SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Title: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Cell
General Biology 1 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
First Edition, 2020

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General Biology 1
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1-Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in
helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration
their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1-Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Module on Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
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This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
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This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or

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 skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Common misconceptions about prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
 Lesson 2 – Characteristics of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
 Lesson 3 – Key Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe a prokaryotic cell
2. describe a eukaryotic cell
3. differentiate prokaryotic from eukaryotic cell

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is...

a. Wrapped around histone proteins
b. Contained in the nucleus
c. "naked" and "free-floating"
d. it has no DNA

2. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place?
a. Plasmid
b. DNA
c. Chromatin
d. Nucleoid region

3. The DNA of a eukaryotic cell can be found in the _______________.

a. Nucleoid region
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. It has no DNA

4. What kingdoms are made up of prokaryotic cells?

a. Bacteria and Archaea
b. Bacteria and Animals
c. Animals and Plants
d. Bacteria and Plants

5. Which type of cell contains a cell membrane?

a. Prokaryote
b. Eukaryote
c. Both cell types contain a cell membrane
d. None of the Above

6. Which of the following is an example of the prokaryotic cell?

a. plant cell
b. animal cell
c. bacterial cell
d. eukaryotic

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7. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
a. Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do
b. Prokaryotic cells came before eukaryotic cells
c. Eukaryotic cells are simple, prokaryotic cells are complex
d. Prokaryotic cells are bigger than eukaryotic cells

8. Which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells?
a. the size of the cells
b. The complexity of the cells
c. The age of the cell
d. Having a nucleus

9. A cell has a nucleus, is complex and large and has membrane bound organelles.
What type of cell is this?
a. there is not enough information
b. Eukaryotic
c. Prokaryotic
d. Bacteria

10. A cell has circular DNA, is small and simple and no nucleus or membrane
bound organelles. What type of cell is this?
a. Plant
b. Animals
c. Eukaryotic
d. Prokaryotic

11. A scientist finds a cell that is very old and very simple. This cell is probably a
__________________________.
a. a plant cell
b. eukaryotic cell
c. prokaryotic cell
d. a new type of cell

12. Which of the following would be examples of Eukaryotic cells

a. plants and bacteria
b. prokaryotic and animals
c. plants and animals
d. animals and bacteria

13. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place?
a. Nucleolus
b. Nucleoid region
c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
d. Chromatin

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14. Eukaryotes are
a. unicellular
b. multicellular
c. both
d. neither

15. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, but they also share
some common features. Which of the following may be found in either type of cell?
a. Golgi bodies
b. Ribosomes
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus

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 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Lesson
Cell
Prokaryotes are simple, small cells, whereas eukaryotic cells are
complex, large structured and are present in trillions which can be single
celled or multicellular. Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined nucleus
but DNA molecule is located in the cell, termed as nucleoid, whereas
eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus, where genetic material is
stored. Based on the structure and functions, cells are broadly classified as
Prokaryotic cell and Eukaryotic cell.

Prokaryotic Cells are the most primitive kind of cells and lack few
features as compared to the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells have evolved
from prokaryotic cells only but contain different types of organelles like
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, Mitochondria etc., which are specific in
their functions. But features like growth, response, and most importantly
giving birth to the young ones are the commonly shared by all living
organisms.

In the following content, we will discuss the general difference

between the two types of cells. As these ‘cells’ are considered as the
structural and functional unit of life, whether it’s a single cell organism like
bacteria, protozoa, or multicellular organisms like plants and animals.

What’s In

COMMON MISTAKES AND MISCONCEPTIONS

Eukaryotes can be unicellular- Many people think that eukaryotes

are all multicellular, but this is not the case. While prokaryotes are always
unicellular organisms, eukaryotes can be either unicellular or multicellular.
For example, most protists are single celled eukaryotes.

Even though prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, they DO contain

genetic information. Prokaryotes generally have single circular
chromosomes where they store their genetic information.

Though they sound negative, bacteria are very important, though

they cause diseases they also play significant roles which are beneficial for
mankind. Some of these roles are the following:

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 a. Decomposers
b. Ancient producer of oxygen
c. Aids in digestion
d. Help in Nitrogen Cycle
e. Vector for genetic engineering purposes

Bacteria are classified under prokaryotic organism. It is separated

from plants and animals which have eukaryotic cell for several reasons.
Read the selection below and be ready to differentiate prokaryotic from
eukaryotic organism.

Notes to the Teacher

Assist their students in correcting their own misconceptions.

What’s New

CHARACTETISTICS OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Pro means ‘old,’ and karyon means ‘nucleus,’ So as the name suggest
the history of the evolution of prokaryotic cells is at least 3.5 billion years
old, but they are still important to us in many aspects like they are used in
industries for fermentation (Lactobacillus, Streptococcus), for research work,
etc. In comparison to eukaryotic cells, they lack few organelles and are not
advanced as eukaryotes.

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 Generalized structure of Prokaryotic cell consists of the
following:

a. Glycocalyx: This layer
function as a receptor, the
adhesive also provide protection
to the cell wall.

b. Nucleoid: It is the location of

the genetic material (DNA), large
DNA molecule is condensed into
the small packet.

c. Pilus: Hair like hollow

attachment present on the
surface of bacteria, and is used
to transfers of DNA to other cells
during cell-cell adhesion.

d. Mesosomes: It is the extension of the cell membrane, unfolded into the

cytoplasm their role is during the cellular respiration.

e. Flagellum: Helps in movement, attached to the basal body of the cell.

f. Cell Wall: It provides rigidity and support for the cell.

g. Fimbriae: Helps in attachment to the surface and other bacteria while

mating. These are small hair-like structure.

h. Inclusion/Granules: It helps in storage of carbohydrates, glycogen,

phosphate, fats in the form of particles which can be used when needed.

i. Ribosomes: Tiny particles which help in protein synthesis.

j. Cell membrane: Thin layer of protein and lipids, surrounds cytoplasm

and regulate the flow of materials inside and outside the cells.

k. Endospore: It helps cell in surviving during harsh conditions.

In terms of peptidoglycan present in the cell wall, prokaryotes can be divided
into Gram-positive and Gram -negative bacteria. The former contains a
large amount of peptidoglycan in their cell wall while the latter have the thin
layer.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Eu means ‘new,’ and karyon means ‘nucleus,’ so these are the

advanced type of cells found in plant, animals, and fungi. Eukaryotic cells
have a well-defined nucleus and different organelles to perform different
functions within the cell, though working is complex to understand.

This kind of cells are found in algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and
animals and can be single-celled, colonial or multicellular. Among them,
fungi and protists (algae and protozoa) are the major kingdoms.

The general structure of Eukaryotic cells contain:

a. Nucleus: Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus where DNA (genetic
material) is stored, it helps in the production of protein synthesis and
ribosomes also. The chromosome is present inside the nucleus, which is
surrounded by the nuclear envelope. It is a bi-lipid layer and controls the
passage of ions and molecules.

b. Cytoplasm: It is the location where other organelles are located, and

other metabolic activities of the cell also take place here.

c. Mitochondria: It is called ‘the powerhouse of the cell,’ and is responsible

for making ATP. Mitochondria has its own DNA and ribosomes.

d. Chloroplast: These are found in algae and plants, it is one of the most
important organelles in the plant which helps in converting energy sunlight
into chemical energy through photosynthesis. They resemble mitochondria.

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e. Golgi body: It consists of a stack of many flattened, disc-shaped sacs
known as cisternae. The exact nature of Golgi varies, but it helps in the
packaging of materials and in secreting them.

f. Lysosomes and Vacuoles – The most important function of Endoplasmic

reticulum and Golgi apparatus is the synthesis of g. Lysosomes, which helps
in digestion of intracellular molecules with the help of the enzyme called
hydrolase.

g. Vacuoles are the membrane-bound cavities containing fluid as well as

solid materials, and they engulf materials through endocytosis.

h. Endoplasmic Reticulum: It transport lipids, proteins, and other

materials through the cell. They are of two types of smooth endoplasmic
reticulum and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

i. Appendages: Cilia and Flagella are locomotory attachments, helps in the

movement of a cell towards positive stimuli. Cilia are shorter than flagella
and numerous.

j. Cell Wall: Cell Wall provides shapes, rigidity, and support to the cell.
Compositions of the cell wall may vary of different organisms but which can
be of either cellulose, pectin, chitin or peptidoglycan.

k. Cytoplasmic Membrane/Plasma Membrane: It is a thin semipermeable,

surrounding the cytoplasm, it acts as the barrier of the cell which regulates
entry and exit of the substances inside and outside the cell. This layer is
made up of two layers of phospholipids embedded with proteins. In Plant
cell, this layer is present below the cell wall whereas in the Animal cell it is
the outermost layer.

l. Ribosomes: Though small in size but are present in numbers, they help in
protein synthesis. Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes which are further divided
into two subunits which are 40S and 60S (S stands for Sedverg unit).

m. Cytoskeleton: It is supporting framework of the cells, which is of two

types Microtubules and Microfilaments. Microtubules have a diameter of
about 24 nanometers (nm), made up of a protein called tubulin, while
Microfilaments has a diameter of 6nm, made of the protein called actin.
Microtubules are the largest filament and Microfilament the smallest one.

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 What is It

Difference between Prokaryotic Cells and

Eukaryotic Cells

KEY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC CELLS AND

EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Following are the substantial difference between Prokaryotic Cells and

Eukaryotic Cell:

1. Prokaryotic cells are the primitive kind of cell, whose size varies
from 0.5-3µm, they are generally found in single-cell organisms, while
Eukaryotic cells are the modified cell structure containing different
components in it, their size varies from 2-100µm, they are found in
multicellular organisms.

2. Organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi body, endoplasmic

reticulum, cell wall, chloroplast, etc. are absent in prokaryotic cells, while
these organelles are found in eukaryotic organisms. Though cell wall and
chloroplast are not found in the animal cell, it is present in the green plant
cell, few bacteria, and algae.

3. The main difference between Prokaryotic cells and the Eukaryotic

cell is the nucleus, which is not well defined in prokaryotes whereas it is well
structured, compartmentalized and functional in eukaryotes.

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 4. Cell organelles are present which are membrane-bound and have
individual functions in eukaryotic cells; many organelles are absent in
prokaryotic cells.
5. In prokaryotes, the cell division takes place through conjugation,
transformation, and transduction but in eukaryotes, it is through the
process of cell division.

6. The process of transcription and translation occurs together, and

there is a single origin of replication in the prokaryotic cell. On the other
hand, there are multiple origins of replication and transcription occurs in
nucleus and translation in the cytosol.

7. Genetic Material (DNA) is circular and double-stranded in

Prokaryotes, but in Eukaryotes, it is linear and double-stranded.

8. Prokaryotes reproduce asexually; commonly Prokaryotes have a

sexual mode of reproduction.

9. Prokaryotes are the simplest, smallest and most abundantly found

cells on earth; Eukaryotes are larger and complex cells.

What’s More

VENN TIME!
Direction: Construct a Venn diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

BOTH
Characteristics Characteristics
Prokaryotic
Of Prokaryotic Of Eukaryotic
and
Organisms Eukaryotic
Organisms

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 YES OR NO TABLE

Direction: Complete the table below by writing Y for a Yes and N for a
NO

Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cell All Cells

Cell membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Nucleus
DNA
Cell wall
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

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 What I Have Learned

1. Prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles making their

structure simple and unicellular.
2. The best example of prokaryotes are bacterial cell.
3. Eukaryotic cells have true nucleus that is why they have membrane
bound organelles.
4. Their structure is multicellular and more complex, the examples are plant
and animal cell.

What I Can Do

ANALOGY TIME
With as much detail as possible, give another example of an analogy
for describing the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
You can choose an analogy based on what you commonly observe at
home, in the school or in your community.

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. The DNA of a eukaryotic cell can be found in the _______________.
a. Nucleoid region
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. It has no DNA

2. What kingdoms are made up of prokaryotic cells?

a. Bacteria and Archaea
b. Bacteria and Animals
c. Animals and Plants
d. Bacteria and Plants

3. Which type of cell contains a cell membrane?

a. Prokaryote
b. Eukaryote
c. Both cell types contain a cell membrane
d. None of the Above

4. Which of the following is an example of the prokaryotic cell?

a. plant cell
b. animal cell
c. bacterial cell
d. eukaryotic

5. Which of the following statement is TRUE?

a. Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, prokaryotic cells do
b. Prokaryotic cells came before eukaryotic cells
c. Eukaryotic cells are simple, prokaryotic cells are complex
d. Prokaryotic cells are bigger than eukaryotic cells

6. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is...

a. Wrapped around histone proteins
b. Contained in the nucleus
c. "naked" and "free-floating"
d. it has no DNA

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7. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place?
a. Plasmid
b. DNA
c. Chromatin
d. Nucleoid region
8. Which of the following would be examples of Eukaryotic cells
a. plants and bacteria
b. prokaryotic and animals
c. plants and animals
d. animals and bacteria

9. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. What do they have in its place?
a. Nucleolus
b. Nucleoid region
c. Deoxyribonucleic acid
d. Chromatin

10. Eukaryotes are

a. unicellular
b. multicellular
c. both
d. neither

11. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have many differences, but they also share
some common features. Which of the following may be found in either type of cell?
a. Golgi bodies
b. Ribosomes
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus

12. Which of the following is not a difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells?
a. the size of the cells
b. The complexity of the cells
c. The age of the cell
d. Having a nucleus

13. A cell has a nucleus, is complex and large and has membrane bound
organelles. What type of cell is this?
a. there is not enough information
b. Eukaryotic
c. Prokaryotic
d. Bacteria

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14. A cell has circular DNA, is small and simple and no nucleus or membrane
bound organelles. What type of cell is this?
a. Plant
b. Animals
c. Eukaryotic
d. Prokaryotic

15. A scientist finds a cell that is very old and very simple. This cell is probably a
__________________________.
a. a plant cell
b. eukaryotic cell
c. prokaryotic cell
d. a new type of cell

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 Additional Activities

SEARCH IT

If internet is available, search for the most recent application of

bacteria in the field of medicine or other types of innovation using

prokaryotic cell. Write a short description of your research.

3 Points Exit

Three concepts I learned:

1. ________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________

Two real-life realizations after finishing the topic

1. _________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________

One most favorite part of the lesson

1. _________________________________________________

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 22
ASSESSMENT Assessment
(POST-TEST) WHAT I KNOW
C C
A A
B C
C A
B B
C C
A B
C A
B B
B D
B C
A C
B B
D B
C B
Answer Key
References

 https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?
test_id=7552&title=Prokaryotic%20Vs%20Eukaryotic
 https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/58ee883d161180b96835b620/prokaryotic-
eukaryotic-cells
 https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-cells/hs-
prokaryotees-and-eukaryotess/a/hs-prokaryotes-and-eukaryotes-review
 https://biodifferences.com/difference-between-prokaryotic-cells-and-
eukaryotic-cells.html
 https://www.diffen.com/difference/Eukaryotic_Cell_vs_Prokaryotic _Cell
 https://vasd.instructure.com/files/94862/download?download_frd=1
 https://www.teach-nology.com/worksheets/science/cell/research/

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