Mathematics of Engineering

CE 1111 Module 5
Mathematics of Engineering
Mathematics
Saint Louis University (SLU)
67 pag.
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CE 1111:
MATHEMATICS
OF ENGINEERING
ENGR. JANRY GARCIA
ECE Faculty
School of Engineering and Architecture
Saint Louis University
jvgarcia@slu.edu.ph
09176206177
1
Applicatio
ns of
Linear
2
“
TLO 5: Solve worded problems
involving linear equations..
3
STUDENT
ACTIVITIES:
+ENGAGE
+EXPLORE
+EVALUATE
4
EXPLAIN
Define terms, Solution of a Linear Equation in One
Unknown, Literal Equation, Systems of Two Linear
Equations, Systems of Three Linear Equations
Methods of Solving Systems of Two Linear Equations,
How to Work with Word Problems
5
DEFINITION  A SOLUTION of an
 A statement of equality equation is a set of
between two quantities values of the unknowns
algebraic expressions satisfying the equation.
is called an  When an equation
EQUATION. involves only one
 The two quantities are unknown, each solution
called MEMBERS of is called a ROOT of the
the equation. equation.
 In an equation, the  EXTRANEOUS ROOTS
literal numbers whose are values of the
values are being unknown obtained from
determined are called derived equations which
the UNKNOWNS or do not satisfy the
VARIABLES. original equation.
6
DEFINITION  If equal members be
 SOLVING EQUATIONS added to, subtracted
– to solve an equation from, multiplied by,
is to find all of its divided by the same
solutions. numbers, the results are
 A Literal Equation is equal. (Note: Division of
zero is excluded)
an equation involving
at least 2 letters or  If a = b, then and ,
unknowns. Solving for provided a, b, and m are
a particular variable of not zero.
a literal equation is  LINEAR EQUATION –
separating the an equation of the first
unknown on one side of degree.
the equation and the
rest of the letters on
the other side.
7
SOLUTION OF A LINEAR
EQUATION IN ONE UNKNOWN
+ Divide both
+ Transpose all terms sides by the
involving the unknown to coefficient of
one member and all the unknown.
other terms to the other + To check,
member. Combine terms substitute the
in the unknown. result in the
original
equation.
8
Examples
 3x – 5 = 7 – x  4 (x – 3) = 2x – 2
9
Examples
10
Examples
11
Literal Equations:
Examples
 Solve for L, r and a of the

equation
12
Literal Equations:
Examples
13
SYSTEMS OF TWO LINEAR
+ EQUATIONS
Consider two linear equations in two unknowns x and y
This system of two linear equations in two unknowns is called

the simultaneous linear equations in two unknowns. A
pair of numbers x and y which satisfies both equations is
called simultaneous solution of the given equations.
14
THREE METHODS OF SOLVING
GRAPHICAL METHOD
EQUATIONS Example
Consistent equations have a
unique solution and the graph
is a pair of intersecting lines.
The point of intersection of the
lines is the solution set of the
given pair of equations.
15
 EQUATIONS
SUBSTITUTION METHOD
a. Solve one equation for x in terms of y or for y in terms of x.
Substitute this expression for that variable into the other
equation
b. Solve the resulting equation in one variable
c. Substitute the solution from step b into either original
equation to find the value of the other variable.
d. Check the solution in both of the given equations.
16
Example -----eq’n 1
-----eq’n 2
From eq’n 1:
-----subst. in eq’n 2
-----subst. in 1
Therefore:
17
 EQUATIONS
ELIMINATION METHOD
a. To eliminate one variable, the coefficients in that unknown
must be numerically equal. If the signs of the equal
coefficients are unlike, add the equations; if like, subtract
them.
b. If the coefficients in one variable are not numerically
equal, multiply the given equation or equations by a
constant/s so that the resulting equations would have the
same numerical coefficients in that variable.
18
Examples -----eq’n 1
-----eq’n 2
-----eq’n 1 Multiply eq’n 2 by 2
-----eq’n 2 -----eq’n 1
Therefore: x=3, y=2 Therefore: x=2, y= -1
19
SYSTEMS OF THREE LINEAR
 A EQUATIONS
linear equation in three variables is of the form
where a, b, c, and d are constants and a, b, and c are not

equal to zero
 To solve a system of three linear equations in three
unknowns, eliminate one unknown from a chosen pair of
equations and then eliminate THE SAME unknown from
another pair of equations. Then solve simultaneously.
20
Examples
-----substitute in eq’n 4
From 1 and 2 eliminate x by

multiplying eq’n 2 by 2 then
subtract:
Substitute y and z in eq’n 1:
From 2 and 3 eliminate x by

multiplying eq’n 2 by 3 then Therefore :
subtract:
21
Eliminate y from eq’ns 4 andshared
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SYSTEMS OF THREE LINEAR
 EQUATIONS
CRAMER’S RULE – another method of solving systems of
linear equations.
22
Examples
Therefore :
23
HOW TO WORK WITH WORD
1. Read the problem all the way through quickly to see what kind of word
PROBLEMS
problem it is and what it is about.
2. Look for a question at the end of the problem. This is often a good way to
start to find what you are solving for. Sometimes two or three things need
to be found.
3. Start every problem with "let x=something" (we generally use x for the
unknown). You let x equal to what you are trying to find. What you are
trying to find is usually stated in the question at the end of the problem.
This is called the unknown. You must show and label what stands for in
your problem, or your equation has no meaning.
4. If you have to find more than one quantity or unknown, try to determine
the smallest unknown. This unknown is often the one to let x be equal to.
5. Go back and read the problem again. This time read it one piece at a time.
Simple problems generally have two statements. One statement helps you
set up the unknowns, and the other gives you the equation information.
Translate the problem from words to symbols one piece at a time.
24
Statements in Worded
Problems
25
WORD PROBLEMS AND
 NUMBER-RELATED PROBLEMS
APPLICATIONS
 GEOMETRY-RELATED PROBLEMS
 DIGIT PROBLEMS
 AGE PROBLEMS
 MONEY-RELATED PROBLEMS
 SIMPLE INTEREST PROBLEMS
 MIXTURE PROBLEMS
 CLOCK PROBLEMS
 WORK PROBLEMS
 MOTION PROBLEMS
 BALANCE PROBLEMS
26
Examples: NUMBER-RELATED
The sum of two numbers is 19. The larger
PROBLEMS
number is one more than twice the smaller
number. What are the numbers?
Let: x- be the smaller number
Therefore the numbers are: 6
y-be the larger number
and 13
From 1:
27
Examples
Ten less than four times a certain number is
14. Determine the number.
Let: x- be the number
Therefore the 3rd integer is 15
Three times the first of three consecutive

odd integers is three more than twice the
third. Find the third integer.
Let n- be the integer
28
Examples
Find two consecutive even integers such that the square of the
larger is 44 greater than the square of the smaller integer.
Let: x- be the smaller even number
x+2- be the larger even number
Therefore the numbers are: 10 and 12
29
Examples
The denominator of a certain fraction is three more than twice the
numerator. If 7 is added to both terms of the fraction, the resulting
fraction is 3/5. Find the original fraction.
Let: n- be the numerator
d-be the denominator
Therefore the original fraction is 5/13
30
Examples: GEOMETRY-RELATED
The base of an isosceles triangle is 6 cm shorter than its equal sides. If
PROBLEMS
the perimeter is 87 cm, find the length of the base.
Let: b- be the base of the isosceles triangle
s-be the equal sides of the isosceles triangle
P-is the perimeter of the isosceles triangle
Therefore the length of the base is 25 cm.
31
Examples
The width of a rectangle is 9 cm. The length is 1 cm shorter than the
diagonal. Find the length of the diagonal.
Let: W- be the Width of the rectangle
L-be the Length of the rectangle
d-be the diagonal of the rectangle
Therefore the length of the diagonal is 41 cm

32
Examples
Three circles are tangent externally. The distances between their centers are
58 m, 63 m, and 81 m. Find the radius of the largest circle.
***If the 3 circles are externally tangential to each other, then it means that
the line connecting their centers passes through the tangential point. Which
means that the distance between their centers is anyway equal to the sum of
their radii.
Let: x- be the radius of the smallest circle
y- be the radius of the bigger circle
z- be the radius of the largest circle
Subtract eq’ns 1 and 2:
33
Examples
Add eq’ns 3 and 4:
Therefore, the radius of the largest circle is 43 m.
34
Examples
The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 25 If c=17, the values of the base and
cm longer than one leg and 32 cm longer the height are negative
than the other leg. Find the area of the respectively, so it is to be rejected
triangle. and consider c=97.
Let c- be the hypotenuse of the right
triangle
b-the base of the right triangle
h-be the height of the right triangle
A- be the area of the triangle
35
Examples
A vertical pole was broken by the wind. The By Pythagorean Theorem:
upper part, still attached, reached a point on
the level ground 15 feet from the base. If the
upper part is 9 feet longer than the lower part,
how tall was the pole?
Let x- be the length of the lower part
x+9- be the upper part
h-be the height of the pole=x+x+9=2x+9
36
Examples: DIGIT PROBLEMS
In a two-digit number, the units digit is 3 greater than the tens digit.
Find the number if it is 4 times as large as the sum of its digits.
Let u- be the units digit
t- be the tens digit
Therefore, the 2-digit number is 36
37
Examples
The sum of the digits of a three-digit
number is 14. The hundreds digit
being 4 times the units digit. If 594 is
subtracted from the number, the order
of the digits will be reversed. Find the
number.
h-be the hundreds digit
Therefore, the 3-digit number is 842
38
Examples
A number is less than 100 and its tens digit is 2 more than its
units digit. If the number with the digits reversed is subtracted
from the original number, the remainder is 3 times the sum of
the digits. Find the number.
Therefore, the number is 42

39
Examples: AGE PROBLEMS
Two years ago, a father was four times as old as his son. In 3 years, the
father will only be three times as old as his son. How old was the father
when his son was born?
Let x- be the son’s age now
2 years Now In 3 years
ago
Son x-2 x x+3
Father 4(x-2) 4(x-2)+2 3(x+3)
Father’s age now is 42, therefore Father’s age when the sun was born is 30
years old.
40
Examples
Two years ago, the ratio of the ages of
a boy and a girl was 3 is to 4. In 8
years, their ages will be in the ratio 4 is
to 5. Find the sum of their ages now.
Let x- be the boy’s age now
Y-be the girls/ age now
2 years Now In 8 years
ago
Boy 3x x 4(x+8)
Therefore, the sum of their ages
Girl 4y y 5(y+8)
is 56.
41
Examples
Richard is 5 years older than Paul. The product of their ages is 21
years less than 15 times the sum of their ages. How old is Paul
now?
Let x- be Richard’s age now
y-be Paul’s age now
Therefore, Paul’s age is 27 years old.
42
Examples
Noel is 5 years older than Dennis and 10 years younger than Hilda.
In 8 years, their combined ages will be 65. How old is Noel?
Let x- be Noel’s age now
y-be Dennis’ age now
z-be Hilda’s now
Therefore, Noel’s age is 12 years old.
43
Examples
The ages of the mother and her daughter are 45 and 5 respectively.
How many years will the mother be three times as old as her
daughter?
Let x- be the number of years this event will happen
Therefore, in 15 years, the mother’s age will be 3 times as old as

her daughter
44
Examples: MONEY-RELATED
Dennis has P50, P100, and P200 paper
bills amounting to P20,300. Delio
PROBLEMS
borrowed 14 pieces of P50 bills so that
the total amounts of P50 and P100 bills
are equal. Donalyn also borrowed 11
pieces of P200 bills so that the total
amounts of the remaining P200 and
P100 are equal. How many paper bills
were left?
Let x- be the number of P50 bills
y- be the number of P100 bills
z- be the number of P200 bills
Remaining Bills:
Therefore, 203 bills remaining
45
Examples
A couple does not wish to spend more than P700 for dinner at a
restaurant. If a sales tax of 6% is added to the bill and they plan to
tip 15% after the tax has been added, what is the most they can
spend for the meal?
Let x- be the most money they can spend for the meal
Therefore, P574.24 is the most they can spend for the meal.
46
Examples
A man is paid P200 for each day he works and forfeits P50 for each
day he is idle. At the end of 25 days he nets P4500. How many days
did he work?
Let x- be the number of days the man worked
25-x-the number of days he was idle
Therefore, the man worked for 13 days
47
Examples
Kryse has 56 coins consisting of 10-peso and 5-peso coins. If she has
a total of Php 440.00, how many coins of each type does she have?
Let x- be the number of 5 peso coins

y- be the number of 5 peso coins
Eliminate y by multiplying eq’n 1 by 10 then subtract eq’n 2.
Therefore, Kryse has 24 pieces 5-peso coin and 32 pieces of 10-peso

coin
48
Examples: SIMPLE INTEREST
A retired government employee invested
PROBLEMS
P25,000 of his retirement pay at 16% per
annum. He found another investment
opportunity at 20% per annum where he
invested the rest of his retirement pay. If he
realized a total yearly income of 19% on his
two investments, what has his retirement
pay?
Let x- the total retirement pay
y- future amount for the combined retirement
pay
P1-principal for 16%; P2-principal for 20%
F1- future for 16%; F2-future for 20 %
I1-interest for 16%; I2-interest for 20%
r1=16%; r2=20% and r=final interest
rate=19%
t-is the time for which the principal amount is Therefore his total retirement pay is
given to someone P100, 000
49
Examples
A man, speculating in real estate, invested
P300,000 in two land developments. One
investment yields 12% and the yearly income
from this is P3,600 more than the other
investment which yields 18%. How much was From 1:
the total annual income?
Let I1-interest for 12%; I2-interest for 18%
I-total yield=I1+I2
r1 and r2-rate of interest
P1 and P2-principal for 12% and 18%
respectively
t-is the time for which the principal amount is
given to someone
I1=I2+3600 Therefore, the man’s total yield is P42,
480
I=Prt
50
Examples
A sum of money of simple interest amounted
to P7,800 after five years and P8,840 after Equate eq’n 1 and 2:
nine years. Find the amount of the money
after 15 years.
Let I-interest amount
F-future amount
P-present amount
t-is the time for which the principal amount is
given to someone From 1:
Therefore, the amount of money after 15

years is P10, 400.
51
Examples: MIXTURE PROBLEMS
A 50 mL 40% acid solution is How much of a 90% solution of
added to a 50 mL 30% acid insect spray must a farmer add
solution. What will be the to 200 cc of a 40% insect spray
concentration of the resulting to make a 50% solution of insect
mixture? spray?
Let x-be the concentration of the Let x-be the amount or volume
resulting mixture of the insect spray solution
52
Examples
A 700-pound alloy containing 50%
tin and 25% lead is to be added with
amounts of pure tin and pure lead to
make an alloy which is 60% tin and
20% lead. Determine how much
pure tin must be added.
Let x-pounds of tin to be added
y-pounds of lead to be added
Eliminate x in eq’ns 1 and 2 by multiplying

eq’n 2 by and a subtract from eq’n 1
53
Examples
How much water must be evaporated
from 12 liters of 3 kg/L salt solution until
the concentration becomes 3.60 kg/L?
Let x- be the amount of water to be evaporated
54
Examples: CLOCK PROBLEMS
At what time between 4:00 PM and So at 4:00 the minute hand has
5:00 PM will the hands of the clock covered 0 degrees and hour hand has
covered 120 degrees. Now let time after which
be coincident? these two coincide be x min.
Let x- be the time the hands of the clock So hour hand covers 120+0.5x up to that time
coincide and minute hand covers 6x degrees up to that
We know that the minute hand of a clock time when they coincide the angles should be
covers 360 in 60 min or 6 in 1 minute and the same, so
hour hand of a clock
covers 360 in 12 hrs. or 30 in 1 hour
or .5 degree in 1 min.
55
Examples
In how many minutes after 2 o’clock will the hands of the clock
extend in opposite directions for the first time?
Let x- be the movement of the minute hand or long hand for an
analog clock
56
Examples
In how many minutes after 10
o’clock will the hands of the clock
be perpendicular for the first time?
Let x- be the time the hands of the clock
perpendicular for the first time
We know that the minute hand of a clock
covers 360 in 60 min or 6 in 1 minute and
the hour hand of a clock covers 360 in 12
hrs. or 30 in 1 hour or 0.5 in 1 minute. So
the total angle movement per minute is 6-
0.5=5.5 per minute.
At exactly 10 am, angle between hour hand and
minute hand is 60°. So further 30° movement is
needed for both hands to be perpendicular to
each other.
57
Examples
Find the angle between the hands
of the clock at 3:43 PM.
Let x- be the angle between the hands of
the clock
We know that the minute hand of a clock
covers 360 in 60 min or 6 in 1 minute and
the hour hand of a clock covers 360 in 12
hrs. or 30 in 1 hour or 0.5 in 1 minute. ***Angle from minute hand to hour
hand at 3:43
***Angle from hour hand to minute hand The angle from the minute hand to the
at 3:43 hour hand is simply 360 degrees minus
At 3:43, the hour hand has moved 223 out of the degrees from the hour hand to minute
720 possible times from the top of the clock. hand that we calculated.
223 times 0.5 is 111.5.
At 3:43, the minute hand has moved 43 out of
60 possible times from the top of the clock. 43
times 6 is 258.
58
Examples: WORK PROBLEMS
Popoy can dig a ditch in 4 hours. A can do a piece of work alone in 30
John can dig the same in 3 hours. days, B in 20 days, and C in 60
How long would it take them to days. If they work together, how
dig it together? many days would it take them to
finish the work?
Let x- be the amount of work done together
Let x- be the amount of work done

together
59
Examples
If Paolo can do his chores in ¾ of
an hour, and if Miriam and Paolo
together can do them in ½ of an
hour, how long will it take Miriam
to do it alone?
Let x- be the amount of work Miriam to do

the work alone
60
Examples: MOTION PROBLEMS
A plane flew at 20/27 of its usual
If the speed of a racing car is
increased by 20 kph, it will cover rate in a 3,000 km course due to
in 7 hours the same distance it inclement weather; thereby taking
can ordinarily cover in 8 hours. an additional 1-1/2 hours to its
What is its ordinary speed? usual time required for the trip.
What is the usual trip of the
plane?
Let x- be the rate

Let x- be the ordinary speed
61
Examples
Car A can travel around a circular Method 2:
track in 120 seconds while car B in
80 seconds. If they started from
the same point but travel in
opposite direction at the same
time, in how many seconds will
they meet for the first time?
Let x- be the time they will meet for the
first time
Method 1: Let L be the distance of the
track
To get the distance, get LCM: (120,80)
62
Examples: BALANCE PROBLEMS
From eq’n 1:
A and B together weigh 242
pounds. They balance when A is
seated 5 feet from the fulcrum on
one side of a lever and B is seated
6 feet from the fulcrum on the
other side. Find the weight of
each.
Let x- be the weight of A
y-be the weight of B
From eq’n 1:
63
Examples:
A uniform beam 15 feet long The moment of the force (which is
weighs 3 pounds per linear foot. weight) at the (15-x)-th part of the
At what point should it be beam is
supported by a fulcrum if a weight
of 25 pounds on one end is The condition of equilibrium is equality
balanced by a weight of 65 of these two moments of force
pounds on the other end?
Let x- be the distance from the end point
loaded by the weight od 25lbs to the
fulcrum
Then the distance from the other end
to the fulcrum is (15-x) feet.
The moment of the force (which is

weight) at the (x)-th part of the beam
is
64
Examples:
John, Peter and Jane weigh 80, 60
and 50 lbs respectively. John sits 3
ft., Peter sits 5 ft. and Jane sits 6
ft. from the fulcrum on the same
side. How far must their 200 lb.
father sits from the fulcrum in
order to balance them?
Let x = distance of father from fulcrum
65
ONLINE ACTIVITIES:
Do NOT forget to
answer all
requirements posted
in the Google
Classroom and submit
it on time.
66
Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
+ jvgarcia@slu.edu.ph
+ 09176206177
+ Messenger
+ Private message in the Google
class
67

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CE 1111 Module 5

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 Solve for L, r and a of the

This system of two linear equations in two unknowns is called

Therefore: x=3, y=2 Therefore: x=2, y= -1

where a, b, c, and d are constants and a, b, and c are not

From 1 and 2 eliminate x by

From 2 and 3 eliminate x by

Therefore the 3rd integer is 15

Three times the first of three consecutive

Therefore the numbers are: 10 and 12

Therefore the original fraction is 5/13

Therefore the length of the base is 25 cm.

Therefore the length of the diagonal is 41 cm

Subtract eq’ns 1 and 2:

Therefore, the radius of the largest circle is 43 m.

Therefore, the 2-digit number is 36

Therefore, the 3-digit number is 842

Therefore, the number is 42

Father 4(x-2) 4(x-2)+2 3(x+3)

Therefore, Paul’s age is 27 years old.

Therefore, Noel’s age is 12 years old.

Therefore, in 15 years, the mother’s age will be 3 times as old as

Therefore, 203 bills remaining

Therefore, the man worked for 13 days

Let x- be the number of 5 peso coins

Eliminate y by multiplying eq’n 1 by 10 then subtract eq’n 2.

Therefore, Kryse has 24 pieces 5-peso coin and 32 pieces of 10-peso

Therefore, the amount of money after 15

Eliminate x in eq’ns 1 and 2 by multiplying

Let x- be the amount of work done

Let x- be the amount of work Miriam to do

Let x- be the rate

The moment of the force (which is

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