1 e Faaday's tcw and Czpain Fora day's (awS

Caos

In E (ect inctuction
romag netC
Faracays law
M:cholfaraday and Josepbh
hens ou's cover that

attme ay'n fretd cooutd p o u ce an e leccre

Current
faraday discOVeY tnat the incuce d en

Vem-f and
any ctosed circuit s equal to tne time
Tate of chage of magne tic A e l a
iokage by tne circut
this is caltcd taractay's tnuw.

t -N
dt

f u x un kaqe by the Crcut

Do of winling8 In t h e c i r c w t

Y= magnaet C ftux

he-\Ve S19n n the above equaHON State s

that tne inuCC d emP Ln a ercuittts always
oPPOst te tn curr e c t o n
to tne
appued emf. these
statement r s tne Leazs lauw.
Consder ne
alecoNe crci t s when tne
SouTCe of emf .
ne
ba tteTY
etectro hemical a c t o n o F
act on of
tne
batte* esults tn emf
prooL ced fietd CEf).
pue to tne a
cceLmalatoN o f charges at
acctmataion ef
cha*9es kbattery ee
t

teclro etatcheld Cee =-vV) teminals

te minals
an
a n
aLso exi st
 total etecsC freld po'n IS
atoany

ef ts zeo Outside tne batler an d f =-Ee

nte9r atea3 both Sr' Cwitb oespec- to cl '

ed-
CdA= epda +0 L

conseY Vative K
ne emf of tne batery IS tne
une itegral o f tne emf ProtuLced
field

Vem =
i =
-

Ce d IR

Vemf = P

Deteymi tne transfernmex emP for tne tme

Aelo
vary'n9
ne emP I nCuLced by t n e Hme fic
statona *
/aryin9 rent na q Lop
is CaLtLe d ransformer e mf TE s

due t o the trans fomer w

wR u
cons?der Faraootay's tauU

ed= SSeds
PPy s to ke s theorem
0 TncuredA\
. gAd =
Jvx Ads
 Vxe dS =
oSeds
ot

Diffeentate koth sidos -wT.t dsstoen

Vxe = -

h e equ ( s called S ma-uelrs eq uatiO in

fferenta form dd
an
equD calte c max well
equ fo i m e vawng Helds n in tegral fom
-fom
b
eaplain t n e motonal ëmf a n e
tne expr
-

sslonfor the mayweu equaton

e

ohen a
ontucin9 Loop n a
state
emf ts B' A eld
o
Incduced the (OP n
c har9e
c
harge
e
for ce on a
moving oith
canifomn vetocity AR
Áz I
magnetc Peld B' IS

fm Gux B
mo Honal etectic
fretd em
consider Paradays au
=
m =
u x B

ed =
- Seds >
Consrder U
a
coruucH
moving with canifom Loop)
e Loc
a S
consSH ng f
of
large NUmber
NUMber
free
tnda Co d
etecto nS tne
emf
tne
oop 9
Vemp Ema =Jux B.dl
 th's tyee o f e m f 1s calle d motnal (ov) -fur

Cu ting em-f b e cause IS clLLe to mnotlo nal OOHOn

In motor8 g e n Ta t o S and aHerna t

B and U ae
pepenCucuta3 to ccch
otneY
m - ITi xe

APP 8 tdkeS
tneoe m

Ad = S x Ads
tne equ becon s

x e m ds = S x u xB ds
Differen iate botn Sides

Y%em = x u X B
3 plain ane determine tne emf {for
motona emf
te
followings
foltoings
)transforme r emf
) motonat emf .

when
conctuCing Coop In a State B'
an emf Is Intu ce a Preld
n the
a c h o r 9e Loop
Coop the
force on
moving Cotthb
uni-fom vdot y n a
magne Hc fiel d
eis
i

Pm Su x B
motoal e te c t I C
frel em m ux
consider faabyy taw B-O
e d= S e s >
cons1de r a contu dttnq OOP mouiNg with) unifomm
vetocity as consiSting of tage num ber of free

ele rtrons the emf induced in the loop es'

Vemf =
em A= J xB dL >
this tyee f emf S Calle oN

motonal Co fuz cu ttinq emf be caue \C T |

Is c u e to mOHona acHon In motors
m
and alternatO)S
genera ts)s
B and u' are pe pencl tcutan to eaob
otner
m I xB
fm =TL B
APPL Stokes theoem

A =
JvxA ds
the equ (9 become S

S %Cm d s = S *ux B ds

i f f e r e n i a t e botn sides, u r t
Y xem ds =
V A K6 ds

G) TTanstomer_ Emf
he emf n cuuced by the eme
ya
va
Curent tn a stationas Cop S ealued

transformner Emf fE Lss

tne tTanSfo-
aaton
 Considev laraoys aw

E.ds =
e ds
ApPy Stokes

Ad = j x Ads R

Sxes =
-s S e ds

pitHe renttate otnsides uw dstheD

YxC =

+ne eau S ealled S maxwet equ 16

differental foo and eq u caue maX wel{

for t me yain
fHelds Inntegra/ -fon
aDemve tne epression for s t a t o nary
Coop
In i me
vasyin B el d Aime VaJ
B fie l
the emf tnctuces by tne tte A A
curent tn Statonas
Uarya a
toop
1S
1S calle d taNStomer tIS
enm f . " t s
is
due to the tranSfo mmey ac

ider farasky's La R
ed = S t Se ds->O
Tnctuçe i
PP Stokes theorem
APP
eds = SB ds
Diffeaentate botn s/de s

xe
 sScalt@ d t may weL equ 1n
the equ
calt e d 1SE maX w e l l
fferentta fom equ (D
dields (n
fom
in tegal fomm
equ fov
fov ttme
vayi°a
De i ve ne moving L a o p i nstaC
pression

whern a conu cinG Oop 1n a statc 8 fret

an em-f S tncuced Po tne loop the
forCe
on e casge oVing Coith unitfom vetociy i n
a magnetie fteld 8' 1S

fm uxB
motonal e l e c i e frela Cm fm ux B
=

Con8ider ParadozS law

e d = B
consiee a
conuucting loop
LOop
moving ith unform velocity
as ConSIStin of laðge Number
of free e lec trons tne cnm
induCe d 'n the toop

Yemf emdL= uXB d

this type df em{P S cauecN moHonal Cootux

Cuttng em-f because S cu to motio nal

motS 9enerato)s 2 altc tna tdS
 BanaN u ae pepenicula9 to caoh otner
Te x B -

f Te B
PPSto kes t h e oJeM

A di JvxA ds

he equ (4) become s

e m ds = J xU xB d s

pi4ferentate botn S i c e s C ES

7x em = x B XB

ceduce
@pecucctne eyoression for movin
movin9 op 1 r
arying fields3

Both anstomeY emP an

Motiona em¥
aTe esent a
in
MoVing aHme
ffeld
yamyin9
Vem-f edi= -Js£ ds+jv xuxeds
Lor)
ds
J =
*J9 ds
+Sxux B d
Dfferentate ot sideS

xE=-a(ux B)
D Define OISpace ment Cumnt with
C p ression
IS
Ospacement Cument a
auanH
In maX twett s equatonS
aPpear
DISpIacement Curent
de Hngtion Is de fineey tn tem S s-f
tne rate
f change
-tne rate e tect O
rspla ce ment Held
Co)ttcan be
ezplaine d by tne
phe nomonon obseri
-ved 1 a
capactd.
w hen a
capac) to) Stats char8in9 tnere is
no conucuon o
char9e be twec n tne
However) becau S e of tne
plate ss*
Chang charge
1
char9 oa ccuu
-
mula tton witnb
time above the
etecte freld plates , tne
chan9es caung t n e
CurenT usplacement
usplacemenot
ne Tate o f
change f ete
s calLe d as otric u tensi7
olens?t
spla ce ment
curent?
splacement Curest
densty s tne quantty
datde fted as tne Tate2
tne elec t e
chan9 of D
dusplacement fie ld

Ot
Delarnmine the
the Expressions fo) ncons?s tiny o 4mpers laso.
trom Mauwells csucrtion derived from sAmpere's (aw

curl o ony
oy he Vettor dentrly ie, the divergene c
Vettoy field s deniallty zero

y-o>O
cuvYent esuotion
d
Actoding to continuty

dt
ble
n odeY to ma . competa
x- +
entt on both Sides
Appy diverg
7dentite
=o l'veto
T+o7d

( - ) : Pom es
®
-

vD» RJ
VTd ( )

T
cuwent oensity
displo comeit
 fom e_

dt
f6n time
ThiS euotim s called maul ne eguatlon
derivedtiom the
Aelds m differential fom and
lavying
laco.
nonsistnty o h e avmpov e's

Why Ampre's law is

ieo in consistunt? Intgra
Jacw the tne înúgra
to #mpere iru?t
According s egual to
aroud any closed path
of mametic field B
Hente, impeve
tuvrent enclosed by that closed ath.
total
it doesnt provide
Continu
7y
lat is ambiguous as

to torvend palh
heve s
Ampere's law 1s valis only cwhen
cuvvent or electrosta-tic flun through
a steady flos e
remains consered, but at time o
aa closed Surface
vemain constant
dis charge the flu daesnot
chavge or

hee 15 no steady state

Con ser ved or current
when displocament
5o mpaere's lau fais theve, conseedo
renains ConSered
flun remains
Plun
considered hen he
s also
C
c oo
ndd it
tio
onn.
.
stote
we get steady
di#fevendial and ifeg1al
eguation nboth
TDisccss Manuell3
firal form
MaMwell's Egeiations

)Dlerential form

8 n t gral form
 Differeial form anugval form
Name ol_law
hauss s law v.D f v Dds-fevdv-

ravacloy's laus VXE

fouss law o
magneti

XH J +dD
ompere's law

fret Spa ond H- 5o cos(100ot-5ybM

b. An
. An antenna Tadious n
luloh w ond B.
Alm Ca

Given doto Alm

H= 50 cos (tboot-54)ád.

General Ezuaticn
A[m
By)an.
WHoCo{wt-
On comparirg;
Cwl0oorad, 3-5.

Calcu lau Td, ?

V/m:
t!
(st-so)ay

a S n tree
space, Ez 20os
Gven
2 0 cos (ust- 5on)áy
cuvent Densty
Ps plo coment

Jt
 son
Euos-poo) t| o0
EPCn09-90)uiS T
o (os-o)us
Eoo-9m)ds 0o02xA
Eoos-kog-1m) uis- O2XA
+(o-0) 2p-O-4)kb
0-cos- Po)so) oc) "E)E
CH Pam-
maN
7uis.tti
d ho (Kog-m
xoE-
IKG8-8
a!s
fo (hoG -1m)
a s 93.m a - P
ro (kog-2)
03 -PL
o ( o s - Jm)ai-J°6
b) hvit Maxuwe l1l's ezuatioms tnto coovd statmont
Maxuell S Equalion-)
staus that he iverGente of
The mawwele_uation
cho vg@
volume
density is esuol to the
elecdvic
electic flu
de nsTty

Matues esuatiom2 closed

closed
enpremerging
4rom any
flud
net
n et magnetit
The
75 3@ro.
Surfate
VB-oGo -ds-o

the
Hovell's &guation-3 e_ual to the
esual
intnsy is
inunsity
electic held
Cul e flun densidy
tlu id
The of
magneic

time devi vative

minus o

Mawwel's eguotion-
esuol to the conobehion
conatehoy
Aeld intnsity
s
The tvrl o mognetic
of the
elrttnc
derivative
and time
Cuvet denSity
disploumert uwent density.

t
Ta Prove that one Motwel equation s VXE=dBldt.
ma
The emf nduad by the time vavying tuvertt
duu bb
emf. 3t s
Stotionavy loop
?s (olle d t r a n s f o r m a
the transtorme oction
the
consio Fovoday's law

Apply stokos the or em

o A d l / v r A . d s

ds,then
Sides with vespert to
both
Drlerertiati

dt
tme vavying EM field
Th)s s t h e maxuell's esuartion fo
lust-10o)ay tlm. calula
a E.
nree Spoce , tHz1o Sin
Cven
Amn
A 10Sn ast- loov) aý

n roe spou 3-o

VxH=

osin (wt-loon) O
 yytt dx (o)- lo-o) +á3/losin wt lco)-

xH 16sin (CoHooM) o3
cos (wt-loo M) -1oo) dz
XH lo

-o (ut-loo) 03
x cos

Eo E--io cos (wt- to) 0

t

ccs (st-1bo) 0

on both Sides
anagnotu

E f cos Cut-l0oM)odt ó7

stn sintwt-lcs)1o
.

Sin Ctot-o a3
Eo w

Montwel% esuation s
vxH- +J
10
hat one ol the
aProve
field
foo staie eM
XH=J O
vectoon field 9s
vecto is
of he Cur
turl dany
any
Burt the aiver qen
dentically gero ie

divergena on both 5ids e g O

spoly

fvorm es@,
7(vxH)- 0 =
V >
of cuvent eun
Acuordhiny to the tot ineuity
 timo
Afr Comparing e f egae Intompatiblo fon
Vayi iels
trms ie
dn ovder to make tomjalabe ald seme

xH-T+ Jd
to os0 on both Sides
APPy dive gente
7vXH)= WJ t+ VId =0

Sub s in e e O

0t
to Gaun latw D- Pv >D
Actoding
subi n

-
Sub esD in

xH +
esuation6o
tie \aryig tieks.
1arying tielis.
manuall"d
This fs allud
C-80 Cos (50ot -82)an
in r u Spau and
b.n arntnna radiaths
ad B.
cal ulat w

Gven 5oot- 82Jax V/m

E = 80 cos(

n gene ral
(ut A) ax
:bo Cos
-

On comporing
w500TOd, B-X.