SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS

The above two equations gives the stress and strain relationship for the two-dimensional
stress system. In the above equations, tensile stress is taken to be positive whereas the
compressive stress negative.
1.9.3. For Three-Dimensional Stress System. Fig. 1.5 (b) shows a three-dimensional
body subjected to three orthogonal normal stresses σ1, σ2, σ3 acting in the directions of x, y
and z respectively.
Consider the strains produced by each stress Y
σ2
separately.
The stress σ1 will produce strain in the direction of
x and also in the directions of y and z. The strain in the
σ σ1
direction of x will be 1 whereas the strains in the direction
E
σ
of y and z will be – µ 1 . σ3 X
E
σ
Similarly the stress σ2 will produce strain 2 in Z
E
σ Fig. 1.5 (b)
the direction of y and strain of – µ 2 in the direction of x
E
and y each.
σ σ
Also the stress σ3 will produce strain 3 in the direction of z and strain of – µ × 3 in
E E
the direction of x and y.
σ σ σ
Total strain in the direction of x due to stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3 = 1 − µ 2 − µ 3 .
E E E
Similarly total strains in the direction of y due to stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3
σ2 σ σ
= −µ 3 −µ 1
E E E
and total strains in the direction of z due to stresses σ1, σ2 and σ3
σ3 σ σ
= −µ 1 −µ 2
E E E
Let e1, e2 and e3 are total strains in the direction of x, y and z respectively. Then
σ1 σ σ
e1 = −µ 2 −µ 3 ...[1.7 (H)]
E E E
σ2 σ σ
e2 = −µ 3 −µ 1 ...[1.7 (I)]
E E E
σ3 σ σ
and e3 = −µ 1 −µ 2 ...[1.7 (J)]
E E E
The above three equations give the stress and strain relationship for the three orthogonal
normal stress system.
Problem 1.1. A rod 150 cm long and of diameter 2.0 cm is subjected to an axial pull of
20 kN. If the modulus of elasticity of the material of the rod is 2 × 105 N/mm2 ; determine :
(i) the stress,
(ii) the strain, and
(iii) the elongation of the rod.

9
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Sol. Given : Length of the rod, L = 150 cm

Diameter of the rod, D = 2.0 cm = 20 mm
π
∴ Area, A= (20)2 = 100π mm2
4
Axial pull, P = 20 kN = 20,000 N
Modulus of elasticity, E = 2.0 × 105 N/mm2
(i) The stress (σ) is given by equation (1.1) as
P 20000
σ= = = 63.662 N/mm2. Ans.
A 100π
(ii) Using equation (1.5), the strain is obtained as
σ
E= .
e
σ 63.662
∴ Strain, e= = = 0.000318. Ans.
E 2 × 10 5
(iii) Elongation is obtained by using equation (1.2) as
dL
e= .
L
∴ Elongation, dL = e × L
= 0.000318 × 150 = 0.0477 cm. Ans.
Problem 1.2. Find the minimum diameter of a steel wire, which is used to raise a load
of 4000 N if the stress in the rod is not to exceed 95 MN/m2.
Sol. Given : Load, P = 4000 N
Stress, σ = 95 MN/m2 = 95 × 106 N/m2 (∵ M = Mega = 106)
= 95 N/mm2 (∵ 106 N/m2 = 1 N/mm2)
Let D = Diameter of wire in mm
π 2
∴ Area, A= D
4
Load P
Now stress = =
Area A
4000 4000 × 4 4000 × 4
95 = = or D2 = = 53.61
π 2 π D2 π × 95
D
4
∴ D = 7.32 mm. Ans.
Problem 1.3. Find the Young’s Modulus of a brass rod of diameter 25 mm and of
length 250 mm which is subjected to a tensile load of 50 kN when the extension of the rod
is equal to 0.3 mm.
Sol. Given : Dia. of rod, D = 25 mm
π
∴ Area of rod, A = (25)2 = 490.87 mm2
4
Tensile load, P = 50 kN = 50 × 1000 = 50,000 N
Extension of rod, dL = 0.3 mm
Length of rod, L = 250 mm

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 SIMPLE STRESSES AND STRAINS

Stress (σ) is given by equation (1.1), as

P 50,000
σ= = = 101.86 N/mm2.
A 490.87
Strain (e) is given by equation (1.2), as
dL 0.3
e= = = 0.0012.
L 250
Using equation (1.5), the Young’s Modulus (E) is obtained, as
Stress 101.86 N/mm 2
E= = = 84883.33 N/mm2
Strain 0.0012
= 84883.33 × 106 N/m2. Ans. (∵ 1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2)
9 2 2
= 84.883 × 10 N/m = 84.883 GN/m . Ans. (∵ 109 = G)
Problem 1.4. A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data was
obtained from the test :
(i) Diameter of the steel bar = 3 cm
(ii) Gauge length of the bar = 20 cm
(iii) Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
(iv) Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
(v) Maximum load = 380 kN
(vi) Total extension = 60 mm
(vii) Diameter of the rod at the failure = 2.25 cm.
Determine : (a) the Young’s modulus, (b) the stress at elastic limit,
(c) the percentage elongation, and (d) the percentage decrease in area.
π 2 π
Sol. Area of the rod, A= D = (3)2 cm2
4 4
LM∵ FG 1 mIJ 2
PPO
= 7.0685 cm2 = 7.0685 × 10–4 m2.
MN
cm 2 =
H 100 K Q
(a) To find Young’s modulus, first calculate the value of stress and strain within elastic
limit. The load at elastic limit is given but the extension corresponding to the load at elastic
limit is not given. But a load of 150 kN (which is within elastic limit) and corresponding
extension of 0.21 mm are given. Hence these values are used for stress and strain within
elastic limit
Load 150 × 1000
∴ Stress = = N/m2 (∵ 1 kN = 1000 N)
Area 7.0685 × 10 −4
= 21220.9 × 104 N/m2
Increase in length (or Extension)
and Strain =
Original length (or Gauge length)
0.21 mm
= = 0.00105
20 × 10 mm
∴ Young’s Modulus,
Stress 21220.9 × 10 4
E= = = 20209523 × 104 N/m2
Strain 0.00105

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