Ionic and Covalent Bonds Notes – Answer

5. Summary – Fill in the blanks in the table shown below:

Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Bond type Metal and non-metal Non-Metal and non-metal
Electrons Transfer Share
Electricity Conducts electricity in
Does not conduct electricity.
conductivity molten/aqueous state
Boiling/ High (due to strong attractive
Low
Melting point forces in the lattice form)
Sodium chloride, Calcium Acids, Water, Carbon dioxide,
Examples
chloride, Magnesium oxide Sulfur dioxide

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 Ionic and Covalent bonds – Worksheet 1 Answer
Paper 1
1. B (Transfer electrons from metal to non-metal)
2. C (Non-metal = share electrons)
3. C (Between metal and non-metal; calcium and oxygen)
4. D (Ionic compounds have their ions held in the lattice state when in solid state)
5. B (Atoms gain electron(s) to become a negative ion)
6. D (A cation is a positive ion; to become a positive ion, an atom has to lose electrons)
7. D (Ionic compounds form when electrons are transferred; They have high melting and
boiling points)
8. D (Ionic compounds can only conduct electricity in the molten or aqueous state and are
held in the lattice form when in the solid state)
9. A (Potassium loses one electron and chlorine gains one electron as they form an ionic bond;
Potassium will lose one electron to attain a full valence shell.)
10. C (Oxygen gas required two oxygen molecules to form a bond as an oxygen atom does not
have a full valence shell.)
11. C (An anion is formed when an atom gains one or more electron; A requires one more
electron to attain full valence shell so it will gain an electron to form an anion)
12. A (A cation is formed when an atom loses one or more electron ; C will lose an electron to
attain full valence shell)
13. B (Neon has a full valence shell; it will exist as a single molecule)
14. C (R requires one more electron to attain full valence shell and S requires two more
electrons to attain full valence shell; We will need 2 S and 1 R; R is Sulphur and S is
chlorine à So the mass will be 1 x 32 + 2 x 35.5 = 103)
15. A (Most gases exist as diatomic molecules except group 0 gases)
16. C (E will form E+ ion; F will form F2- ion and G will form G- ion; E and F will form E2F;
E and G will form EG)
17. B (E is a metal and Z is a non-metal à Ionic compound will form ; So the compound can
conduct electricity in the molten state, has high melting and boiling point)
18. B
Electronic Ion formed
atom of element number of protons
Configuration

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 U 18 2. 8. 8 No ion
V 9 2. 7 V-
W 17 2. 8 .7 W-
X 11 2. 8 .1 X+
Y 4 2. 2 Y2+

Covalent = 2 non-metal ; either V and W, V and V or W and W

19. B (Metal will lose electron, Non-metal will gain electron; Since we need 3 P and 2 Q, the
charge of P is 2+ and charge of Q is 3- ; Each P would have lost 2 electrons and each Q
would have gained 3 electrons)
20. D (Both are non-metal so they would form a covalent bond; The compound would not be
a solid state in room temperature, cannot conduct electricity, have weak inter-molecular
forces of attraction and typically soluble in organic solvent.)
21. D (X will lose electron as it is a metal, Y will gain electrons as it is a non-metal. Since we
need 2 X and 3 Y, the charge of X is 3+ and charge of Y is 2 -; X gave away 3 electrons
and Y took in 2 electrons)
22. B (W is not an ionic compound or metal as it can only conduct in aqueous state ; X has to
be a metal as it can conduct electricity in the solid state; Y is an ionic compound while Z
is a non-metal)
Substance Electrical Property
W Conducts electricity only in aqueous solution Acid or water
X Conducts electricity when molten and in solid state Metal
Y Conducts electricity when molten and in aqueous state Ionic compound
Z Does not conduct electricity under any conditions Non-metal

23. C (Magnesium oxide is an ionic compound which has high melting and boiling point, can
conduct electricity in the liquid state but not in solid state)
24. D (each line = 2 electrons)
25. B (covalent compounds have low boiling points)

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Paper 2
1. Answer
(a) Answer

(b) Draw as per ionic bond Be:O = 1:1.

(c) Be:F = 1:2

2. Answer
(a) P: 2, 7
Q: 2, 5
R: 2,1

(b)

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 (c) Ionic bond. P is non-metal and R is metal. R will transfer its electron to P.
(d) R. It is a metal.

3. Answer
(a) J
(b) G
(c) Ionic
High melting and boiling point but does not conduct electricity when solid, only when
in molten state.

4. Answer
(a) Ionic bonding
(b) Answer

(c) Giant ionic lattice structure breaks down, hence there are presence of free moving /
mobile ions to carry electrical charges.

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5. Answer
(a) Weak intermolecular force of attraction between (hydrogen chloride) molecules which
requires little amount of heat energy to overcome the force
(b) Answer

6. Answer
(a) Answer

(b) There are weak inter-molecular forces of attraction between molecules. Thus, need a
little amount of energy to overcome these forces.
(c) MgS.

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 Ionic and Covalent bonds – Worksheet 2 Answer
Paper 1
1. B (X is metal and Y is non-metal; charge +1 and -1 so will form XY, ionic compound is
solid state in room temperature)
2. D (covalent bond = non-metal bonds, they share electrons and at least 1 from one another.)
3. D (Both cannot conduct electricity in solid state)
4. B (ionic compounds only conduct electricity in aqueous or molten and held in lattice
structure when in solid state)
5. A (covalent bond has low melting and boiling point and does not conduct electricity)
6. A (Ionic compound so gas gains electron and metal loses electron)
7. D (covalent bond so low melting and boiling point, not very soluble in water and not a good
conductor of electricity)
8. D (X is -1 and Y is -3, so we need 3X and 1Y à X3Y)
9. B (chlorine gains electrons from magnesium; since chlorine has a EC of 2, 8, 7, it needs
one more electron)
10. A (Covalent compound has low boiling point, does not conduct electricity, does not lose or
gain electrons)
11. B (Only B is true as they do not share electrons; does not conduct electricity in the solid
state and only some ionic compounds are soluble in water)
12. B (Both are true but statement 2 is not explaining statement 1)
13. D (Magnesium loses 2 electrons when forming a bond with chlorine)
14. B (Only B is true as ionic compounds involve a metal and a non-metal)
15. B (non-metal = sharing electrons)
16. C (Each line = 2 electrons)
17. D (Each line = 2 electrons)

Paper 2
1. Answer
(a)
True False
It could be ammonia, 𝑁𝐻! √
It could be methane, 𝐶𝐻" √

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 It is an ionic compound √
It would have a low boiling point √

(b) Does not conduct electricity at room temperature.

(c) HCl

2. Answer
(a) Ans
(i) Chloride can form an ionic bond with sodium by transferring electrons. The
sodium atom would lose one electron, forming a cation and donate the electron to
the chloride atom to attain a full valence shell. On the other hand, the chlorine atom
would gain one electron, forming an anion by gaining the electron from sodium.

(ii) Chlorine can form a covalent bond with hydrogen by sharing electrons. The
chlorine atom and hydrogen atom would both share one of its electron, allowing
chlorine to fill its valence shell of 8 and hydrogen to fill its valence shell of 2.

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 (iii) (1) Covalent compounds have low boiling/melting points while ionic compounds
have high boiling/melting points
(2) Covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity (in any state), other than water.
While ionic compounds can conduct electricity in molten/aqueous state.

3. Answer
(a) Each oxygen atom gains two electrons from magnesium [1], forming oxide ion. Each
magnesium atom loses/transfers two electrons [1] to oxygen, forming magnesium ion.
(b) Each oxygen atom shares two valence electrons [1] with two fluorine atoms
(c) Ans

4. Answer
(a) Answer
(i) Answer:

(ii) Answer

(b) Answer

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 Sodium oxide is a ionic compound with strong electrostatic forces of attraction holding
sodium ions and oxide ions together. While chlorine oxide is a covalent compound with
weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules. Thus, more energy is
needed to overcome the stronger electrostatic forces of attraction in sodium oxide as
compared to chlorine oxide.

5. Answer
(a) B
(b) Potassium chloride is a ionic compound with strong electrostatic forces of attraction
holding sodium ions and oxide ions together. Thus more energy is needed to overcome
the stronger electrostatic forces of attraction in potassium chloride.
(c) Covalent bond.

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 Ionic and Covalent bonds – Test Answer
Paper 1
1. D (Left atom will lose one electron to form 1+ charged ion ; right atom will gain 2 electrons
to form 2- charged ion à we need 2 x 1+ ions and 1 x 2- ion to get full valence shell à 2
left atom + 1 right atom = 2 x 7 + 1 x 16 = 30)
2. B (Each Y will lose 2 electrons to form 2+ charge and each Z will gain one electron to form
1- charge; we need 1 Y and 2 Z)
3. B (Z forms an ion with 3+ charge ; when forming a bond with Cl- à Z3Cl ; When forming
a bond with O2- à Z2O3)
4. C (Ionic compound = high melting point and does not conduct electricity in solid state)
5. D (Covalent = share and ionic = transfer)
6. B (Covalent compounds have low boiling point; Ionic compounds are only able to conduct
electricity in the molten and aqueous state)
7. D (Covalent compound)
8. D (Each O need 4 more electrons and they need to share equal number of electrons)

Paper 2
1. Answer
(a) the chlorine atoms will share one electron each to attain full electron configuration.
Chlorine gas forms.
(b) Each sodium will lose one electron and transfer to the chlorine atom to attain full
valance shell. Sodium chloride will form
(c) Sodium chloride can conduct in molten state. It can only conduct in the molten state
when the ions are not locked in the lattice structure like in the solid state. The ions are
free to move about in the molten state, allowing electricity to flow and conduct.
(d) Answer

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2. Answer
(a) B conducts electricity.
Ions in A are held in fixed positions, no mobile ions. (reject mobile electrons)
Ions in B are mobile and move throughout the liquid
(b) Answer

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