I.

OVERVIEW

A crude form of pump was one of the first pieces of powered machinery invented at the dawn of the
industrial age. Since then, the pump has evolved into an infinite number of types, sizes, and applications.
Pumps have been an essential part of our lives since 2000 BC, when the Egyptians invented a crude device to
draw water from wells. Though this first pump may appear overly simple by today's standards, it should be
noted that it was developed only after about a thousand years of human existence on the planet. Egyptians
lived around 2000 BC. The Shadoof was the first pump invented by humans. And the Egyptians are credited
with inventing this millennium ago, in 2000 BC. The Shadoof is a bucket tied to a rod or rope and used to lift
water from deep wells. Though this does not accurately describe the operation of a pump, it is the first
historical evidence that man has always sought out devices to make it easier to transport water.

Greeks - 3rd to 1st Century BC The next major advances in pump technology occurred during the
Greek civilization. The Greeks were at the pinnacle of their civilization between the third and first centuries
BC, and significant advances were made in science, technology, warfare, and the arts. Hellen's engineers
invented the water wheel, which was later used for irrigation and power generation. Archimedes invented
one of the greatest inventions of all time during this period: the screw pump. It's a simple but clever
invention that can still be found in various parts of the world today. Screw pumps are used to raise water for
irrigation in rural areas where there is no electricity. Ctesibus of Alexandria, Egypt, made another significant
contribution during this period. He created the force pump, which is a type of hand-operated pump. It is
made up of a cylinder and a top-mounted plunger that was used to draw water through valves.

Pumps in the Modern Era Following the fall of the great Roman Empire, pump technology remained
stagnant for nearly a millennium and a half. Only during the Enlightenment Period did hydraulic science
regain prominence. Pumps experienced a rebirth during these period, and new ideas and inventions began to
flood the market over the next few centuries, eventually leading to the design of modern-day pumps.

II. INTRODUCTION

Since the dawn of technology, a device known as a "Pump" has been used to raise, transport, or
compress fluids. This invention has simplified life in our modern world because it is now used for a variety of
purposes. Pumps are critical to the success of processing industries all over the world. Pumps enable all these
operations to run smoothly, whether they are in chemical processing plants, oil fields and refineries, or
wastewater treatment facilities. That is why it is critical to understand the various types of pumps and how
they are used. The purpose of the pump and the liquids it handles vary depending on the type of pump.
Knowing the various types of pumps will allow you to distinguish between them and determine their
intended function.

Depending on your intended use, different pumps have practical uses. After all, pumps aren't just for
water. They are also used to transport goods such as food, oil, and other materials. Some pumps are
designed to control the flow of your drainage. Others are designed solely for water regulation. Pumps are
used to extract oil from the ground, and some are used to filter liquids. Pumps in your car are even designed
to help with water cooling and fuel injection. Having said that, each of these pumps serves a practical
purpose, and while their use is mostly hidden, their importance today cannot be overstated.

Pumps are used in manufacturing facilities to move liquid from a low pressure or elevation location
to a higher pressure or elevation location. Wherever possible, it is usually advantageous to locate equipment
and select operating pressures in such a way that the need for pumping or the volume for pumping is
minimized. From the standpoint of initial design, engineers use a quantity known as the specific speed. This
term is used to identify the best pump type for a given flow rate and head combination.

History of pumps
2000 BCE The first invention. In the history of the water pump was the invention of Shadoof.
250 BCE Rome got different types of water pumping machine. The Greek inventor and
mathematician Ctesibius invented the water organ to pull up water.
1475 Centrifugal pump is another kind of pump listed in writing of the Italian Renaissance
engineer Francesco di Giorgio Martini. The Brazilian soldier and historian of science Reti identified this pump
as the first mud lifting machine.
1636 Pappenheim. The double deep-toothed rotary gear pump. That pump could dispense with
the reciprocating slide valves used in the sliding vane water pump. The pump was driven by an overshot
water wheel set in motion by a stream. That gear pump was used to feed water fountains. We can see the
utilization of this pump in lubricating engines nowadays.
1650 Piston vacuum pump. The invention of the newer and more useful pump was never stopped
at a single place. Otto von Guericke invented the piston vacuum pump. He used the leather washer
technology to make the pump leakage-free between the cylinder & piston.
1674 Packed plunger pump. Sir Samuel Morland, who was a diplomat, spy, inventor,
mathematician invented a more effective water pump called the packed plunger pump.
1687 True centrifugal pump. The first true centrifugal pump was developed by the French
inventor Denis Papin. He used straight vanes in the pump for local drainage.
1738 Dutch-Swiss mathematician. Daniel Bernoulli implied Bernoulli’s equation related to the
principle of fluid flow. He wrote about this in his book Hydrodynamica. Depending on the theory, Ural
hydraulic machinery plant was established at that time.
1782 Steam engine. The steam engine inventor James Watt helped to improve the ideology of the
water pump. His steam engine’s connecting rod cranks mechanism could convert the piston’s reciprocating
motion into rotary motion.
1845 Direct-acting steam pumping engine. Used in this period to power canal boats and US naval
vessels and also in boiler feed, oil pipeline, and Hydroelectric applications. Henry R. Worthington invented
that kind of water pumping engine.
1851 Curved vane centrifugal pump. Curved vane centrifugal pump is a revolutionary pump which
was introduced by the British inventor John Appold. In the same year John Gwynne took the patent of his
first centrifugal pump
1867 The concrete volute pump. The concrete volute pump for water drainage was pioneered by
Stork Pompen of Hengelo in The Netherlands. Sigma Lutin, Lederle, etc. companies started producing the
water pumps. An original design of centrifugal pump was developed by British Professor Osborne Reynolds in
1870.
1886 Gear pumping principle. Internal gear pumping principle was invented in 1886 by Jens
Nielson. His company Viking Pump Company designed a pump to remove excess water that was seeping into
his limestone quarry from a nearby creek.
1903 Deep well turbine pump. The first deep well turbine pump was invented by Preston K. Wood
in Los Angeles. Worthington Simpson Ltd was diluted in the same year from two different companies. Rotary
vane pump technology was different and improved rather than the old gear principle which helped to build
sliding vane pumps nowadays. This awesome invention was held by Robert Blackmer in 1889.
1907 Dickow Pumpen and Hitachi. Dickow Pumpen and Hitachi founded in that year.
1913 Wood screw pump. Inventor and engineer Albert Baldwin Wood invented the Wood screw
pump.
1918 Hot oil pumps. Scanpump and CCM Sulzer founded. Byron Jackson produced the first hot oil
pumps for the petroleum industry.
1926 Hot oil double casing pump. Arai Pump Mfg. Co-founded in 1926. The Pacific Pump Company
started producing the first hot oil double casing pump. O.H. Dorer got a patent for the first inducer, which
reduced the required NPSH. Inducers did not become incorporated into standard pump lines until the 1960s.
Kirloskar launched centrifugal pump.
1933 Closed-top cylinder pump. The original version of the About-Imo-Pump was designed as a
closed-top cylinder pump.
1947 HMD Seal/Less Pumps established. Hyundai founded. Flygt’s Sixten Englesson, a Master of
Engineering, developed a prototype for the first submersible drainage pump, which is later known as the
parrot cage, or B-pump Used in mining for construction.
1990 Hard metal slurry pump. First hard metal slurry pump was found for hydraulic transport of
oil sands talings
2010 Structural composite anti-heeling pump. Sims designed and engineered the first structural
composite anti-heeling pump manufactured for NCL Cruise lines.
2011 Separately traded companies. ITT Corporation spin-off into three separately traded
companies, creating Xylem, Inc., the world’s largest water technology company.

Elaborate and illustrate on the following terms/phrases

a. Pumps
b. Function of a pump
c. Main purpose of a pump
d. Uses of a pump

A pump is a device that moves fluid from one location to another. A pump is a hydraulic mechanical
machine that moves fluid from a low-pressure point to a high-pressure point. A pump works by introducing
pressure energy into a fluid. The fluid's pressure energy causes the fluid to move from the interior of the
pump to the required destination.

Every pump operates by creating a vacuum. This vacuum oversees causing the pump to suck the fluid
into the pump so that it can be moved to its destination. Pumps of various types are used for various types of
fluids. Some pumps are designed for gaseous applications, while others are designed for liquids and still
others for transferring slurry media.

The pump's function is to increase fluid pressure and velocity. So that fluid can be transported from one
location to another. The greater the velocity, the greater the flow rate, and thus the shorter the time
required for transportation. However, we know that head loss is proportional to the square of flow velocity.
To overcome these losses, the fluid pressure at the pump's outlet must be increased. The pump's primary
function is to increase pressure rather than fluid velocity. A pump is used to increase the pressure of liquids.
 It can handle any type of liquid, even if it is contaminated with solid particulates to some extent. Pumps are
used in power plants to circulate water. Pumps are used in power plants to handle ash slurry made with
water, which is highly erosive in nature. It is used in the chemical industry to handle corrosive fluids.

III. A TYPICAL PUMP INSTALLATION AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

A centrifugal pump's efficient operation is dependent on its proper installation, which includes a suitable
foundation in the proper location and proper coupling alignment. The suction installation, as shown in the
sample figure, is the most basic. In practice, the suction lift of a standard centrifugal pump is limited to 5-6 m,
and it is further reduced if a longer suction pipe is used. As a result, a suitable length and larger size suction
pipe is preferred for improved pump performance. At an altitude of 2000 meters, the suction lift decreases to
about 2 meters (FAO, 1986). In the case of higher suction lift, it is almost certain that the problem will be in
priming the pump, retaining its prime, and so on. Without a foot valve, the moment the pump stops or slows
down, all the water in the pipeline will run back through the pump, making it impossible to restart the pump
unless the pipeline is first refilled with water. Furthermore, if the pump is powered by an electric motor and
water flows back through it, the pump can run backwards, potentially damaging the electrical system. If the
delivery pipeline is long, another check valve (non-return valve) should be installed at the pump outlet. This
is necessary because if the pump suddenly stops, the flow will continue until the pressure drops sufficiently
to cause cavitation in the pipeline; once the upward momentum is exhausted, the flow reverses and
cavitation bubbles implode, resulting in severe water hammer. Furthermore, severe water hammer can occur
when the flow reverses, causing the foot valve to close instantly. The consequences of such events are
extremely hazardous; the pump casing and/or pipeline may burst. As a result, a check valve on the discharge
line (at the pump outlet) protects the pump from any such back surge.
3 Major classifications of pumps according to construction/service

a. A centrifugal pump works by transferring rotational energy from one or more driven rotors known as
impellers. The impeller's action increases the velocity and pressure of the fluid and directs it toward the
pump outlet. The centrifugal pump is well understood and simple to operate and maintain due to its
simple design. Most low pressure, high-capacity pumping applications involving low viscosity fluids such
as water, solvents, chemicals, and light oils benefit from simple and low-cost centrifugal pump designs.
Water supply and circulation, irrigation, and chemical transfer in petrochemical plants are examples of
typical applications. Positive displacement pumps are preferred for applications involving highly viscous
fluids such as thick oils and slurries, particularly at high pressures, for complex feeds such as emulsions,
foodstuffs, or biological fluids, and for accurate dosing.

b. All rotary pumps work by trapping fluid at the inlet (suction) port and forcing it through the discharge
port into the hydraulic system. Rotary pumps frequently use gears, lobes, and vanes as elements. Rotary
pumps are of the fixed displacement type and operate on the positive displacement principle. Rotary
pumps are generally classified according to the type of rotating element.
c. A Reciprocating Pump moves fluid from one location to another by using a piston or plunger. Because a
reciprocating pump uses a piston or plunger to pump, it is also known as a piston pump. Reciprocating
pumps are typically used in low flow, high head applications. These pumps are extremely efficient and
can be made of a variety of materials to handle a wide range of chemicals.

2 Classifications of pumps according to energy

a. A dynamic pump is a type of pump that uses kinetic energy to increase the velocity of the working fluid
as it passes through the impeller and then converts this increased velocity into pressure. A dynamic
pump is also known as a kinetic pump because it uses kinetic energy to pump fluid. The fluid is typically
pumped using centrifugal force. Dynamic pumps are used in applications requiring a constant flow rate.

b. Positive displacement (PD) pumps are built to ensure that all pumping action is directed forward
(positive). Its internal design ensures and prevents fluid from recirculating back towards the pump's inlet
or within the pump's casing. Positive displacement pumps can be rotary or reciprocating. With varying
internal parts and designs to accommodate a wide range of fluid properties. Because of their design,
rotary and reciprocating pumps share certain principles.

Other way of classifying pumps

Axial Flow: The fluid is discharged along the shaft axis by the axial flow impeller. As a result, an axial flow pump is
not, by definition, "centrifugal" in its pumping action.

Radial Flow: The fluid is discharged radially at 90° to the shaft axis by the radial flow impeller.

Mixed Flow: As the name implies, the mixed flow impeller discharges fluid in a conical direction via a combined
radial and axial pumping action.

 Volutes are designed to capture the velocity of liquid as it enters the impeller's outermost diameter
and convert it to pressure.
 A diffuser is a circle of stationary vanes that surrounds an impeller. The diffuser's purpose is to
improve the efficiency of the centrifugal pump by allowing a more gradual expansion and less
turbulent area for the liquid's velocity to decrease. The diffuser vanes are configured in such a way
that the liquid exiting the impellers encounters an ever-increasing flow area as it passes through the
diffuser. This increase in flow area reduces flow velocity, which converts kinetic energy into flow
pressure.
 A centrifugal water pump is a single-stage pump. The pump has a single impeller and a maximum lift
of 125 meters. It has a simple structure, a stable performance, a high speed, a small volume, a light
weight, a high efficiency, a large flow, and is easy to operate and repair. Horizontal single-stage
pumps, vertical single-stage pumps, single-stage single-suction centrifugal pumps, and single-stage
double-suction centrifugal pumps are the different types of single-stage centrifugal pumps.
 A multistage pump is a type of centrifugal pump that also includes a pull rod. The pump's output
water pressure can be extremely high. The centrifugal force is obtained by rotating the impeller in
these pump types. When the gas density reaches the mechanical vacuum pump's working range, it is
drawn out. Then gradually achieve a high vacuum. The pump chamber volume changes to achieve
suction, compression, and exhaust in a multistage pump. As a result, the cubage can be changed by a
centrifugal pump.
 With a single-suction impeller, liquid can enter the center of the blades only from one direction.
 A double suction impeller allows liquid to enter the impeller blades from both sides at the same time.
 The shaft of a horizontal centrifugal pump will be horizontal, typically between the bearings or
overhung. Horizontal centrifugal pumps are easier to install and maintain because their internal parts
are easily accessible. It can also be securely coupled with external accessories like turbines, electric
motors, or fuel-powered engines. Finally, because horizontal pumps have a low headroom, they are
ideal for indoor applications where vertical space is often limited.
 A vertical centrifugal pump has a vertically oriented shaft. The shaft has a radial split and an
overhang. They are ideal for high-temperature and high-pressure liquids.
 The submersible pump, also known as a bell pump, is completely immersed in the water to be
extracted. Flooding situations, such as rising groundwater in cellars or basements, flooded boats, or
flooded areas, require the use of these pumps.

Types of application

 Irrigation pumps are used to move water from a lower to a higher level, where it flows through channels
to the fields that need irrigation (lift operation) or to raise it to the required pressure head so that it can
be sprayed on the fields via piping systems (sprinkling).
 A dredge pump is a horizontal centrifugal pump that serves as the dredge's heartbeat. It is intended for
use with abrasive granular materials and small solids in suspension. A cutter suction dredge could not
transport slurry without the dredge pump.
 The majority of water-based fire protection systems require fire pumps as a critical component. When a
water source is insufficient for the system it is supplying, they are used to increase the pressure
(measured in psi and bar) of the water source.
  A deep well pump is a machine that extracts water from a well and pushes or pulls it into a tank at the
bottom of the well. The location of the pump installation depends on whether it is in the house, an
outbuilding, or the well itself.
 Boiler pump - provides feedwater to the boiler as needed. It must be able to force this water into the
boiler against the existing pressure.
 A circulating water pump, also known as a cooling water pump, circulates water. It circulates water
through a heat exchanger, such as a condenser or an oil cooler.
 Condensate pumps are a particular kind of centrifugal pump that are used to collect and distribute hot
water and liquid that is produced by condensation from heating systems, including gas and oil
condensing boilers, from the production of refrigerated air, including air conditioning and refrigeration
systems, air dehumidifiers and evaporators, and from the steam produced by heat exchangers and
radiators.
 Clogless pumps are typically described as having an entirely recessed impeller or an open rotor that has
been particularly created. With this design, solid items up to the breadth of the pump's discharge can
pass through. Non-clog pumps are greatly desired in applications including mining, sewage treatment,
the oil and gas sector, dredging, and many others that call for the transportation of high solids material.

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Since the Egyptians created the shadoof in 2000 BC, research has been conducted over many
decades to build the pumps we use today. Since then, they have made incredible progress, and there are
now thousands of pumps available for countless uses.

A pump is a piece of mechanical machinery used to raise liquid from one level to another. Pumps can
also be utilized in processes that need a lot of hydraulic pressure. Heavy duty equipment with a high
discharge pressure and a low suction pressure exhibits this.

Always keep in mind that a pump merely provides flow; it does not create pressure. There are many
distinct subcategories of pumps within these broad categories, and there are numerous areas of overlap
where various types of pumps in the same category or even in other categories would be ideal. Pressure is
just an indication of the degree of flow resistance. Since every pump application is different, each factor that
affects the choice of pump must be carefully taken into account.

Pumps are crucial, especially in the industrial sector, to say the least. It is therefore best to become
knowledgeable about pumps and where to purchase the best ones for your large projects. Therefore, while
selecting the type of pump you intend to use, please be cautious.

V. HONOR PLEDGE FOR GRADED ASSIGNMENTS

I, Daryll Jane E. Catbagan, affirm that I have not given or received any unauthorized help on this assignment,
and that this work is my own.

VI. REFERENCES

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-history-of-pumps
https://www.sintechpumps.com/industrial-pumps/history-of-pumps/
https://www.smlease.com/entries/automation/what-are-different-types-of-pump-and-their-applications/
https://www.ecomena.org/pump-types-functions-and-applications/
https://knowledge4civil.wordpress.com/2017/03/05/functions-and-uses-of-pump/
https://www.michael-smith-engineers.co.uk/resources/useful-info/centrifugal-pumps#:~:text=A
%20centrifugal%20pump%20is%20a,through%20the%20impeller's%20vane%20tips.
https://www.linquip.com/industrial-directories/269/reciprocating-pump
https://mechanicalboost.com/dynamic-pump/
https://www.northridgepumps.com/article-88_what-are-positive-displacement-pumps
https://www.introtopumps.com/pumps-101/volutes-casings-impellers/
https://www.engineersedge.com/pumps/diffuser.htm#:~:text=A%20diffuser%20is%20a%20set,liquid%20to
%20reduce%20in%20velocity.
https://www.dredge.com/the-dredge-pump/
https://www.waterpump.co.uk/blog/post/what-is-a-submersible-pump-and-what-is-it-used-for#:~:text=The
%20submersible%20pump%20is%20used,dirty%20water%2C%20and%20draining%20wastewater.
https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/Blogs-Landing-Page/NFPA-Today/Blog-
Posts/2021/04/02/Fire-Pump-Types?icid=W483#:~:text=Fire%20pumps%20are%20an%20essential,for
%20the%20system%20it's%20supplying.