SESSION APRIL 1/22/34

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
METHOD (PTD3213)
ASSIGNMENT 1

Prepared by:
NAME MATRIC NUMBER

Ellyia Maisarah Binti Maulud Jalil 3202032641

Insyirah Nabilah Binti Ibrahim 3202033001

Nur Amirah Binti Khamdi 3202034871

Lecturer’s Name:

Nor Azah Binti Jahari

APPENDIX

Article

https://www.academia.edu/31528932/Time_Management_Practices_and_Its_Effect_on_Busi
ness_ Performance

ISSN 1712-8056[Print]
Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online]
Vol. 9, No. 1, 2013, pp. 165-168 www.cscanada.net
DOI:10.3968/j.css.1923669720130901.2419 www.cscanada.org

Time Management Practices and Its Effect on Business Performance

[ a]
Department of Accounting, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. IntroductIon
*
Corresponding author.

J. F. Adebisi[a],Good leadership is the key to success of any business. The decisions and
future of the company relies at management level, but ensuring that decisions are made
correctly and action is taken promptly relies on the individual’s Time Management.
Management is like investment: its goals are to get the most out of resources, add the most
value or get the best return (Mitch, 2011). According to Philpot (2011), time management is
all about planning the day in order to make the best use of time. Time management started
with the industrial revolution. Linda (2011), the concept has evolved slowly but steadily to
the modern notion of time management, such as doing things effectively to gain control over
one’s life. People commonly struggle with managing time since they fail to treat it like a
business. Business managers and thus individuals need to realize that time is a myth; one
cannot create, store or save time to use another day. Kusashi (ND), a delay in making a
decision or reacting to a problem can be a costly business mistake. Being prepared will
ensure you don’t waste any valuable time. Good time management will help in being more
productive, more creative, save money and avoid working ridiculous hours and to greatly
increase the chances of success in business. From the foregoing, the study is on time
management practices and its effect on business performance. The study focuses on small and
medium scale business as case study.
 Received 29 December 2012; accepted 17 February 2013
ABSTRACT
The concept of time management started with
industrial revolution and became the modern
notion of doing things effectively and efficiently.
It is one of the fundamental skills needed to be
successful in life but people including business
organization failed to treat it as serious factor to
their survival. This study examine its effect on the
performance of business and forty three small and
medium scale enterprise were selected for the
study. Data were collected with the aid of
questionnaire administered to 120 personnel of
the organizations. The data was further analyzed
in table and tested research hypothesis with
Analysis of variance. Findings revealed that time
management enable most of the organizations
studied to survive competition and get more
business. We therefore conclude that there is
significant and positive relationship between time
management practices and the performance of
business. We also therefore recommend that
business and including individuals should
cultivate the habit of time management so that
they become successful in what they do.
Key words: Time management; Business
performance; Effectiveness; Efficiency
J. F. Adebisi (2013). Time Management Practices and Its Effect on
Business Performance. Canadian Social Science, 9(1), 165-168.
Available from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/
view/j.css.1923669720130901.2419 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/
j.css.1923669720130901.2419.
Good leadership is the key to success of any
business. The decisions and future of the company
relies at management level, but ensuring that
165 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture
decisions are made correctly and action is taken make it imperative to manage time to achieve a
promptly relies on the individual’s Time
Management. Management is like investment: its
goals are to get the most out of resources, add the
most value or get the best return (Mitch, 2011).
According to Philpot (2011), time management is
all about planning the day in order to make the best
use of time. Time management started with the
industrial revolution. Linda (2011), the concept
has evolved slowly but steadily to the modern
notion of time management, such as doing things
effectively to gain control over one’s life. People
commonly struggle with managing time since they
fail to treat it like a business. Business managers
and thus individuals need to realize that time is a
myth; one cannot create, store or save time to use
another day. Kusashi (ND), a delay in making a
decision or reacting to a problem can be a costly
business mistake. Being prepared will ensure you
don’t waste any valuable time. Good time
management will help in being more productive,
more creative, save money and avoid working
ridiculous hours and to greatly increase the
chances of success in business.
From the foregoing, the study is on time
management practices and its effect on business
performance. The study focuses on small and
medium scale business as case study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Living in an ever changing business environment
where people are saddled with more than one
responsibility, especially in an organization with
huge business activities in a competitive industry
sustainable stride. Reed (2012), defined you can determine what changes you want to make
management as the organizational process that (Susan, 2012).
includes strategic planning, setting; objectives,
Effective time management does not come
managing
naturally for many of us, but to avoid working
Time Management Practices and Its Effect on Business Performance
ridiculous hours and greatly increase the chances
of success in business, it is an area that needs
resources, deploying the human and financial
attention (Steven, 2009). To manage our time
assets needed to achieve objectives, and
effectively, each of us has to have a clearer picture
measuring results. As defined by Humes (2012),
of our personal principles and core values. We
time management is the art of arranging business
need to invest the precious resource of our time in
and personal affairs in such a way that you and
things that are important to us. Scott (2002), made
your things show up when, where, and how you
it clear that one of the fundamental challenges in
have intended them to, as frequently, effortlessly,
effective time management is remembering the
and ubiquitously, as possible, and to facilitate
difference between “urgent” and “important”.
getting things done as quickly as possible with the
Urgency alone cannot make a task important. It is
less amount of resources (time, energy, money,
connection to our personal principles and business
and people) necessary. While arguing that the
priorities that determines the importance of a task.
main factors behind all the discoveries is to cut
With a clear personal mission and objectives, time
short the long time needed for any sought of time
can be scheduled with a definite purpose in mind.
consuming jobs or assignment. In other words, it
is an art of arranging, organizing, scheduling, and Good time management is essential for coping

budgeting one’s time for the purpose of generating with the pressures of modern life without

more effective work and productivity.
Alan (2009), posited that the key to successful
time management is planning and protecting the
planned time, which often
conditioning your environment, and particularly
the re-conditioning the expectation of others.
Time management is about making changes to the
way you spend your time. For effective time
management to be sure, you have to apply a time
management system that will help you see where
changes needed to be made, which means that the
first step of time management is to analyze how
experiencing too much stress. Good time
management doesn’t mean you do more work, it
means you focus on the tasks that matter and
which will make a difference. Whether it’s in your
involves re-
job or your lifestyle as a whole, learning how to
manage your time effectively will help you feel
more relaxed, focused and in control (NHS, ND).
According to Donaldson (2011), “the aim of good
time management is to achieve the lifestyle
balance you want”. Good time at work means
doing high quality work, not high quantity.
As revealed from the foregoing, time
management represent the skills, tools, and
abilities of doing the right thing at the right time,
 with minimum effort, and resources, effectively
and efficiently, thereby achieving your goals and
the things you personally prioritized and value.
Time management makes you important and
respected, and organizes thing around you which
result to optimal performance.
EFFECT OF TIME MANAGEMENT ON
ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
The need for time management has gained
popularity and thus its importance not only as a
motivating element behind
performance and productivity on job, but as the
bases for the overall performance of the
organization. In the business world, time is one
of the most important assets
organization. Unfortunately many businesses
fail to keep up with or realize the “time” factor.
This happens because of the miss management
of “time”. It has become imperative that
organizations train their
systematic time management so that they can
achieve productivity results in a progressive
period of time.
Organizational performance means the place
of an organization in relation to its competitors
with regards to market share, profits, and capital
base. Such organizations are built through the
positive contributions of its employees to
166
Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture
organizational success (Ojo, 2008). Oddey,
(2012) posited that brilliant leaders with vision,
determination and focus build such high
performing organizations that deliver effective
services and products to its clients at all times.
Such organizations are good time managers and
instrument of change through efficient and
effective management of time and resources. In
such organization, there is renewed rigor and a
yearning for continuous learning, application of
new strategies through research and
development and growth taking into
consideration the value and essence of time
(Zucas and David, 2008).Time is tied to every
activity of the organization. It sets smart goals
and measures its successes and failure taking
into consideration time. This dearly shows the
employees’
importance of time and its positive or negative
impact on organizational performance.
For effective time management for
organizational performance, managers as well
for any
as employees can decide which tasks fall into the
categories of essential tasks, important task and
low value tasks by asking which tasks are most
valuable to the organization, which task does my
manager consider most important, if I can not
employees in
complete all the tasks which should I complete.
These will keep the pace of progress and growth
of the organization going.
METHODOLOGY
The study is designed around a survey research.
The study focuses on small and medium scale
enterprises as case study. The sample size
comprises of 120 personnel selected from forty
three SMEs in north central Nigeria. This was
achieved with the assistance of field workers
and colleagues residing around the areas of
study. A total of one hundred and twenty (120)
questionnaires were administered out which one
hundred and eighteen were properly filled and
returned representing 98.3% returned rate.
 The researchers utilized both primary and
secondary data. The primary source includes
the questionnaire administered and interview
with staff that are saddled with more than one
responsibility and those with busy schedule in
order to get then right response.
The questionnaire is divided into two
sections. Section A seeks to elicit responses on
the personal data of the respondents while the
second part examines the time management
strategies of the organizations. The general
effect of the questionnaire is to examine the
impact of time management practices on the
performance of business. Data collected were
analyzed quantitatively and were presented in
table. Because it would be cumbersome to
present all the data analyzed, we exclude the
personal data of the respondents from the data
presentation. We then tested the research
hypothesis manually using the analysis of
variance.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This section present the result of the data collected
from the field on the effect of time management
practices on business performance.
Table 1
Time Management and Strategies
Do you practice time management? Number Percentage
- All the time 41
- Most of the time 57
- Less of the time 20
- Not at all 0 0
How do you manage time in your
organization? 31
- By prioritizing
37
- Creating to-to-list
24
- By delegating
26
- By planning
Howhastimemanagement
contributed to the survival of your
business? 29 25
- Meet up deadlines 27 23
- Survive competition 29 25
- Get more business 33 28
-Satisfy clients
Source: Field survey, 2012.
The above table shows the response rate of
respondents. Out of the 118 respondents 41 of
them constituting 35% of the total respondents
say they practice time management all the time.
57 respondents representing 48.3.% say most of
the time while the remaining 20 making up 17%
say less of the time. None of the respondents
support not at all. Respondents states that
prioritizing and creating to-do-list are major
strategies employed to manage time in their
organization. About 31 and 37 of them making
26.3% and 31.4% stood for the respectively.
While others say that their organization
J. F. Adebisi (2013). Canadian Social
Science, 9(1), 165-168
engages in proper planning and also delegate
duties in other to manage time. 24 and 26 of the
respondents constituting 20.3% and 22.0%
respectively stood for that.
On how has time management contributed to
the survival of their business, 29 respondents
representing 25% say it enable them to meet up
deadlines, 27 respondents representing 23% say it
enable them to survive competition while 29 and
35
48.3 33 of the remaining respondents representing 25%
17
and 28% say it enable them to get more business
26.3 and satisfy their customers respectively. From the
31.4
20.3 results obtained above, we deduced that these
22.0
organizations engage in time management most of
the time, creating to-do-list and prioritizing are
major time management strategies of the
personnel of the banks, we also deduce that time that they are business entities conscious of time.
management also contribute greatly to the In some SMEs, especially trading companies,
performance of business as evidence by arrival time, services time and waiting time can be
respondents, it enables them to satisfy clients measured. This means that managing business
appropriately. also means managing time. The researchers

TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESIS established a relationship between time

Ho: Effective time management practice has no management practice and business
significant effect on business performance. Time Management Practices and Its Effect on Business Performance

H1: Effective time management practice has

performance. During the study, the researchers
significant effect on business performance.
deduce that performance is measured in relation to
Table 2 time. And effective time management reduces
Analysis of Variance failure. The researcher therefore concludes that
Source Sum of Df Mean F
squares square there is a direct link between effective time
Between 1635 3 545
management and performance of business
Within 914 9 102 5.34
Total 2549 11 generally. Business managers are therefore
Source: Field work, 2012. encouraged to stick to their time management

Using the ANOVA test in table 2 above, we practices as a strategy to survive in a competitive

therefore reject the null hypothesis (H0) since industry.

Fc>Ft i.e, 5.34 >3.86 and accept the alternative RECOMMENDATION

hypothesis (H1) at 0.05 level of significance. Fc=
computed value and Ft= table value. The
implication of this decision is that effective time
management practice has significant effect on
business performance of the selected small and
medium scale enterprises. Henceforth,
business to survive in the face of competition must
continue to utilize time properly as a resources that
is scarce and limited.
CONCLUSION
This study examines the effective
management practice and its effect on business
performance. The researchers focused on selected
small and medium scale enterprises as case study.
The idea behind using SMEs is based on the fact
Business managers should realize the importance
of time management to their survival in a
changing business environment. Based on the
finding of this research, we recommend that
managers at all level should imbibe the habit of
for time management practices as a means to out
perform competition. Activities should be
prioritized in order of urgent and important, urgent
but not important, important but not urgent and,
not urgent not important so that they become
obvious, which should be attended to first.
time
Managers should also avoid procrastination
because it is the most time killer. What ever that
needed to be done that will improve the
performance of the business should not be
delayed. This will also reduce stress and last

167 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture

minute rush as people are judged with the manner
they handle their business. Managers should also
ensure that everybody in the organization is
trained on effective time management practice in
other to ensure the overall performance of the
business.

REFERENCES
Donaldson, Fielder (2011). Preventing Stress in Organizations.
Retrieved from ebookstore.sony.
com>Home>Psychology>Applied Psychology.
Kusashi (n.d.). Effective Time Management.http://www.
engineers.international.com/21…
Mitch. (2011) What is Management? http://www.
managementguid/whatismanage ment.com
NHS: Eseay time-management tips: http://www.nhs.uk/
conditions/stress-anxiet.
Oddey, F. J. (2012). The Art of Prioritizing. http://www.
selfgrowth.com/../ fuimano6. html.
Ojo, L.B. (2008). Effective Time Management in Organizational
Panacea or Placebo. http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm
Philpott, T.J. (2011). Why People Struggle With Managing
Time. http://wwwskills 123.com/whypeoplestruggle…
Reed, D. (2012). What Is Management. http://www.
managmentguide.com
Scott, W. (2002). Effective Time Management. http://www.
tonyrobbins.com/products/time
Steven, S. (2009). 13 principles of Effective Time Management
for Freelancer. http://www.designm.ag/freelance/principles.
tim.
Susan, W. (2012). A Time Management System that Really
Works. http://www.sbinfocanada.about.com/cs/
timemanagement.
Zucas, & David, H. (2012). Definition of Time Management
http://www freetime-management. tips.com/d…
Tittle of research

The title of the research is does time management effect on business performance?

The issue or problem that the researcher want to investigate

the issue and the problem that the researcher want to investigate is does time management can
effect business performance effectively and efficiency.

The need on time management has gain popularity and it is importance not only as the
motivating elements, its also importance for the employees. Because time is the most
importance thing and the asset for every organization if they fail to manage time.
Unfortunately, a lot of businesses ignore or fail to recognise the time aspect this occurs as a
result of poor time management. Organization must now provide their staff with systematic
time management training if they want to see productivity improvement over time.

The position of an organisation in comparison to its rival in term market share, profitability,
and capital base is referred to as organisation performance. These businesses grow as a result
of the employee’s valuable contribution to have an organizational success. Managers and
employees can decide which tasks fall into categories of essential task, importance task , and
low value tasks by asking which task are most valuable organisation.

The researcher conclude that performance is measured in relation to time during study.
Furthermore, effectiveness time management reduce failure. As a result the researcher
conclude that there is a direct relationship with effectiveness time management and overall
business performance as a result business managers are encourage to stick to their time
management practices as a survival strategy in a competitive industry.

Types of research

Based on this article, the type of research done by researchers is quantitative research. This
research was using statistical analysis of numerical data. The data collection method of this
research is using primary data. The method of data collection was collected using survey
research at small and medium scale enterprises. This research is used to quantify opinion and
attitude of 120 respondent selected from forty-three SMEs in north central Nigeria. In this
research, the problem is stated in the form of hypothesis. Which is, Ho: and H1 that mentioned
the “Effective time management practice has no significant effect on business performance”

9
and “Effective time management practice has significant effect on business performance”. It
also shows result and discussion of the hypothesis.

Research Process

Based on this article the researcher has done a few steps before making research:

1) The researcher has formulate and identify the problems. After that, the researcher
making a problem statement. The researcher had identify the problem of time
management practices and its effect on business performance.
2) After the researcher had identify the problem that he want to investigate, the researcher
had conducted the literature study. The researcher had establishes familiarity with
and understanding of current research in a particular field before carrying out a new
investigation in his literature study.
3) After done with literature study, the research had formulate concepts, hypotheses, and
variables in his research, The researcher determining the hypothesis testing that involve
the independent and dependant variable.
4) After that the researcher making a hypotheses testing using the independent and
dependant variable. The researcher had determined the model and hypothesis testing.
The researcher shows the significance relationship between two variables.
5) After making the hypotheses the researcher had prepared for data collection and
collecting the data. The researcher had used the survey as a data collection method and
the sampling is focuses on small and medium scale enterprises as case study. The
sample size comprises of 120 personnel selected from forty-three SMEs in north central
Nigeria.
6) After all the data were collected the researcher had compile, analyse, and interpret data
in result and discussion. That sections present the result of the data collected from the
field on the effect of time management practices on business performance.
7) Making generalizations and conclusions
After the researcher gained the results of collected data, the researcher had made
generalizations and conclusions of his research. As conclusion business managers are
therefore encouraged to stick to their time management practices as a strategy to survive
in a competitive industry.

8) Making research report

10
 Last but not least, the last step in research process is making the research report. After
researcher is gained all the information and result of his research, he had done making
the research report.

Conclusion

This study examines effective time management practices and their impact on sales
performance. The researcher focuses on small and medium-sized companies selected as case
studies. The idea behind the use of SMEs is based on the fact that they are time-sensitive
business entities. In some SMEs, especially trading companies, arrival time, service time and
waiting time can be measured. This means that managing a business also means managing
time. To establish a link between time management practices and business performance.
During the study, the researchers concluded that performance is measured in time and effective
time management reduces failure. Therefore, the researchers concluded that there is a direct
relationship between effective time management and business performance in general.
Business managers are encouraged to stick to their time management practices as a strategy to
survive in a competitive industry.

Recommendation

Business managers should be aware of the importance of time management to sustain their
lives in a changing business environment. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that
managers at all levels should adopt the habit of time management practices as a way to
implement competition. Activities should be prioritized in order of necessary and important,
necessary but not important. important but not necessary and, not important is not important so
that they become clear, which should be attended for the first time. Managers should also avoid
procrastination because it is the biggest time killer. Anything that needs to be done that will
improve business performance should not be delayed. This will also reduce the stress and rush
of deadlines as people are judged on how they conduct their business. Managers should also
ensure that everyone in the organization is trained on effective time management practices
elsewhere to ensure overall business performance.

11
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