenness-along with
sense of euphoria and joy
 TYPES OF
DEPRESSANTS
 Alcohol
ü environmental
stressors-role to
alcoholism
ü poor judgement and
may act aggressively
 Alcohol
ü speech becomes
slurred and incoherent
ü most consumed type
of depressant
ü memory is impaired
 Barbiturates
ü drugs such as
Nembutal, Seconal and
Phenobarbital
ü physicians prescribe for
patients to induce sleep
and reduce stress
 Barbiturates
ü produce sense of
relaxation
ü when combined with
alcohol, it can cause
death
ü relaxes the diaphragm
until it stops breathing
 Rohypnol
ü “Date Rape Drug”
and mixed with
alcohol
ü does not allow
victims to resists
sexual assault
 Rohypnol
ü sometimes person
does not have memory
of the assault
ü use to treat severe
insomnia
ü assist with anesthesia
 Narcotics:
Relieving Pain
and Anxiety
§ derived from poppy
seed pod
§ injected into the
veins
 Narcotics: § increase relaxation and
Relieving Pain relieve pain and anxiety
and Anxiety § medically used to control
pain among cancer
patients
§ effect last for 3-5 hours
and causes desperate
desire to repeat the
experience
Hallucinogens: Psychedelics Drugs
§ capable of producing
hallucinations
§ changes the
perceptual process
 TYPES OF
HALLUCINOGENS
 Marijuana
ü most common hallucinogen
(weed, cannabis)
ü active ingredients of
tetrahydrocannabinol (TCH)
ü feeling of euphoria and well
-being
 MDA (Ecstasy)
ü gives sense of peacefulness
and calm
ü increased empathy and
connection with others
ü feeling more relaxed and
energetic
ü has long term effect to the
serotonin receptor
 LSD
ü “Lysergic Acid Diethylamide”
ü perception of colors, sound
and shapes are altered
ü objects and people may be
viewed in a new form
ü emotional difficulties in the
past
ü experience flashbacks
 ACTIVITY 15:

MEDITATION
 ACTIVITY 16:

POSTER MAKING
 ACTIVITY 17:

CASE ANALYSIS
SUMMATIVE TEST 6