MODULE 4-Operational amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers: Fundamental differential amplifier- Modes of operation.

Properties of ideal and practical Op-amp - Gain, CMRR and Slew rate. Parameters of a
typical Op-amp IC 741.
Open loop and Closed loop Configurations-Concept of virtual short. Negative feedback
in Op-amps. Inverting and non- inverting amplifier circuits. Summing and difference
amplifiers, Instrumentation amplifier.

INTRODUCTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
MODE OF OPERATIONS
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL AND PRACTICAL OP-AMP
PARAMETERS OF O-PAMP
IC741 PARAMETERS
parameter ideal practical IC741
Voltage gain infinite Order of 105 2*105 for LF
Input resistance infinite Order of 1M ohm 2M ohm
Output resistance 0 Tens of ohm 75 ohm
Band width infinite Restricted by slew 1MHz(unity B.W)
rate
CMRR Infinite 90 dB
Slew rate Infinite 0.5 V/microsec
OPENLOOP CONFIGURATIONS
CLOSED LOOP CONFIGURATIONS

The utility of op-amp increases considerably if it is used in a closed loop mode. The Closed
Loop Configuration of Op amp mode is possible using feedback. The feedback allows to feed
some part of the output back to the input. In linear applications the op-amp is always used
with negative feedback. The feedback helps to control gain which otherwise drives op-amp
into saturation.
The negative feedback is possible by adding a resistor as shown in the Fig.
2.15, Called feedback resistor. The feedback is said to be negative as the feedback resistor
connects the output to the inverting input terminal.

The gain resulting with feedback is called closed loop gain of the op-amp. Due to feedback
resistance there is reduction in the gain. The closed loop gain is much less than the open
loop gain and is independent of it.

Most of the linear circuits use op-amp in a closed loop mode with negative feedback with R f.
This is because, due to reduced gain, the output is not driven into the saturation and the
circuit behaves in a linear manner.

CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL SHORT

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

INVERTING AND NON-

INVERTING AMPLIFIERS
SUMMING AND DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIERS
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIERS