DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS

TIMOTEO PAEZ INTEGRATED HIGH SCHOOL

Younger; St. Balut, Tondo, Manila

TIMOTEO PAEZ INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Younger St, Balut, Tondo, Manila

T.paez Highschool

A research proposal

The Effect of Drug Abuse to the Youth

Submitted to:

Mrs. Joy Silvertino Mendoza

Submitted by:

Torres, Cian Cassidy L.

Grade 10 - Atienza

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I want to thank God, the Almighty, for showering me with blessings

throughout my research work, allowing me to successfully complete the research. I'd like to

express my heartfelt appreciation to my teacher, Ma'am Joy, and Sir MJ, for providing me with

the opportunity to conduct research and for providing invaluable guidance throughout this

process. Their dynamism, vision, sincerity, and motivation have left an indelible impression on

me. They taught me the methodology for conducting research and presenting the findings as

clearly as possible. Working and studying under his supervision was a great privilege and honor.

I am deeply grateful for what they have provided for me. I'd also like to thank them for their

advice, empathy, and wonderful sense of humor. I'd like to express my heartfelt gratitude to

myself for accepting and persevering with this research. I am grateful to my parents for their

love, prayers, care, and sacrifices in educating and preparing me for the future. Finally, I want to

thank my uncle for providing me with tips and advice that helped me turn this research into an

overwhelmingly impressive piece of work.

DEDICATION

This work is cheerfully and proudly dedicated to the people who serve as an inspiration

thanks to the researcher's efforts. This work is sincerely and proudly dedicated to those that

inspire us. In the midst of the problems, parents and guardians, as well as classmates and friends,

extended their aid. Timoteo Paez Integrated High School, Balut Tondo, Manila, faculty and staff

Above all, we thank our Almighty God for providing us with the strength, courage, patience,

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wisdom, time, and guidance we needed to complete this endeavor. Above all, we thank our

Almighty God for showering us with His blessings in our daily lives, especially for the strength,

courage, patience, wisdom, time, and guidance in carrying out this work.

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Tables

Table 1 (Demographic Characteristic of the Respondents) ………………………………...... 17

Table 2 (Commonly Abused Substances among Adolescents) ………………….……........... 17

Table 3 (Reasons for Drug abuse among Adolescents) ………………………………............. 18

Table 4 (Relationship between Parental Status and Drug Abuse among the Adolescents)

………………………………………………………………….…………………………….... 19

Table 5 (Multiple Regression Analysis Results on Factors Associated with Drug abuse)

………………………………...................................................................................................... 19

Figures

Figure 1 (Conceptual Framework) ………………………….………………………………...... 7

Figure 2 (Past-Year Use of Various Drugs by 12th Graders (Percent) 2020)

………………………………………………………………….………………….……............. 15

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ABSTRACT

Drug misuse has become a global issue that any responsible administration, in both wealthy and

developing countries, must address. Poor economic conditions have resulted in increased youth

unemployment, a political crisis, ethno-religious conflict, ineffective government policies to

implement the real youth empowerment program, and youth living in abject poverty, all of which

have contributed to the rise of epidemic substance abuse issues. In many countries, the National

Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA, 2015) identified kids as the most affected by drug

misuse. Some observers estimate that between 50 and 60 percent of young people use drugs,

either orally or through injections, resulting in a variety of social offenses. Primary data from

some selected communities in various countries, and secondary data to be collected from various

relevant publications The study has the following findings: Most of the drug abusers are cross-

gender, both males and females, with an age range of 15–40. Frustration, poverty, and a lack of

properly adopted laws to empower young people are the leading causes of drug misuse among

youth. According to the study, the government and society should develop a strategy to attack

the root causes of drug abuse, such as supply points, purchasing areas, and some abuse centers

within the community, which should be seriously guided and controlled by relevant government

agencies and the larger community.

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 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Background

This chapter includes the Introduction/Background of the Study, Significance of the Study

Theoretical Framework, Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Definition of Terms Scope and

Limitation of the Study

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the most preventable major public health concerns is adolescent substance usage

and its frequently devastating effects, including addiction. It is common for adolescents to

experiment with alcohol and drugs. Unfortunately, teenagers frequently fail to recognize the

connection between their actions today and the consequences that will follow. They also have a

tendency to believe they are invincible and immune to the problems that others face. As a result,

some people have used the functional perspective to investigate the reasons given by young

people for using psychoactive substances. The cases of the use of drug abuse have increased

among the youths. a rise in crime, school abandonment, inconsistency, and exam failure These

factors fueled the need to learn more about the frequency and patterns of psychoactive substance

use among teens.

People in our society are known to have experienced challenges that prompted them to

devise various ways to deal with them and live successfully within the boundaries of societal

normative ideals. While some people seek relief through legal means, others turn to illegal and

hazardous methods such as taking narcotics or psychotropic substances to the point of addiction.

According to Edum (2006), adolescents in our society are not immune to this, as they are

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influenced by peer groups, while others do so due to the easy availability of abused substances.

Others also watch television and films, while others read books, and some try to experiment to

see what the effects are like. The effects of various psychoactive substances differ depending on

their mechanism of action, the amount consumed, and the user's history, among other factors.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Many unhealthy behaviors start during adolescence and pose significant public health

challenges. Substance abuse has a major impact on people, families, and communities because its

effects compound, contributing to costly social, physical, and mental health problems. We

conducted a review of systematic reviews to assess the effectiveness of interventions to prevent

adolescent substance abuse. Therefore, the study reveals the frequency, pattern, and types, as

well as the sources of psychoactive substances used by young people. It will also reveal the

qualities of drug users and the issues that young people face because of drug abuse. These

discoveries are essential because they will aid in understanding the overall social, academic, and

drug issues students and young people face. Future researchers on the topic will benefit from the

findings of this study because they will build on the study's strengths and limitations. And the

study's findings may encourage them to form anti-psychoactive substance use clubs and

associations. These groups' activities can reach a wider audience and help to reduce the threat of

substance abuse. The current study will undoubtedly pique people's interest in further research.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

(Figure 1: Conceptual Framework, n.d.)

According to this concept substance misuse is becoming a more widespread socio-medical

issue around the world. The current study looks at fifteen socio-demographic variables of

substance abusers and compares them to non-abusers. The findings indicate that substance abuse

is primarily a problem among young and adolescent males. (Mohammadpoorasl et al., 2012)

While the Social cultural beliefs can influence how people approach and behave when it comes

to substance use and abuse. Individuals' expectations about potential problems associated with

drug use are heavily influenced by culture. This may provide a protective factor for many social

groups. (Abbott & Chase, 2008) Economic factors influencing drug abuse and alcohol

consumption are costly to our society and, if left untreated, place a strain on our workplace,

healthcare system, and communities. Several studies and publications have shown that substance

misuse has a negative impact on corporate productivity and competitiveness, as well as increases

workplace injuries and absenteeism. (Office Of National Drug Control Policy, 2009) The social

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and economic costs of youth substance abuse is significant. They are the result of financial losses

and distress suffered by victims of alcohol and drug-related crimes; increased burdens for

adolescent and young adult support who are unable to become self-sufficient; and increased

demand for medical and other treatment services for these youth (Gropper, 1985).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

More than 39% of youth under the age of 18 were under the influence of drugs at the time

of their current offense. More than 57% had used a drug in the previous month.

Young people who sold and used drugs were more likely to commit crimes than those who

only sold or used drugs. Heavy drug users were more likely than nonusers to commit property

crimes, and drug-trafficking youth reported higher rates of crimes against people.

HYPOTHESIS

The hypotheses of the study are:

H0: Young people are unaffected by drug abuse.

H1: Drug abuse has an impact on young people.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The terms used in this study are characterized operationally for better grasping of the

understanding by the readers.

1. Crime – this refers to an unlawful act that is punishable by the state or another authority. In

modern criminal law, there is no simple and universally accepted definition of crime, though

statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes.

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2. Youth – this refers to the period of one's life when one is young, and it frequently refers to the

period between childhood and adulthood.

3. Absenteeism – this refers to an absence from work that exceeds what is reasonable and

customary due to vacation, personal time, or the occurrence of illness.

4. Adolescence – this refers to a stage of physical and psychological development that generally

occurs between puberty and adulthood.

5. Psychoactive Substances – this refers to a chemical that alters nervous system function and

causes changes in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.

6. Intervention – this refers to the act of interfering with the outcome or course of an event,

most notably a condition or process (as to prevent harm or improve functioning).

7. Tendency – this refers to a probability distribution's central or typical value.

8. Mental Health – this refers to an emotional, psychological, and social well-being are all

components of mental health. It has an impact on cognition, perception, and behavior.

9. Systematic reviews – this refers to a type of review that collects and analyzes secondary data

using repeatable analytical methods. Systematic reviews are a type of evidence synthesis in

which broad or narrow research questions are developed and data that is directly related to the

systematic review question is identified and synthesized.

10. Demo-graphic factors – this refers to the study of a population based on factors such as age,

race, and gender. These are referred to as demographic factors. Demographic data is a statistical

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representation of socioeconomic information such as employment, education, income, marriage

rates, birth and death rates, and so on.

11. Sociocultural factors – this refers to an influence that are broader scale elements that

influence beliefs, feelings, and behaviors within cultures and communities.

12. Economic factors – this refers to an economic element is something that has the potential to

affect or influence someone's financial situation. Education, employment status, and income are

among them.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research focused on the primary factors that affect the youth in becoming addicted to

drugs. The purpose of this study was to look into how drug misuse affects young people. The

researcher concentrated on drug addiction among youths and used the latest studies and research

to provide an explanation or solution to the problem. The topics that were discussed are about the

reasons and causes that lead youths to drug addiction, the increase in drug usage among youths,

and how they are affected by becoming addicted to drug use. The problem was focused on drugs

and determining the fundamental causes. This study will not look into the more complex aspects

that influence youth drug usage. It is discussed in this research report regarding what young

people do to become drug addicts.

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 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Addictions to psychoactive substances and drug abuse are becoming more common among

young people around the world. Most teenagers are Teen drug use and misuse can be influenced

by a variety of factors. First-time use is frequently observed in social settings with readily

available substances such as alcohol and cigarettes. Insecurities or a desire for social acceptance

may drive continued use. Teenagers may believe they are invincible and fail to consider the

consequences of their actions, leading them to take dangerous drug risks. (Mayo Clinic, 2019)

Collected data on drug use and abuse from schools; records of patients admitted to mental

health institutions for drug problems; and an interview with a young person arrested for drug

offenses. The findings revealed that youths are a high-risk group for drug abuse. Friends and

classmates account for roughly 90% of the sources of influence in the use and abuse of various

psychoactive substances. Although alcohol and cigarettes are legal in some countries, they have

both been shown to cause physical harm to human bodies. Tobacco use has been linked to 90%

of lung cancer, 30% of all cancers, and 80% of other chronic lung diseases (Sale 2008). Aside

from these health implications, Stephen (2010) claims that alcohol and cigarettes are "gateway

drugs" to more potent psychoactive drugs such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. The character

of the youth in any community, society, state, or nation is linked to the future of that place, area,

or locality. "Youth are the leaders of tomorrow," it is also said. As a result, responsible youth in a

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society indicate a responsible and brighter future for that society, and vice versa. The use of

psychoactive substances is the order of the day in this state, as evidenced by an increase in

various types of crimes; failures at examinations; dropping out of school; and poor performance

in all aspects of life, among other things.

The desire to investigate the prevalence and pattern of psychoactive substance use among

youths motivates and encourages the reasons. People in our society are known to have faced

problems that compelled them to take various measures in order to deal with them and live

successfully within the confines of societal normative values. While some people seek solace in

legal means, others resort to illegal and unhealthy means, such as the abuse of drugs or

psychoactive substances, which leads to addiction. According to Edum (2006), adolescents in

our society are not immune to this, as they are influenced by peer groups, while others do so due

to the easy availability of the abused substances, while others watch television and films, and

some read books, and thus try to experiment to experience the effects.

The effects of various psychoactive substances differ depending on their mechanism of

action, the amount consumed, and the user's history, among other factors. Therefore, I conclude

that drug use among youths in different countries has increased for a variety of reasons other

than the cause of the use has been established and the government should take action as soon as

possible.

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 Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED

In this study, the researchers used a secondary data analysis which is a method of using an existing

research data to obtain a different solution to a topic than the original work. Hence, I used related studies

and articles to determine the effects and outcomes of drug abuse among youths. By using this technique, I

can also gather data from various sources was compared, normalized, and analyzed to determine whether

or not drug use among youths had increased.

POPULATION SAMPLES

I did not conduct a survey or use any other methods. As a result, I investigated the population

percentile of drug use among youths. Early drug abuse is linked to later-life substance abuse

problems, and the most significant increases in destructive behavior appear to occur in older

teens and young adults. And there is seem to be a 61% of drug use among 8th graders 2016 and

2020.

INSTRUMENTS USED

In this research, I used secondary data analysis because I did not use a paper questionnaire or a

computer-assisted interviewing system. Case Studies, Checklists, Interviews, Observations, and

Surveys or Questionnaires to collect data.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

I used secondary data analysis in the data gathering

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DATA PROCESSING AND STATISTICAL STATEMENT

In the United States, 2.08 million, or 8.33 percent, of 12- to 17-year-olds report using drugs in

the previous month.

Among them, 83.88 percent said they had used marijuana in the previous month.

In the previous month, 591,000 teenagers aged 12 to 17 used an illicit drug other than marijuana.

8.7 percent of eighth graders had used illegal drugs in the previous month.

Twenty-one percent of eighth-graders have tried illegal drugs at least once.

By the time they reach the 12th grade, 46.6 percent of teenagers have tried illegal drugs.

In the previous month, 11.89 million 18-to 25-year-olds used drugs.

In one year, 4,777 Americans aged 15 to 24 died as a result of an illicit drug overdose.

One-fifth of overdose deaths occur between the ages of 15 and 24. (National Center for Drug

Abuse Statistics, 2019)

Substance use disorder and substance use treatment major depressive episode and

depression care serious psychological distress, mental illness, and mental health care The data

provide estimates of substance use and mental illness at the national, state, and substate levels.

NSDUH data also aid in determining the extent of substance use and mental illness among

various subgroups, estimating trends over time, and determining the need for treatment services.

(Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2017)

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 Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data

data presentation

(Teen Drug Abuse: Warning Signs, Statistics, and Facts, 2016)

The most commonly abused substances by teenagers are alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco.

Almost 34% of high school seniors admit to having consumed alcohol in the previous month.

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Marijuana is also commonly abused by teenagers. In 1991, approximately 15% of high school

students admitted to using marijuana within the previous 30 days. In 2019, approximately 22%

said they had. Almost 37% of high school students have previously used marijuana.

Electronic cigarettes have been the most popular form of tobacco among teenagers since 2014. In

this age group, e-cigarettes outnumber traditional cigarettes by a factor of four. One in every five

high school students has used an e-cigarette in the previous month. According to the CDC,

another 5% smoke cigarettes.

Teens commonly abuse the following street drugs:

Approximately 4% of high school students have ever used cocaine.

Only about 2% have ever used heroin, methamphetamine, or steroids without a doctor's

prescription.

Approximately 6.5 percent of teenagers have used inhalants like sniffing glue or inhaling paint.

Approximately 7% have used hallucinogens such as LSD and PCP.

Some teens continue to abuse prescription and over-the-counter medications.

Approximately 5% of teenagers have abused ADHD medications such as Ritalin or Adderall.

About 2.5 percent of teenagers are using OxyContin, a prescription pain reliever, on an

increasing basis.

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Approximately 3% of teenagers have used over-the-counter cough syrup or other cold

medications to get high or drunk.

Table 1. Demographic Characteristic of the Respondents

Variables Have you ever used any drug?

< 15 years 16 20 years 21 25 Yes (n =361) No (n=119) P – Value
years
Status of parent 18 (52.9) 145 16 (47.1) P<0.05
Yes, both (65.0) 198 (88.8) 78(42.2) 25
Yes, both (11.2)
No

Current Status 86 (71.1) 30 (28.9) P < 0.001

Still in school Finished 173 (79.7) 44 (20.3)
studies Dropped out of 56 (66.7) 28 (33.3)
school Never went to school 46 (73.00) 17 (27.0)

Table 1 indicates that out of 100 respondents, 94 agreed that they had once or severally used one,

two or more different types of drugs; 19 indicated that they had never used drugs in their

lifetime. This formed a percentage of 19% and 81% respectively has being engage in drugs abuse

Table 2. Commonly Abused Substances among Adolescents

Types of Drugs Never Used (%) 0 Tried once (%) 1 Used Sometimes Often used (%) 3
(%) 2
Alcohol 36.5 37.6 25.3 0.6
Cigarette 24.8 41.3 26.1 7.8
Cocaine 99.4 0.4 0.2 0.0
Heroin 98.7 0.7 0.6 0.6
Marijuana 13.1 48.2 22.7 16.0
(Ganye)
Aspirin, Codeine 26.3 36.0 24.2 13.5
Glue & other 21.2 46.5 23.9 8.4
inhalants

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 Non-Prescribed
Cough Mixture & 19.9 46.4 26.1 7.6
Depressants

Table 2 shows the different types of substances and how they are used by adolescents in the

study area. According to the table, 48.2 percent of those who have used drugs have tried

marijuana once, and 46.5 percent have tried glue and other inhalants once. Another 46.4 percent

had tried over-the-counter cough syrup and other depressants once. However, less than 1% of

those polled have ever tried cocaine or heroin. Approximately 41% and 38% of them have tried

cigarettes, and 38% have tried alcohol. The majority of respondents (16%) have frequently used

marijuana (16%), aspirin and codeine (13.5%), glue and other inhalants (8.4%), cigarettes

(7.8%), nonprescribed cough mixture, and other depressants (7.6 percent). However, none of the

respondents regularly used cocaine or heroin (Table 2).

Table 3. Reasons for Drug abuse among Adolescents

Reason for Drug Abuse Frequency Percentage

Motivation 40 11.1
Reduce stress 52 14.4
Build-up self-esteem 21 5.8
Ability to increase performance 42 11.6
Provide esoteric insights in the 31 8.6
nature of self and 31 8.6 the
world of reality
Poverty and unemployment 33 9.1
Frustration 17 4.7
Hedonism 26 7.2
Reduce fear 34 9.4
Sense of euphoria 21 5.8
Relaxation prior to social event 44 12.2

The above table shows youth involvement in drug abuse, and they ideally mentioned stress

reduction as a reason for using drugs. 12.1 percent used drugs to unwind before social events,

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and 11.1 percent used drugs to motivate themselves. However, only a small percentage (4.7

percent) of them cited frustration as a reason for their drug use.

Table 4. Relationship between Parental Status and Drug Abuse among the Adolescents

Parental status Drug Abuse Frequency Mean SD

Living with none of the 39 1.06 3.20
parents
Living with one parent 108 0.69 2.40
Living with both parent 214 0.63 2.14
F2, 358 = 7.903, p =.001

Table 4 shows a statistically significant relationship between the various categories of parental

status and drug abuse exposure (F (2, 358) = 7.903, p =.00). Those who reported living without

any of their parents had the highest score (M = 1.06, SD = 3.20), followed by those who reported

living with at least one of their parents (M = 69, SD = 2.40). Those who stated that they lived

with both parents received the lowest scores (M =.63, SD = 2.14).

Table 5. Multiple Regression Analysis Results on Factors Associated with Drug abuse

Factors Regression Standard Error Regression P value

Unstandardized Coefficient(b) Standardized (SE) Coefficient(B)
Stress .013 .027 -.032 .037
Peer Drug use .491 .129 317 .047
Depression .027 .025 -.01 .036
Self-esteem -.278 .053 -.005 .050
Unemployment .273 .178 .08 .048
Poverty .267 .023 .89 .046
R 2 = 94

Table 5 displays the results of multiple regression of the independent variables (stress, peer drug

use, depression, self-esteem, unemployment, and poverty) and the dependent variable (drug

abuse). The findings revealed a significant relationship between each of the independent

variables and the dependent variable (drug abuse).

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 Chapter 5

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The researcher discovered the consequences and explanations of adolescent drug addiction

in this study. The majority of drug users are males and girls between the ages of 15 and 40.

Frustration, poverty, and a lack of adequately implemented legislation to empower young people

are the major causes of youth drug addiction. Unfortunately, substance misuse and addiction can

result from this experimentation. According to statistics, teen drug addiction is on the rise. In

addition to cocaine, Ecstasy, and other club drugs, a recent Monitoring the Future Study found

that the top six most abused drugs by teens are marijuana (31.5 percent), Vicodin (9.7 percent),

amphetamines (8.1 percent), cough medicine (6.9 percent), and sedatives and tranquilizers (6.6

percent each). Without treatment, the effects of teen drug abuse can have serious consequences

now and well into adulthood. Drug-abusing teenagers are more prone to developing an addiction

later in life and to suffering lasting and irreparable brain damage. Drug abuse can have serious

health consequences at any age, but teens who use drugs are particularly vulnerable. Emotional

issues lead to drug misuse that can create or disguise emotional problems such as anxiety,

despair, mood swings, suicidal thoughts, and schizophrenia.

Unfortunately, substance abuse can exacerbate the severity of these mental issues. Indeed,

34.6 percent of teenagers suffering from severe depression report using drugs. Unfortunately,

substance abuse can exacerbate the severity of these mental issues. Teenagers who use marijuana

on a weekly basis, for example, have a two-fold increased risk of despair and anxiety.

Adolescents who use drugs are more likely to experience social issues, sadness, suicidal

thoughts, and violence. Those who abuse drugs are more likely than teens who do not abuse

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drugs to participate in delinquent behaviors such as fighting and stealing, according to a recent

poll by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Addiction and

dependence Research shows that the younger a person starts using drugs, the more likely they are

to develop a substance abuse problem and relapse later in life. Teenagers who use drugs are five

times more likely to have sex than teens who do not use drugs. Teenagers who use drugs are also

more likely to engage in unprotected sex and sex with strangers. This increases the likelihood of

STDs, teen pregnancy, and sexual assault. Drug usage impairs both short-term and long-term

memory, which can lead to learning and memory issues later in life. Teenagers who use needles

to consume drugs are more likely to contract blood-borne infections. (Jeff Johnson, 2018)

CONCLUSIONS

Because of the growing number of kids engaging in this poor attitude of drug misuse by both

male and female youth ranging in age from 13 to 40, the issue of drug abuse has become a severe social

problem affecting both the social lives of the youth. However, the bad news in these stories is the rise in

female participation in drug usage, even though some of these women are students and married women,

whereas in the 1990s, women were not real participants in this terrible attitude. Substance abuse and

criminality are closely linked, locating substance-abusing kids in the juvenile justice system is a critical

first step in intervening in both their substance misuse and delinquent behavior. Drug detection strategies,

along with appropriate interventions, can help to avoid further drug use and delinquency. Drug testing

might be a helpful tool for young people who are denying their substance addiction. Drug testing can be

used as part of intervention to assist youth in achieving and maintaining recovery, as well as to reduce

other deviant behaviors. Effective drug detection will eventually assist juvenile justice agencies in

achieving the aims of a balanced strategy, which include community protection, youth accountability, and

competency development. (Conclusions and Recommendations, n.d.)

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RECOMMENDATIONS

• The government should implement policies that promote It would also address the issue of

increased drug availability. within society.

• Parents and society as a whole would take extra safeguards to keep track of them. wards and

children's). The government should create ample jobs. There are opportunities for young people

to become self-sufficient.

• The government should fund rehabilitation. facilities for mentally ill drug addicts.

• Moral issues must be addressed in the educational curriculum. students' preparation to become

highly qualified. discipline and grow into valuable members of the social structure

Interventions should be tailored to individual case plans and age-appropriate for the youth's

developmental stage. Drug testing in probation agencies should be done on a regular and random

basis to detect and deter continued substance abuse.

There should be a well-defined rationale and procedure for selecting youth to participate in the

program.

All youth entering a detention center should be screened. All youth may be screened for

probation programs, but it is usually more cost-effective to limit ongoing tests to those found to

have a substance abuse problem. (Conclusions and Recommendations, n.d.)

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