TEXTO: 1 - Comum à questão: 1

FROM PARIS TO BERLIN

Public transport is increasingly becoming one of the most crucial forms of transport in
the world, with most major cities having a vast network connecting millions. But, for all
their perks and uses, they are often plagued with technical issues, delays and
overcrowding.

Now, researchers at the Polytechnic University of Turin have ranked the world’s largest
networks to find which move quickest and to identify the most sluggish.

Berlin and Paris take gold and silver, respectively, in a top ten list dominated by
European capital cities. Their average speed was found to be 6.2 and 5.8 km/h whereas
Mexico City, languishing at the bottom of the list with a docile 2.4km/h.

Only Melbourne (ten) and New York (eight) break up the European monopoly when it
comes to average travel velocity.

The study, published in Royal Society Open Science, found that London came out at
number seven.

The English capital fell behind Berlin, Paris, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Athens and Prague.
The top ten was rounded out by New York, Madrid and Melbourne.

The authors Indaco Biazzo, Bernardo Monechi and Vittorio Loreto write in the study:
“In the last decades, the acceleration of urban growth has led to an unprecedented level
of urban interactions and interdependence”.

“This situation calls for a significant effort among the scientific community to come up
with engaging and meaningful visualisations and accessible scenario simulation engines”.

“The present paper gives a contribution in this direction by providing general methods
to evaluate accessibility in cities based on public transportation data”.

Adapted from: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-

7399879/European-capital-cities-dominate-list-worlds-FASTEST-public-transport-
systems.html

Last access: August, 29, 2019.

Questão-01)

Qual alternativa abaixo contém um exemplo do uso do superlativo?

 a) “Public transport is increasingly becoming one of the most crucial forms of transport
(...)”.

b) “Now, researchers at the Polytechnic University of Turin have ranked the world’s
largest networks (...)”.

c) “(...) to come up with engaging and meaningful visualisations (...)”.

d) “(...) the acceleration of urban growth has led to an unprecedented level of urban
interactions (...)”.

e) “Their average speed was found to be 6.2 and 5.8 km/h (...)”.

Gab: B

TEXTO: 2 - Comum à questão: 2

Music therapy with cancer patients

1
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the 2 United States, in Germany and in
many other 3 industrialized countries. In 2007, about 12 million 4 people were diagnosed
with cancer worldwide with a 5 mortality rate of 7.6 million (American Cancer Society, 6
2007). In the industrial countries, the most commonly 7 diagnosed cancers in men are
prostate cancer, lung 8 cancer and colorectal cancer. Women are most 9 commonly
diagnosed with breast cancer, gastric 10 cancer and lung cancer.
11
The symptoms of cancer depend on the type of the 12 disease, but there are common
symptoms caused by 13 cancer and/or by its medical treatment (e.g., 14 chemotherapy and
radiation). Common physical 15 symptoms are pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, loss of 16
appetite, nausea (feeling sick, vomiting), dizziness, 17 limited physical activity, hair loss, a
sore mouth/throat 18 and bowel problems. Cancer also often causes 19 psychological
problems such as depression, anxiety, 20 mood disturbances, stress, insecurity, grief and 21
decreased self-esteem. This, in turn, can implicate 22 social consequences. Social isolation
can occur due to 23 physical or psychological symptoms (for example, 24 feeling too tired to
meet friends, cutting oneself off due 25 to depressive complaints).
26
Besides conventional pharmacological treatments 27 of cancer, there are treatments
to meet psychological 28 and physical needs of the patient. Psychological 29 consequences
of cancer, such as depression, anxiety 30 or loss of control, can be counteracted by 31
psychotherapy. For example, within cognitive therapy 32 cancer patients may develop
coping strategies to 33 handle the disease. Research indicates that music 34 therapy, which
is a form of psychotherapy, can have 35 positive effects on both physiological and
psychological 36 symptoms of cancer patients as well as in acute or 37 palliative situations.
38
There are several definitions of music therapy. 39 According to the World Federation
of Music Therapy 40 (WFMT, 1996), music therapy is: “the use of music 41 and/or its music
elements (sound, rhythm, melody and 42 harmony) by a qualified music therapist, with a
client or 43 group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote 44 communication,
relationship, learning, mobilization, 45 expression, organization, and other relevant 46
therapeutic objectives, in order to meet physical, 47 emotional, mental, social and
cognitive needs”.
48
The Dutch Music Therapy Association (NVCT, 49 1999) defines music therapy as “a
methodological form 50 of assistance in which musical means are used within a 51
therapeutic relation to manage changes, 52 developments, stabilisation or acceptance on
the 53 emotional, behavioural, cognitive, social or on the 54 physical field”.
55
The assumption is that the patient's musical 56 behaviour conforms to their general
behaviour. The 57 starting points are the features of the patient's specific 58 disorder or
disease pattern. There is an analogy 59 between psychological problems and musical 60
behaviour, which means that emotions can be 61 expressed musically. For patients who
have difficulties 62 in expressing emotions, music therapy can be a useful 63 medium. Music
therapy might be a useful intervention 64 for breast cancer patients in order to facilitate
and 65 enhance their emotional expressivity. Besides analogy, 66 there are further qualities
of music that can be 67 beneficial within therapeutic treatment. One of these 68 qualities is
symbolism: music can symbolize persons, 69 objects, incidents, experiences or memories
of daily 70 life. Therefore, music is a reality, which represents 71 another reality. The
symbolism of the musical reality 72 enables the patient to deal safely with the other reality
73
for it evokes memories about persons, objects or 74 incidents. These associations can be
perceived as 75 positive or negative, so they release emotions in the 76 patient.
77
Music therapy both addresses physical and 78 psychological needs of the patient.
Numerous studies 79 indicate that music therapy can be beneficial to both 80 acute cancer
patients and palliative cancer patients in 81 the final stage of disease.
82
Most research with acute cancer patients receiving 83 chemotherapy, surgery or stem
cell transplantation 84 examined the effectiveness of receptive music therapy. 85 Listening
to music during chemotherapy, either played 86 live by the music therapist or from tape
has a positive 87 effect on pain perception, relaxation, anxiety and mood. 88 There was also
found a decrease in diastolic blood 89 pressure or heart rate and an improvement in
fatigue; 90 insomnia and appetite loss could be significantly 91 decreased in patients older
than 45 years. Further 92 improvements by receptive music therapy were found 93 for
physical comfort, vitality, dizziness and tolerability of 94 the chemotherapy. A study with
patients undergoing 95 surgery found that receptive music therapy led to 96 decreased
anxiety, stress and relaxation levels before, 97 during and after surgery. Music therapy can
also be 98 applied in palliative situations, for example to patients 99 with terminal cancer
who live in hospices.
 100
Studies indicate that music therapy may be 101 beneficial for cancer patients in acute
and palliative 102 situations, but the benefits of music therapy for 103 convalescing cancer
patients remain unclear. Whereas 104 music therapy interventions for acute and palliative
105
patients often focus on physiological and 106 psychosomatic symptoms, such as pain
perception and 107 reducing medical side-effects, music therapy with posthospital 108
curative treatment could have its main focus 109 on psychological aspects. A cancer patient
is not free 110 from cancer until five years after the tumour ablation.
111
The patient fears that the cancer has not been 112 defeated. In this stage of the
disease, patients 113 frequently feel insecure, depressive and are 114 emotionally unstable.
How to handle irksome and 115 negative emotions is an important issue for many 116
oncology patients. After the difficult period of the 117 medical treatment, which they often
have overcome in 118 a prosaic way by masking emotions, patients often 119 express the
wish to become aware of themselves 120 again. They may wish to grapple with negative 121
emotions due to their disease. Other patients wish to 122 experience positive feelings, such
as enjoyment and 123 vitality. 124 The results indicate that music therapy can also 125 have
positive influences on well-being of cancer 126 patients in the post-hospital curative stage
as well as 127 they offer valuable information about patients' needs in 128 this state of
treatment and how effects can be dealt 129 with properly.

(Adapted from https://essay.utwente.nl/59115/1/scriptie_F_Teiwes.pdf -

Access on 25/02/19)

Questão-02)

The fragment “the most commonly diagnosed cancers” (Refs. 06 and 07) is an example of

a) superlative.

b) comparative of superiority.

c) comparative of inferiority.

d) comparative of equality.

Gab: A

TEXTO: 3 - Comum à questão: 3

 The search for life beyond Earth

1
We have always been fascinated by the thought of 2 alien life elsewhere in the
universe. The idea has 3 provided the basis for a huge wealth of science fiction 4 stories
that have been limited only by our imaginations. 5 But can other creatures exist in the vast
reaches of 6 space or on other planets or moons? And are there 7 other intelligent forms of
life out there—or are we more 8 likely to find something much simpler?
9
Where are all the aliens?
10
Our Sun is just one star among billions in our 11 galaxy. In the last few years, scientists
have detected 12 thousands of planets around other stars and it seems 13 that most stars
have planetary systems. It’s therefore 14 likely that there will be large numbers of
habitable 15 planets in the Milky Way galaxy and beyond that are 16 capable of supporting
intelligent life. Some of these 17 intelligent civilisations, if they’re out there, may have 18
even developed interstellar travel.
19 20
Are there other intelligent forms of life out there—or are we more likely to find
something much simpler?
21
But Earth hasn’t been visited by any intelligent 22 aliens (yet?). This apparent high
probability of life, 23 combined with a lack of evidence for its existence, is 24 called the
Fermi Paradox, named for the physicist 25 Enrico Fermi who first outlined 1 the argument
back in 26 1950. This begs the question: where is everybody?
27
Back in 1961, astronomer Francis Drake tried to 28 rationalise this question by
developing an equation that 29 takes into account2 all the factors relevant to finding 30
alien civilisations and gives an estimate of the number 31 of civilisations out there in the
galaxy that should be 32 able to communicate with us. It considers factors such 33 as the
rate3 of new star formation, how many planets 34 around those new and existing stars
might be able to 35 support life, the number of planets supporting intelligent 36 life, how
many of those civilisations might have 37 technology we can detect, whether they’re likely
to 38 communicate with us here on Earth, and so on.
39
The search for extraterrestrial intelligence
40
Scientists and radio astronomers have started the 41 search for extraterrestrial
intelligence (SETI) in a 42 systematic manner. Several international organisations, 43
including the SETI Institute and the SETI League, are 44 using radio telescopes to detect
signals that might have 45 been produced by intelligent life.
46
In 1995, the SETI Institute started Project Phoenix, 47 which used three of the most
powerful radio telescopes 48 in the world: the Green Bank radio telescope in West 49
Virginia, USA; the Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico; 50 and the Parkes radio telescope in
NSW, Australia. 51 During its initial phase, Project Phoenix used the 52 Parkes telescope to
search for signals coming from 202 53 Sun-like stars as distant as 155 light years away. By
 the 54 end of its operations, Project Phoenix had scanned a 55 total of 800 ‘nearby’4 (up to
240 light years away) stars 56 for signs of life. The project detected some cosmic 57 noises,
but none of that could be attributed to aliens.
58 59
These days, anyone can become involved in the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence through their 60 personal computer.
61
While there’s currently excitement about sending 62 human crews to Mars, missions
beyond the Red Planet 63 are at this stage pretty much not feasible 5 the distances 64 and
travel times involved are simply too great. 65 Basically, all exploration for life beyond Earth
will need 66 to be done using robotic space probes 6 and landing 67 rovers. These
instruments can provide a huge wealth of 68 information and are capable of exploring as
far away as 69 Pluto, perhaps even beyond our solar system. But as 70 for life beyond the
solar system, the nearest stars are 71 several light years away, and even communications
by 72 electromagnetic waves (which all travel at the speed of 73 light) are essentially going
to be a one-way message.
74
While we probably won’t find intelligent life too close 75 to home, there’s a chance
we may still find much 76 simpler life forms. Do we have neighbours beyond 77 Earth? Time
will tell—and the search continues.

(Adapted from https://www.science.org.au/curious/space-time/search-lifebeyond-

earth – Access on 16/02/19)

Glossary:

1. to outline – describe or give the main fact about something

2. to take into account – consider something

3. rate – expansion

4. nearby – short distance away

5. feasible – appropriate; suitable

6. space probe – spy satellite

Questão-03)

Read the sentences from the text and classify them. The underlined excerpts are
examples of
 “Project Phoenix, which used three of the most powerful radio telescopes in the world:”
(Refs. 46 to 48).

“there’s a chance we may still find much simpler life forms.” (Refs. 75 and 76).

a) comparative and superlative.

b) superlative and comparative.

c) superlative of inferiority.

d) comparative of equality.

Gab: B

TEXTO: 4 - Comum à questão: 4

THE MAGIC OF PAPER

Ever since the Cro-Magnons began painting bison and mammoths on the walls of
caves, humans have been searching for the ideal surface on which to record ideas. The
ancient Chinese carved pictographs in bone. Greeks scribbled on parchment made from
animal skin. The Maya painted hieroglyphs on beaten mulberry bark.

The ancient Egyptians made papyrus, the writing material that one day would lend
paper its name, by pressing together wet layers of that Nile sedge. But real paper proved
cheaper than parchment to make and could be produced in great quantities. And paper
was better than papyrus or tree bark for printing.

Words on paper changed the way people thought. Martin Luther went so far as to call
printing “God’s highest and extremest act of grace.” If every man could own a Bible,
Luther reasoned, he would no longer need a priest to interpret God’s word. Paper and
printing guided Europe out of the Dark Ages. Just fifty years after Johannes Gutenberg
invented his printing press in the mid-fifteenth century, more than six million books had
been published on law and science, politics and religion, exploration and poetry.

Adaptado de: THE MAGIC OF PAPER - Jon R. Luoma.

National Geographic - March 1997.

 Vocabulário:

- mammoth = mamute

- parchment = pergaminho

- bark = casca de árvore

- Dark Ages = Era das Trevas, Idade Média

Questão-04)

Em relação aos termos cheaper e better (segundo parágrafo) e highest e extremest

(terceiro parágrafo), assinale o que for correto.

01. Trata-se de quatro adjetivos.

02. Os dois primeiros estão no grau comparativo e os dois últimos no grau superlativo.

04. Os dois primeiros são adjetivos e os dois últimos são advérbios.

08. Trata-se de quatro adjetivos no grau normal.

Gab: 03 (01, 02)