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Lecture Statics and Dynamics
Lecture Statics and Dynamics
Electromagnetics:
Electromagnetic Field Theory
Statics & Dynamics
Outline
• Map of Electromagnetics 101
• Conditions to apply static approximation
• Consequences of static approximation
Slide 2
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Map of Electromagnetics
Wave Equation Waves & Polarization
Maxwell’s Equations
Smith Charts Transmission Lines
2 E 2 E 0
E P cos t k r
E d j B ds
L S
E j B
H d J j D ds
L S
H J j D Waveguides Waves Scattering
D ds v dv
S V
D v
B ds 0
S
B 0
D E B H
0
0
Fields Around Charge Distributions Electric Potential Electrostatic Devices
Electrostatics
d Field Around Point Charge E V
D 2 aˆ R Line Charge E d 0 E 0
L
4 R D
Q
aˆ R L
ds 4 R 2
D s 2 aˆ R
4 R
Surface Charge D ds dv
S V
v D v
Laplace’s Eq.
S
dv D E 2V 0
D v 2 aˆ R Volume Charge Field Around
V
4 R
Current Element
Magnetostatics
Id aˆ R Forces on Charges & Currents
dH
Field Around Current Distributions 4 R 2 H d J ds H J
F QE Q u B Lorentz Force Law
L S
Id aˆ R
H
4 R 2
Line Current B ds 0
B 0
Magnetostatic Devices
F Id B Force on Line Current
L S L
H
Kds aˆ R
Surface Current
B H
F Kds B Force on Surface Current
S
4 R 2
S
Jdv aˆ R
F Jdv B Force on Volume Current
H Volume Current V
V
4 R 2
Slide 3
Conditions to Apply
Static Approximation
Slide 4
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Conditions for Statics
Situation #1 – At = 0
At DC (i.e. = 0), nothing changes with time.
0
0
t
Slide 5
Conditions for Statics
Situation #2 – When size s of problem is much less than a
wavelength .
Rule of Thumb
s
s
10
Slide 6
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Example #1
Estimate the maximum frequency that this circuit can be analyzed using standard circuit
theory?
Solution
The maximum dimension s of the circuit was given to be
s 4.0 cm
The minimum wavelength min is
min 10 s 10 4.0 cm 40 cm
4.0 cm It follows that the maximum frequency fmax is
c0 3.0 108 m s
Note: This does not mean that circuits cannot be f max 750 MHz
designed at higher frequencies. It is just that min 0.40 m
these designs cannot use ordinary circuit theory.
Slide 7
Consequences of Static
Approximation
Slide 8
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Maxwell’s Equations for Static Fields
Integral Form Differential Form
D ds dv
S V
v
Most general form
D v
Time‐Domain
B 0
B ds 0
B B
S E d t ds
L S
E
t
D D
H J
L H d S J t ds t
D ds dv
Frequency‐Domain
v
Most common form
S
V
D v
B ds 0
B 0
S E d j B ds
L S
E j B
H J j D
H d J j D ds
L S
Constitutive Relations: D E B H
Slide 9
Maxwell’s Equations for Static Fields
Integral Form Differential Form
D ds dv
S V
v
Most general form
D v
Time‐Domain
B 0
B ds 0
S
E d 0
L
E 0
H J
H d J ds
L S
D ds dv
Frequency‐Domain
v
Most common form
S
V
D v
B ds 0
B 0
S E d 0
L
E 0
H J
H d J ds
L S
Constitutive Relations: D E B H
Slide 10
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Electric and Magnetic Fields are Decoupled
After observing the results on the previous slide, Maxwell’s equations have decoupled into
two independent sets of equations. One set describes electrostatics and the other
describes magnetostatics.
Electrostatics Magnetostatics
D ds v dv
S V
D v
B ds 0
S
B 0
E d 0
L
E 0 H d J ds
L S
H J
D E B H
• Charges must be present to get a nontrivial solution. • Current must be present to get a nontrivial solution.
• ∇ 𝐸 0 says 𝐸 is irrotational and forms mostly • ∇ · 𝐵 0 says 𝐵 is solenoidal and forms loops.
straight lines. • The magnetic fields are not affected by permittivity.
• The electric fields are not affected by permeability.
Slide 11