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DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Module 1
I. Title:
Emergence of the Social Sciences

II. Introduction:
Social science as a discipline came about as a result of the need to understand society that is evolving to
be ever more complex and multi-faceted. The scientific nature of the discipline makes it suitable in addressing
social issues that have not been encountered before.

III. Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Define Social Sciences as the study of society
2. Compare and contrast Social Sciences and Humanities
3. Connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations.

IV. Pre-test
A. TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct and F it is otherwise.
____1. The scientific method is a systematic approach in acquiring and explaining knowledge.
____2. The scientific method can only be used in the natural sciences.
____3. The scientific method starts with defining the problem and ends with the collection of data.
____4. Research design determines the type of data that will be used in the study and methodology that will
be used in the gathering and analyzing data.
____5. Research and the scientific method both aim to pursued the advancement of knowledge.
____6. Qualitative and quantitative research methods cannot be used at same time in the same research
problem.
____7. The meta – analysis research design evaluates and summarizes the result of other studies.
____8. A historical research design is applied to study a very particular research problem in order to test
whether a specific theory or model is applicable to real world issues or scenarios.
____9. An exploratory research aims to develop tentative theories or hypotheses on research problems that
are still in the preliminary stages of investigation.
____10. An experimental research described “what exists” with respect to the variables of a given situation
but may not be able to conclusively provide the answer to the question as to the “why”.

V. Discussion
Social Science

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Social Science - is concerned about society. It aims at understanding
Try visiting the link
all aspects of society as well as finding solutions to deal with social https://youtu.be/DSIdaTSG2Gg
problems. It is a broad area of knowledge and includes several An Animated Introduction to
Social Science
different disciplines under its domain.
By: Soomo Publishing

Social - relating to society and living together in an organized way

Science - the state of knowing or having knowledge

Social science - is, in its broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in which people behave and
influence the world around us.

Social science - tells us about the world beyond our immediate experience, and can help explain how our own
society works - from the causes of unemployment or what helps economic growth, to how and why people
vote, or what makes people happy. It provides vital information for governments and policymakers, local
authorities, non-governmental organizations and others. It is the study of society and the manner in which
people behave and influence the world around us. It can help explain how our own society works .

WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY SOCIAL SCIENCE?

Humans have an innate curiosity, and we are always fascinated

by other people. One of the most exciting reasons why you
should consider studying Social Sciences is that it can help you
have a deeper understanding of yourself and other people’s
behavior through psychology. What drives you to do a
particular thing? Looking outward, you can also have a grasp of
the society as a whole. Then, comprehend how collective
actions and behaviors form a culture through sociology and
anthropology.

Social phenomena also matter in less dramatic ways, but in ways that still make people’s lives profoundly
better or worse. Consider this partial list:
1. Families.
What makes families more or less successful? What makes
marriages more successful? What makes them fail? What are
the effects of divorce? Does it hurt the children of divorce? How
much, in what ways, and for how long? A medical doctor can
treat the effects of family dysfunction and divorce—say, with
anti-depressants or therapy and so on—but we can learn and
know more about how to prevent some of this dysfunction from doing social science.

2. Schools
What are effective means of educating children? What makes for
good teachers? How can we measure and evaluate teaching and
learning? How can we overcome inequalities in educational
achievement created by socioeconomic status and other factors?
The “hard” sciences and medicine might be able to help a bit here,
but these too are mostly questions for social science.

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3. Economies.
Fundamentally, what makes them grow or shrink? Few
things are as central to people’s quality of life as economic
prosperity. Here again, there is synergy with, say, medicine:
getting sick affects your ability to be economically
productive. But doctors are not going to be shed much light
on this question. Economists and other social scientists can.

4. Mass Media.
The information conveyed through mass media—cultural, political, and
otherwise—can profoundly influence how we understand the world.
How is that information produced? What are the incentives and norms
that govern media organizations? How does that information affect
people? How does that information help or hurt people—for example,
by dismantling or reinforcing stereotypes, or by mitigating or fomenting
outright violence? Social scientists spend a lot of time trying to figure
this out.

5. Attitudes.
Why do people develop particular attitudes about social and
political phenomena? How do those attitudes affect subsequent
behavior? Whether people like or dislike social groups, for
example, has an impact on the quality of life for those groups. So
we must understand the origins and evolution of attitudes like
prejudice.

SOCIAL SCIENCE VS NATURAL SCIENCE

Social science and Natural science are two subjects that differ from
each other in terms of their subject matter. Social science is any
study that is centered on society and its development. In short, it
refers to any subject that does not come under the gamut of natural
sciences.
Thus, social sciences include a variety of subjects such as
anthropology, education, economics, international relations,
political science, history, geography, psychology, law, criminology, and the like. Anthropology is a social
science that deals with the history of man. Human biology and humanities get covered too by the term
anthropology.

Economics is a social science that studies the various theories and problems
Try visiting the link
https://youtu.be/BiLj35g_c relating production of goods, distribution of goods and of course the
AU
What is social science? An
consumption of wealth. Physical geography and human geography are
animated overview covered by the term geography which is yet another social science. History
By: ESRC Social
is a social science that explores into the past human events.

On the other hand, natural sciences are the branches of science that go into the
details of the natural world by using scientific methods. It is important to know that
natural sciences employ scientific methods to go deep into details regarding natural

3|Page DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: Emergence of the Social Sciences // Module No. 1
 behavior and natural condition. This is the main difference between social science
and natural science.

ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology, “the science of humanity,” which studies human beings in aspects
ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of
society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Because of the diverse
subject matter it encompasses, anthropology has become, especially since the middle of the 20th century, a
collection of more specialized fields. Physical anthropology is the branch that concentrates on the biology and
evolution of humanity. Anthropology studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and
evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture.

ANTHROPOLOGY The term originates from two words in Greek:

• Anthropos meaning “man” as in “human being”
• Logos meaning “study”.

KEY CONCEPTS
Society and Culture - Culture and society are intricately related. A culture consists of the “objects” of a
society, whereas a society consists of the people who share a common culture. When the terms culture and
society first acquired their current meanings, most people in the world worked and lived in small groups in the
same locale

Evolution - Most anthropologists also believe that an evolution is the natural process by which new and more
complex organisms develop over time.

There are four main subdivisions (areas) in the study of Anthropology:

 Physical Anthropology
 Archeology
 Cultural Anthropology
 Linguistic Anthropology

Physical Anthropology
Physical anthropology is the branch that concentrates on the biology and evolution of humanity.  It is
discussed in greater detail in the article human evolution. Biological anthropology, also known as physical
anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human
beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominine ancestors. Physical anthropologists
focus on the evolution of human anatomy and physiology, rather than culture.

Archaeology - is the study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains. It is a subfield
of anthropology, the study of all human culture • Archaeology offers a unique perspective on human
history and culture.

Cultural anthropology - is a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among
humans and is in contrast to social anthropology which perceives cultural variation as a subset of the
anthropological constant. Cultural anthropologists study such topics as how people make their living, how
people interact with each other, what beliefs people hold, and what institution organize people in the
society . Cultural anthropology is distinguished by the research methods employed in the study of
human cultures. First among a wide suite of qualitative and quantitative methods is “participant
observation.
4|Page DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: Emergence of the Social Sciences // Module No. 1
 Linguistic Anthropology -It seeks to understand human language, written and non- written, spoken and
non-verbal. The study of how languages change over time is termed historical linguistics. Explores how
language shapes communication, forms social identity and group membership, organizes large-scale
cultural beliefs and ideologies, and develops a common cultural representation of natural and social
worlds.

History of Modern Anthropology

Evolutionary Theory
The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin's book "On the Origin of
Species" in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in
heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its
environment will help it survive and have more offspring.

VI. Assessment
A. Activity 1
Arrange Chronologically: Directions: Arrange the statement below (write 1 to 6 on the lines) following the
step – by – step procedure of the scientific method. Describe each statement in relation to the step it
represents in the scientific method.

___ 1. There is an increase in government funding toward information campaign that supports vaccination of
expectant mothers before and during the pregnancy.

___ 2. Mothers and care givers should have their doubt dispelled over the effectiveness and safety of the use
of vaccines.

___ 3. Do vaccines on pregnant women cause abnormalities and birth defects to their unborn babies?

___ 4. A survey by the Center for Disease Control last 2015 has revealed a 99% decrease in incidence of
diphtheria and measles among babies whose mother were vaccinated during their pregnancy.

___ 5. The target populations for National Immunization Survey are children who are or will be 19 to 35
months old within a few weeks of being selected participate in the survey.

___ 6. Vaccines help keep expectant mothers and their babies healthy.

B. Activity 2
Directions: Answer the following questions.

1. What are the difference between Social Science and Natural Science?
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2. What are the similarities of the social science and natural science?
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 __________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. What are the characteristics of natural sciences?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
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Sources:
 Dela Cruz, PhD., et.al.(2016). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences. Quezon City:The Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.
 Aguilar, M.A., et al.(2016) .Society ,Culture ,and Politics. Quezon City:The Phoenix Publishing House Inc.
 https://youtu.be/BiLj35g_cAU
 https://www.everyculture.com/Ge-It/India.html

PREPARED BY: MR. ALFREDO C. SANTOS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

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VII. Assessment

Analyzing Culture: Put yourself in the shoes of an anthropologist. Examine the photographs of artifacts and
other pieces of evidence in order to try and understand culture. Make a detailed description of the two
cultures based on your interpretation of the artifacts.

Culture I. Ancient India

__________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Culture II. Ancient Egypt

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________

PREPARED BY: MR. ALFREDO C. SANTOS

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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