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Haerledning Maxwel Hastighetsfoerdelning
Haerledning Maxwel Hastighetsfoerdelning
Assumption 1. The distributions of the components of the velocity are the same so that if
the velocity is denoted by v = (v1 ,v2 ,v3 ) with components v1 ,v2 , and v3 , then
f (vi ) = f1 (v1 ) = f2 (v2 ) = f3 (v3 ) .
Assumption 3. The distribution of the total velocity only depends on its magnitude so that
f (v1 ) f (v2 ) f (v3 )dv1dv2 dv3 = ϕ (v12 + v22 + v32 )dv1dv2 dv3 .
From these assumptions one can then derive the precise form of the functions f
and ϕ . We proceed to do this. All we need is the last equation to start.
df dϕ (u) ∂ u dϕ (u)
f (v2 ) f (v3 ) = = 2v1
dv1 du ∂ v1 du
df
f (v2 ) f (v3 ) dϕ (u)
dv1 2v1
= du
f (v1 ) f (v2 ) f (v3 ) ϕ
df dϕ (u)
dv1
= du
2v1 f (v1 ) ϕ
In this form it is clear that the expression on the left is only a function of v1 alone.
The expression on the right is a function of v1 , v2 , and v3 . This implies that these
expressions must be constant. Call the constant A. Thus, we get the following equation.
df
dv1
= 2Av1
f (v1 )
ln( f (v)) = Av 2 + B
2 2
f (v) = e B e Av = Ce Av
∫ Ce
− µ 2 v2
dv = 1
−∞
∞ ∞
π
∫e ∫e
− x2 − µ 2 v2
Using the fact that dx = π , one can easily see that dv = and
−∞ −∞
µ
µ
thus that we must have C = . This gives us the form of f.
π
µ − µ 2 v2
f (v) = e
π
This is a normal or Gaussian distribution with mean zero and standard deviation
1
.
2µ
2
µ3
ϕ (v12 + v22 + v32 ) = exp(− µ 2 (v12 + v22 + v32 ))
π 3
m
µ2 =
2kT
where m is the mass of the individual molecule of gas, T is the absolute temperature, and
k is Boltzmann’s constant. The velocity distribution varies only with temperature and the
mass of the molecule of gas.
To apply this to a specific gas, let us consider oxygen. The atomic weight of
oxygen is 16. The molecular weight of oxygen is 32 since two oxygen atoms bind
together in ordinary gaseous form. This gives us a value of
m
µ2 = = 7.096 × 10 −6 kg J
2kT
1
2πσ
(
exp − 12 ( ))
x−µ 2
σ
For oxygen at standard temperature the root mean square speed of oxygen
3p
molecules is determined to be 461 m s by a different derivation. It is given by
ρ
where p is standard atmospheric pressure and ρ is the density of our substance, in this
case oxygen, at standard temperature and pressure.