Colegio de la Purisima Concepcion

The School of the Archdiocese of Capiz

Roxas City

Self-Learning Kit in General Biology 1

THE CELL THEORY,
STRUCTURE, AND FUNCTIONS
(1st Quarter – Week 1)

Prepared by
HEAVEN LEIGH N. DELA OSTIA, LPT
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

_________________________________

THE CELL THEORY,

STRUCTURE, AND
FUNCTIONS
_________________________________

Prayer
“In the name of the Father and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.”

Oh ineffable creator, deign to shed a ray of your brightness in our intellect,

taking from us the twofold darkness in which we are born, namely sin and
ignorance. Grant us a keen intellect, strong memory, method and facility in
learning, subtlety in interpreting, and elegance in our speech. Enlighten our
beginning, direct our progress and perfect our undertakings. This we ask through
Christ Our Lord. Amen.

“In the name of the Father and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.”

Welcome my dear students! As we face the pandemic that marks the life of
the people that brought a great change to our new normal life, we are greatly
fortunate and safe in facing these challenges for we continue to learn and inspire
others.

I welcome you all to this subject that will motivate and encourage you to
strive more towards a brighter future through studying beyond your imagination by
starting with the general biology.

Today, I challenge you all that at the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. Explain the postulates of the cell theory.

PAGE 1
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

2. Define cell on basic structure and function.

3. Explain the importance of the cell to our daily lives in terms of
taking care of your body cells.

Introduction
In your own words, what comes into your mind when you hear about the
word “biology”?. Is it about humans? Plants? Or even animals?. The word “biology”
is derived from the word “Bio” means “life” and “logus” meaning “study”. In short,
biology is the study of life. But have you ever wonder about your skin if what is that
made of? You learn more if you will read carefully. I have here an image of the
Cell. Label this image by writing your answer on the space provided.

Open this link: https://www.free-anatomy-quiz.com/generalcell1.html

PAGE 2
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

A cell or a network of cells is a living creature as long as the physiological

relay within it is continuously functioning. If one considers the components,
processes, and characteristics of a cell, then it is comparable to the universe
regarding complexity and organization, Furthermore, since biochemical reactions
in the cell occur at hyper speed, the cellular universe appears more "alive and
dynamic" than the physical universe, Can you identify the structures numbered in
the picture above?

Cytology is the most detailed study or investigation of the cell. Or it is simply

known to be the study of the cell is cytology. All living organisms here on Earth
share some common features, which are necessary for their continued existence
including growth, maturation, and reproduction. The cell is the basic unit of life that
helps attain the functions and structures of different organisms.

Straightforwardly, the cell is the basic unit of a living organism,

Nevertheless, allowing for an expansion of this definition, the cell is the structural
(anatomical/ anatomy) unit and functional (physiological/ physiology) unit of a living
thing.

From the picture that you have labeled above do you think those words
familiar to you? Why do you think those words are connected to our topic? Pick
only 6 words from the picture that are difficult for you to understand and define
them on the space provided. For your reference open link
https://www.ck12.org/book/human-biology-lives-of-cells/section/3.1/

Example:

1. Nucleus - is a membrane-bound organelle that contains genetic material

(DNA) of eukaryotic organisms. As such, it serves to
maintain the integrity of the cell by facilitating transcription
and replication processes. It's the largest organelle inside
the cell taking up about a tenth of the entire cell volume.

PAGE 3
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

1. ___________- _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

2. ___________- _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

3. ___________- _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

4. ___________- _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

5. ___________- _____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

6. ___________- _____________________________________________

PAGE 4
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

_____________________________________________

Your definitions will be used later in the last part of our lesson. First, we will
start on the Discovery of the cell.
Organisms that are visibly seen or can be seen only in microscopic
techniques are made of cells. In other words, the cell can be defined as the
fundamental or basic unit of life.

There are a lot of biologists of various nationalities who contributed for the
improvement in the study of the cell through a long period they are:
BIOLOGISTS PICTURES STUDY
First to use a microscope to
observe cork and coined
Robert Hooke
what he observes as cells.
(1635-1703)

Discovered the bacteria and

Anton Van other microscopic organisms
Leeuwenhoek in rainwater and studied the
( 1632-1723) structure of plant and animal
cell.

Robert Brown Discovered the presence of

(1773-1858) nuclei within the cell.

PAGE 5
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

Matthias Schleiden Introduced the concepts that

& Theodore all plants and animals are
Schwann made of cells.
(1804-1881 & 1810-
1882)
Open this link: https://quizlet.com/16981601/scientists-who-contributed-to-
the-cell-theory-flash-cards/

Guide Question:
1. Aside from the biologists stated above, enumerate the other biologists
who contributed in the cell theory. _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Who do you think contributed the best in the cell theory? Why? ______
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What is the importance of these biologists in the study of cell theory? __
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

The scientific community accepts two types of cells: the prokaryotic and
the eukaryotic cells. Bacteria and archaea are examples of a prokaryotic cell,
which is always a single-celled organism (unicellular). Based on their general basic
characteristic, prokaryotes lack a nuclear envelope, resulting in the absence of a
true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, protists, and fungi,
on the other hand, exemplifies eukaryotic cells, which are composed of many cells

PAGE 6
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

(multicellular). Eukaryotes have a nuclear envelope, hence, a true nucleus.

However, they can be unicellular or multicellular. Also, they are larger than
prokaryotes and contain membrane-bound organelles.
Open the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

The Cell Theory

The discoveries made by Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, and
others led to the formation of the cell theory. The cell theory is universal to all living
things, no matter how simple or complex, tiny, or huge it is. The theory can be
summed up into three basic components:

1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.

The basic qualification of an organism is that it must be at least a
single cell, which is a unicellular organism. Single functioning cells constitute the
bacteria, archaea, and some fungi, thus, these are living things, When several cells
compose an organism, then it is a multicellular living organism, plants, animals,
protists and most fungi are multicellular organisms. How about viruses? Are they
living things too? Do they qualify as living under this tenet or principle of the cell
theory?
2. The cell is the basic or fundamental unit of life in all living things.
The cell carries out the morpho-anatomy and physiology of an organism, In
single-celled organisms, the cell is everything—the very structure that carries out
all biochemical activities to maintain cellular life. For multicellular organisms, the
whole organism first begins as one cell. This first cell undergoes a series of the
division to increase the number of cells. These cells further specialize leading to
the formation of tissues, organs, organ systems, and the whole organism. Thus, a
bacterium is one-celled while a human being is about 10 trillion cells of different
types.

PAGE 7
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

For the cell to reproduce, the requirement is a previously existing cell. Cells
can come only from cells. Cells cannot come from anything. A non-cellular entity
cannot produce a living cell. This statement implies the evolution of life on Earth.
All cells on Earth—past and present—arose from a single cell, an inescapable
conclusion assuming no alien intervention. Nevertheless, how did that ancient
parent cell come into being? Where did it originate? Does this third principle of the
cell theory apply to the original first parent cell?
Open the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OpBylwH9DU

Guide Question:
1. Based on this three basic components in cell theory, what is you
conclusion? ______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you think these three basic components are important in the cell
theory? __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Cell Structure
Cell structure can be only be observed by under high magnification electron
microscope and are separated internally into numerous membranous
compartments called organelles (little organs). Let us now have the table to
summarize the major parts of the cell and the organelles well as their function.

PAGE 8
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

PARTS CHARACTERISTICS PICTURE FUNCTION

Surrounds the
cytoplasm of
A. CELL living cells, physically Regulates the
MEMBRANE/ separating the entrance and exit of
PLASMA intracellular substances in the
MEMBRANE components from the cell.
extracellular
environment.
It is made up of
fluid where
B.
Cell manufacturers organelles are
CYTOPLASM
located.

Occur as free
particles suspended
within the cytoplasm
or attached to the Decoding the
membranous wall of message and the
1. Ribosomes
the ER (endoplasmic formation of
reticulum), granular peptide bonds.
particles composed of
protein and RNA
(ribonucleic acid)
ROUGH E.R-
Series of
associated with
2. membranous
active protein
Endoplasmic channels that form a
synthesis process
Reticulum continuous network
SMOOTH E.R-
extending from the
does not contain

PAGE 9
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

cell membrane to the ribosome and is

nucleus. involved in the
synthesis and
transport of lipids or
detoxification of a
variety of poisons
in the cells
For storage,
modification, and
packing of
materials produced
Clusters of flattened for secretory
membranous sacs exports. Also,
3. Golgi
that are continuous involved in the
Apparatus
with the channels of formation of
the SER lysosomes and
other transport
vesicles of the cell

Energy Processing
Double-walled
membranous sacs
with folded inner
partitions called
4. The powerhouse of
cristae. Contains its
Mitochondria the cell
DNA and ribosomes,
thus it can
independently
replicate itself and

PAGE 10
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

appear to control the

synthesis of its
membranes
Responsible for the
Double membrane conversion of light
organelles with inner energy to the
5. folds called thylakoids chemical energy of
Chloroplasts and have similar sugars in the
characteristics with photosynthetic
mitochondria process in plants

Breakdown of Materials
Responsible in the
digestion of
nutrients, bacteria
Single-walled and damaged cells
6. Lysosomes
membranous sacs or programmed cell
death during
embryonic
development
Detoxify harmful
molecules and the
enzymes produced
Spherical are involved in the
7.
membranous vesicles oxidative
Peroxisomes
that contain enzymes deamination of
amino acids and
breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide

PAGE 11
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

Store and release

various substance
within the
cytoplasm,
8. Vacuoles Membranous sacs
responsible for cell
enlargement and
water balance

Support and movement

Used in the
maintenance of cell
shape

Centrosomes- are
found only in
animal cells which
Includes the help to organize
centrosomes, cilia, spindle fibers
9. flagella, fibrils and distribute
Cytoskeletons microtubules found chromosomes
either in plant or during mitotic cell
animal cells division

Cilia and Flagella-

are minute
cytoplasmic
projections found in
animals that extend
from the cell

PAGE 12
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

surface responsible
for movement

Fibrils and
microtubules- are
thin, hollow tubes
that support the
cytoplasm and
transport materials
within the
cytoplasm
Control center of
Bounded by a the cell
C. NUCLEUS
membrane

Open the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKmaq7jPnYM

Other Organelles
1. Plastids- found only in plants and serves as sites of photosynthesis and
storage of starch.
Types of Plastids:
a. Chloroplastids – contain chlorophyll (green pigments)
b. Xanthophylls – yellow pigments
c. Carotenes – Orange pigments
d. Leucoplastids – colorless pigments

2. Cell wall – outermost layer in plant cells that contain cellulose (tough
carbohydrate fiber) that provides support to the plant body.

PAGE 13
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

Challenge Yourself
A. For the summary answer the following questions and write your answers on the
spaces provided.

1. State the three postulates of the cell theory in only 3 statements.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

2. Explain how bacterium and a human being satisfy the postulates of the
cell theory. _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

PAGE 14
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

3. Explain why a virus, and a prion are nonliving things. Anchor your
discussion on the cell theory.
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

B. Fill in the blanks with word/s that will make the elements of cell theories correct.
Refer to the BOX for choices.

INDEPENDENT
DNA FLOW CELL DIVISION
CELLS
CELLS CHEMICAL HEREDITY SAME CELL

1. All known living things are made up of one more __________.

2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by __________.

3. The fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms is

the ___________.

4. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of

_____________.

5. Energy ____________ (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within

cells.

6. Cells contain ____________ which is found specifically in the

chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.

7. All cells are basically the same in _____________ composition in

organisms of similar species.

PAGE 15
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

8. Information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell through _____________.

9. The basic chemical composition of all cells is the ________________.

10. Cytology is the study of _________.

C. Fill in the boxes with the required information.

Indicate the
order of their
occurrence in
the field of cell
theory (with No.
1 being the first
and No. 4 as
the last)
Name of
Scientist

Significant
Contribution

PAGE 16
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

Activity

Name: __________________________________ Date: _______________

Track/Strand: _____________________ Grade & Section: ______________
Score:________________

Activity No.: ____

My Cell Model
TITLE

I. Objectives:

1. To have a better understanding of the conceptualization of the cell

together with its characteristics and functions.

II. Materials:

Activity Sheet

Pen/Pencil

Recyclable materials (like used clays, tapes, Styrofoam, etc)

For online activity sheets, you can use your gadgets such as
phones/laptops by using your Schoology account.

III. Procedure:

1. By the use of your provided recyclable materials, create your Cell Model
by only using the recyclable materials that are available in your house and
label each part of the cell.

2. Be creative of what is only available in your houses and be resourceful

at all times.

PAGE 17
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

3. After creating your model. Take a picture of you together with your
created cell model.

4. Attach/print your image on the space provided below.

5. Then answer the following guide questions.

IV. Image:

Me and my Cell Model

V. Guide Questions:
1. Is cell very important in our lives? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

PAGE 18
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

___________________________________________________________

2. What are the specific organelles that are responsible for energy
processing?

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

3. From the cell model that you have created take a picture of the 3
fundamental parts of the cell and attach it on the space provided.

4. In your own words. Why cell is considered as the basic/fundamental

unit of life?

___________________________________________________________

PAGE 19
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

VI. Generalization:
Based on the activity, I have learned that
___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

Application
For your assignment, label the picture on the space provided of the two
types of the cell: The Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, and differentiate the two
on the space provided.

EUKARYOTIC CELL

PAGE 20
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

PROKARYOTIC CELL

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

PAGE 21
 Self-Learning Kit |SHS General Biology 1|2020

That’s all for today class. Have a nice day and stay safe! If you have any
suggestions or question please answer on the space provided. Thank you!

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

“In the name of the Father and of the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.”

Glory Be to the Father:

Glory be to the Father and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit. As it was, in
the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

Mary seat of Wisdom, “Pray for us”

References/Links:

 https://www.free-anatomy-quiz.com/generalcell1.html
 https://quizlet.com/16981601/scientists-who-contributed-to-the-cell-theory-
flash-cards/
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OpBylwH9DU
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKmaq7jPnYM

PAGE 22