LESSON 1: COMMUNICATION MODEL (ORAL COM)

*WHAT IS A MODEL?

✓ A model is a representation of what something is and how it works.

✓ It attempts to represent the important features of what it models.

*COMMUNICATION MODEL

✓ Communication model attempts to describe the process of communication and how it functions

*THREE TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODELS

✓ Linear

✓ Interactive

✓ Transactional

*LINEAR MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

✓ Aristotelian Model

✓ Lasswell’s Model

✓ Shannon – Weaver Model

✓ Berlo’s Model

*LINEAR MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

✓ Aristotelian Model

- In 300 BC, Aristotle developed a linear communication model focusing mainly on the speaker and
messages. Aristotle’s communication model consists of five primary communication elements: speaker,
speech, occasion, audience, and effect.

*ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

-SPEAKER-SPEECH-OCCASION-AUDIENCE-EFFECTS

*✓ Lasswell’s Model
- Professor Harold Lasswell introduced Lasswell’s communication model in 1948. It is a linear model of
communication that also represents the style of one-way communication or interaction.

-This model explains the communication process by answering the following questions; who says what
in which channel to whom, and with what effect?

*WHO *SAYS WHAT *IN WHICH CHAN. *TO WHOM WITH

WHAT EFFECT

COMMUNICATOR MESSAGE MEDIUM RECEIVER EFFECT

✓ Shannon – Weaver Model

- It was established by two American scholars, Shannon and Weaver, in 1949. The Shannon-Weaver
model represents six essential communication elements: information source, transmitter, channel,
receiver, destination, and noise source.

✓ Type of Noises

1. Physical- Any sort of outside communication effort by someone or something. Ex. A loud noise that
distract you.

2. Psychological- The differences biases and predisposition that can unconsciously shape we interpret
messages.

3. Physiological- Biological or other physical issues interfere with our ability to communicate. Ex. Would
be if you were too sick to listen to a talk you were attending.

4. Semantic- The interference during the construction of a message, as when your professor used
unfamiliar words.

✓ Berlo’s Model

- David Berlo developed Source-Message-Channel-Receiver in 1960. The four elements of David Berlo’s
SMCR communication model are the source, message, channel, and receiver. Berlo focuses on both
verbal and nonverbal communication elements to convey information.

✓ Schramm’s Model

- Wilber Schramm proposed the model of communication in 1954. It is a cyclical communication model
containing all basic principles of communication.

*TRANSACTIONAL MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

✓ White’s Model

✓ Dance’s Helical Model

✓ White’s Model

- Eugene White’s model is one of the crucial transactional communication models introduced in 1960.

This communication is a circular process interaction between senders and receivers.

-The most essential element of this communication model is feedback, which continues the
communication process; therefore, it is a transactional communication model.

✓ Dance’s Helical Model

- In 1967, Frank Dance introduced the transactional communication model called the Helical
communication model. Communication gets more extended when it grows up like a helix.

LESSON 2: COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROCESS

*EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION MATTERS

-We communicate like we breathe.

-We are able to improve our ability to communicate. Better communicators = improved

Relationships/achieve goals.

*WHAT IS COMMUNICATION

-Latin words communis and communicare.

-Communis means to "make common" andcommunicare means "to make common to

many, share".

-"a systemic process by which people interact through the exchange of verbal and nonverbal symbols to
create and interpret meanings."

*Systemic Process

-"Communication is a process that is always in motion, moving forward and changing continually (Wood,
2014)."

*People Interaction
- Communicators refer to those who simultaneously and continuously send and receive messages at the
same time.

*Exchange of Verbal and Nonverbal Symbols

- Communicators express themselves through the use of verbal symbols, or language and nonverbal
symbols.

LESSON 3: PUBLIC SPEAKING

- The act of process of making speeches in public.

-The art of effective oral communication with an audience.

-Glossophobia –Fear of public speaking

*SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

*SPEECH TO INFORM- The purpose of this speech is to increase audience understanding of a topic.

*SPEECH TO PERSUADE- A speech that is given with the intention of convincing the audience to believe
or do something.

*SPEECH TO ENTERTAIN- A speech designed to captivate an audience’s attention and regale or amuse
them while delivering a message.

LESSON 3: ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

MANUSCRIPT- A manuscript speech is when the speaker writes down every word they will speak during
the speech. When they deliver the speech, they have each word planned and in front of them on the
page.

ADVANTAGE- The speaker has access to every word they’ve prepared in advance. There is no guesswork
or memorization needed.

DISADVANTAGE- The speakers have many words in front of them on the page. This prohibits one of the
most important aspects of delivery, eye contact.

MEMORIZED SPEECH- A memorized speech is fully prepared in advance and one in which the speaker
does not use any notes.

ADVANTAGE- The speaker can fully face their audience and make lots of eye contact.

DISAVANTAGE- Speakers may get nervous and forget the parts they’ve memorized.

IMPROMPTU SPEECHES- An impromptu speech is one for which there is little to no preparation. There is
often not a warning even that the person may be asked to speak.
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH- Speakers prepare some notes in advance that help trigger their memory of
what they planned to say. These notes are often placed on note cards.

LESSON 4: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

An overview to Intercultural communication:

*Intercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research.
It seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and
perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to 'real life'
situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within a
business or how psychologists understand their patients.

Groups of people are coming together, sometimes with enormous differences in cultural back grounds,
beliefs, life styles, economic resources and religions. And it illustrates that intercultural communication
doesn’t happen in a vacuum. History, economics and politics played an important role and how various
people and group reacted from the mayor, to the hate group of Illinois, to the reaction of many local
town people.

Intercultural communication occurs when people of different cultural back grounds interact, but this
definition seems simplistic and redundant.

Defining Intercultural Communication

To describe Intercultural Communication, we just need to analyze three words i.e;

INTER+CULTURAL+COMMUNICATION.

INTER+CULTURAL = Consisting of various cultures, COMMUNICATION= An act of imparting

information

"Intercultural communication is the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups,

which differ from each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of
their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior."

To properly define intercultural communication, it’s necessary to understand the two root words culture
and communication and basic building blocks of Intercultural Communication

Building blocks of Intercultural Communication

Following are the four building blocks of intercultural communication

• Culture

• Communication

• Context

• Power Explanation

1). Culture

Culture is defined as “A system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the
members of the society use to cope with one another and with their world”.

Transmitted from generation to generation through social learning, culture is the mechanism that allows
human beings to make sense of the world around them. Cultures include a wide variety of races, ethnic
groups and nationalities. Culture is often considered the core concept in intercultural communication.
Culture can also be stated as a learned pattern of perception, values and behaviors shared by group of
people that is also dynamic and heterogeneous.

Important aspects of culture

Culture is learned

Culture is to be learned first of all. While all human beings shared some universal habits and tendencies
e.g. we all eat, sleep, seek shelter, make love and share some motivations to be loved and to protect
ourselves. These are not aspects of culture rather, culture is the unique way the human beings have
learned to eat, sleep and make love because we are Muslims, Asians, Europeans, male or female, etc.
when we are born, we don’t how to be a male or female, Pakistani or Afghan and so on. Rather we are
taught. We have to learn hoe to eat, walk, talk and love like other members of cultural groups and
usually do so slowly and sub consciously, through a process of socialization.

Culture Involves Perception and Values

Culture groups share perceptions, or ways of looking at the world we select, evaluate and organize
information from the external environment through perception. Thus, all of our prior learning the
information we have already stored in our brains effects how we interpret new information. Some of
this learning and perception is related to the values of the cultural groups we belong to. Values have to
do wit what is judged to be good or bad, or right or wrong in a culture.

Culture is shared

Another important part of our definition of culture is that cultural patterns are shared. These cultural
patterns of perceptions and beliefs are developed through interactions with different groups of
individuals at home, in the neighborhood, at school, in youth groups, at college, at workplace, shopping
malls etc. culture becomes a group experience because it is shared with people who lie in and
experienced the same social environments, in class, the researchers some times put students in same
sex groups to highlights that how many men share many similar perceptions about being male and
similar attitudes towards women, the same seems to hold true for women. Men sometimes share the
perceptions that women have power in social situations. Women sometimes share a perception that
men think badly of women who go out with a lot of guys.

Culture is expressed as Behavior

Our cultural analysis influences not only our perceptions and beliefs but also our behaviors. Some
people believe in the importance of individual independence, or simply individualism, is reflected in
their behavior. Some children expect to become increasingly independent when growing up and they
won’t to make their own decisions about career marriage etc. but some are socialized to the cultural
values of collectivism. They are expected to be more responsible for caring for other family members
and to take their wishes into consideration and marriage and career decisions.

LESSON 4.1: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

WHY DO CULTURES DIFFER?

EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

* Arabic language is written from right to left and almost all other languages are written from left to
right.

* North Americans view direct eye contact as a sign of honesty. Meanwhile, Asians view direct eye as a
form of disrespect.

TYPES OF CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

  Cross Cultural Communication
 International Communication
 Multicultural Communication
 Intercultural Communication

What is intercultural communication?

“It refers to communication between people from two different cultures”- Starosta, 1998

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IS

* A symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual process in which people from different cultures
create shared meanings. - (Lusig & Koester 2007).

* The effect on communication behavior when different cultures interact together.

WHY THERE IS A NEED FOR EFFECTIVE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION?

IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

* It offers the ability to deal across cultures, which is increasingly important, as the world gets smaller.

* Breaks down cultural barriers, builds awareness of cultural norms and enhances self-awareness and
communication skills.