Indian Institute of Welding - ANB

Refresher Course – Fab 01

Quality Assurance of Weld
Role of Welding Engineer/RWC
ISO 3834: Quality Assurance Standard for welded structures
International Trend in Quality Management:
 Earlier Thinking: A defined level of quality can be achieved through
implementation of ‘A manual and several documented procedures’ as given in
ISO 9001.
 Result: Often been a ‘Virtual Quality' where the correspondence between the
certified quality and real quality of the product or service is dependent on
external factors.
 Present Thinking: It now understood that ‘Substantial Quality’ can be
achieved only by giving specific technical competence priority over the
fabrication process applied. It is moving from a system to a process / product
approach, particularly for manufacture and maintenance.
The responsibility of the product conformity to the regulatory and contractual
requirements, is primarily on the manufacturer who has to show evidence of specific
competence. Thus a competent and effective control over whole fabrication process
becomes essential. It is particularly true for a “Special Process” like welding (with
ancillary activities like PWHT, NDT etc.)
Concept of QA & QC:
• Quality- The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service
that bear on its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs.
• Quality Management- That aspect of overall management functions that
determines and implement Quality System & Policy.
• Quality System- The organisational structure, responsibilities, procedures,
processes and resources for implementing Quality Management.
• Quality Assurance- All those systematic actions necessary to provide
adequate confidence that a product or service will satisfy given requirement
for quality.
• Quality Control- The operational techniques and activities that are used to
fulfill requirements for quality.
• Quality Document- All necessary papers required to produce Quality
Product/Service duly approved by respective authorities.
• Quality Records- All necessary papers to demonstrate the achievement of
required quality and the effective operation of the quality system.
• Quality Plan- A document setting out specific quality practices, resources and
sequence of activities relevant to a particular product, service contract or
project.
Type of Documents:
• Normative Document: Provides rules, guidelines or characteristics for
activities or their results. The term Normative document is a generic term that
covers such documents as standards, technical specifications, codes of
practice & regulations.
• Standard: Document, established by consensus & approved by a recognized
body, that provides, for common & repeated use, rules, guidelines or
characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the
optimum degree of order in a given context.
• Code of practice: Recommends practices or procedures for design,
manufacture, installation, maintenance or utilization of equipment, structures
or products.
• Specification: Prescribes the requirements with which the product or service
has to conform.
• Technical Specification: Document that prescribes technical requirements to
be fulfilled by a product, process or service.
• Regulation: Document providing binding legislative rules, that is adopted by
an authority.
• Procedure: Specified way to perform an activity. A written description of all
essential parameters & precautions to be observed when applying inspection
or a test method to specific item or quantity of items , following an established
standard, code or specification.
• Instruction: Provision that conveys an action to be performed.
• Written Instruction: A detailed written description of the inspection(s) or
test(s) to be performed.
Construction codes for Fabrication: Codes are necessary to assure reliability and
safety of equipment and structures. The codes provide rules to design, manufacture
by forming/ welding ) inspection and testing of fabricated equipment and structures.
• Examples of codes
- ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel code
- AWS Structural Welding code
- API pipe welding code / Norsolk M101
Welders have to be approved and certified to work on any coded fabrication.
Standard: A standard will generally contain or refer to all the relevant optional and
mandatory manufacturing, testing and measuring data. An Application Standard is a
level of quality or specification to which something may be tested.
• Why Codes and Standards?: We use codes and standards to manufacture
many things that have been built many times before. The lessons of failure,
over and under design are generally incorporated into the next revised edition.
A Code of Practice is generally considered as a legally binding document,
containing all obligatory rules to design, build and test a specific product.
 • As per English dictionary, a code is a set of laws or rules that shall be
followed when providing a service or a product.
Codes used in Industry: Design/ Construction codes and standards used in
industry typically include:
 Pipe lines carrying low and high pressure fluids
 Oil storage tanks
 Pressure vessels
 Offshore structures
 Nuclear installations
 Composite concrete and steel bridge construction
 Vehicle manufacturing
 Nuclear power station pipe work
 Submarine hull construction
 Earthmoving equipment
 Building construction
 Shipbuilding
 Aero-space, etc.,
Codes & Standards: Application Areas & Responsibilities
Most of the major application codes / standards contain three major areas which are
dedicated to:
 Design
 Manufacture
 Testing
Areas of responsibility within any application standard are generally divided into:
 The client or customer
 The contractor or manufacturer
 The third party inspection authority or client’s representative
Typical contents of a manufacturing standard:
 Section 1: General: Statement containing the scope of the standard and also
which is not within its scope
 Section 2: References: It identifies a comprehensive list of all other standard
to which it makes reference. May include nationally published standard for
welding process, consumables, testing, etc.,
 Section 3: Definitions: This section identifies a list of specific terms used
within the standard and offers a precise and concise explanation or definition
for each.
 Section 4: Specifications: It gives instructions and guidance on the
acceptable state and condition of all welding equipment, materials, fittings,
electrodes, wires, fluxes, gases, etc.,
  Section 5: Qualification of welding procedure: This section contains
instructions and information relevant to the welding and testing of welding
procedures.
 Section 6: Qualification of welders: It covers aspects relating to the testing
single and multiple qualifications of welders by visual examination, NDT and
mechanical testing.
 Section 7: Production welding: This section gives information applicable to
all aspects of field production welding, covering such elements as acceptable
weather and site conditions.
 Section 8: The qualification of welding inspector and NDT technicians:
Here, the qualification and experience requirements of all welding inspection
and NDT personnel are identified
 Section 9: Levels of acceptance: It contains all relevant data for the
inspector to evaluate the acceptance or rejection of identified welding
imperfections through visual examination or NDT. The level of acceptance
applied is mainly driven by implications of failure of the item.
 Section 10: Repair: Should a repair become necessary, this section provides
guidance on repair procedure
 Section 11: NDT Procedures: This gives procedural instructions and
information relevant to the use of Radiography, UT, MPI and penetrant testing
for welded joints.
 Section 12: Automatic welding with filler metal additions: It is dedicated to
the processes that do not rely upon human skills for depositing filler metals
and demands exhaustive information during welding procedural approval. It
includes automated MIG, TIG, SAW, etc.,
 Section 13: Automatic welding without filler metal additions: This section
relates entirely to procedural approval of flash-butt welding pipe lines.
Various Quality related Standards in Welding:
 Basic Standard for QMS - ISO 9001 -2000
 Special Basic Standard - ISO 3834
 Manufacturing Standards
 Personnel Standards
 Procedures
 Quality Standards
 Testing standards
ISO 3834: QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARD FOR WELDED STRUCTURES
Special Process: A ‘special process’ is a process where the conformity to the
requirement of the resulting product cannot be verified by subsequent monitoring or
measurements and as a consequence the deficiencies become apparent only after
the product is in use. Welding has been identified as a Special Process by ISO
9001:2015
ISO 9001 Quality Management System: The system addresses all aspects of
business that can affect quality (Review, Planning, Design, Process validation &
control, manufacturing, Monitoring & measurements, Training, CAPA, etc.). It is a
generic Standard i.e., the Standard can be applied to any organisation alike (such as
manufacturing, education, trading, service providers, etc., etc,).
Validation of Special Processes: In the ISO 9001, section 7.5.2 (2008) / 8.5.1
(2015), there is a requirement of “Process Validation” for such special processes.
Hence, welding, being defined as a special process and must be validated as per
ISO 9001. However, ISO 9001 does not go into details of validation requirements, as
the exact requirements vary from industry to industry.
Industry Specific Standards: ISO 9001 does provide all the basic requirements of
any organization. Nevertheless, industry specific Standards came into practice in
order to focus on the specific and critical requirements of specific industries. Thus we
see emergence of industry specific standards such as ISO 13485 (medical device
industry), QS 9000 (auto industry), ISO 3834 (fabrication by welding), ISO TS
29001(oil & gas) etc.
Need for ISO 3834: Various welding processes are the ‘Key’ feature of production In
many companies and exerts a profound influence on the cost of manufacture and
quality of product. It is essential, therefore, to ensure that these processes are
carried out in the most effective way and appropriate control is exercised over all
aspects of the operation. As quality of welding cannot be readily verified, it is
considered to be a ‘Special Processes’
ISO 3834: It is an international standard created by welding professionals to guide
the manufacturer in managing his welding fabrication process. It encourages a
proactive, process orientated approach for managing and controlling welding product
quality in a workshop or on site.
While ISO 9001 covers all basic requirements, ISO 3834 additionally identifies
all factors at all stages of welding that could affect the quality of welded product and
which need to be controlled, before, during and after. ISO 3834 therefore
complements ISO 9001 and does not replace it. A company already operating ISO
9001 will have much less to add to its quality system in order to conform to ISO
3834. It is an International Quality Standards which ensures that weld quality is
achieved by sound welding, not by inspection. Inspection only identifies defects /
deficiencies in the product, but cannot improve poor quality. Sound welding requires
continuous control and following of validated and documented procedures.
For achieving this, the total manufacturing process has to be supported by an
effective Quality Management System such as provided by ISO: 3834. – Quality
Requirements for Fusion Welding. Further an established manufacturing standard
e.g. EN: 15085: Fabrication of Railway Vehicles and Components or EN 1090:
Fabrication of Steel and Aluminium structures is to be followed for quality
assurance of the product, which requires compliance to ISO: 3834.
Effect of improper PWHT: The picture shown next is of a new pressure vessel that
failed during its hydraulic test. The vessel had been stress relieved, but some parts
of it did not reach the required temperature and consequently did not experience
adequate tempering. This coupled with a small hydrogen crack, was sufficient to
cause catastrophic failure under test conditions. Therefore it is important when
considering PWHT or its avoidance, to ensure that all possible failure modes and
their consequences are carefully considered before any action is taken.

Fig. 1: Failure of Pressure Vessel during Hydro-

test
Basic Features of ISO 3834:
 Sets priority to the specific technical competence and defines exact
competence requirement in welding
 The competence of the welding engineers are ensured by international
diploma and personal interview
 The competence of welders are ensured by International certification.
 Also requires control on other inputs materials and system.
 Much more than a quality system- it is a work culture
Main additional requirements in ISO 3834:
 Technical review of contract
 Control of Subcontracting
 Welding process validation and related activities
 Personnel qualification
 Equipment
 Welding Consumables approval Storage of parent materials
  Post-weld heat treatment
 Inspection and testing
 Nonconformance and CA
 Calibration
 Identification & traceability
 Quality documents and records
In all the above areas, ISO 3834 has specified requirements in addition to
requirements in ISO 9001.
Application of ISO 3834:
 Certification of companies in accordance with ISO – 3834 parts 2, 3 or 4
 Certification of personnel in accordance with ISO 14731
Structure of EN ISO 3834:
 ISO 3834-1:2005, Criteria for the selection of the appropriate level of quality
requirements
 ISO 3834-2:2005, Comprehensive quality requirements
Certification
 ISO 3834-3:2005, Standard quality requirements Levels
 ISO 3834-4:2005, Elementary quality requirements
 ISO 3834-5:2005, Applicable documentation, reference standards (not the
title)
 ISO/TR 3834-6:2007, Guidelines on implementing ISO 3834m
ISO 3834-1: It sets the criteria for selection of levels
 The extent and significance of safety-critical products
 The range of different materials used
 The range of products
 The complexity of manufacture
 The extent to which metallurgical problems may occur
 The extent to which manufacturing imperfections, e.g., misalignment,
distortion, or weld imperfection, affect product performance
ISO 3834-2: It is the Comprehensive Quality Level (highest level of quality)
 Applied to constructions in which the failure of welds may lead to total product
failure with successive significant financial consequences and a major risk of
human injury
 The product may be subject to pronounced dynamic loading in addition to
high static loading
 Manufacture would require enhanced controls to avoid the occurrence of
harmful imperfections
ISO 3834-3: It is the Standard Quality Level
 Applied to constructions in which the failure of welds could impair the intended
use of the construction & the operational unit in which it forms a part.
 The product would have a normal safety risk & the financial consequences
would not be extreme.
 Manufacture would be conventional without reliance of high performance
materials & the production processes would be well established.
ISO 3834-4: It is the Elementary Quality Level
 Applied to constructions in which the failure of welds would not fundamentally
impair the intended use of the constructions.
 Failure would not be expected to have any adverse effects on the safety of
people & would only have minor financial consequences.
 The materials used would be simple as well as the manufacturing technique.
Main welding requirements covered in ISO 3834:
 Review of requirements & Technical review to understand parent material
specification and welded joint properties, quality and acceptance
requirements, etc.
 In case of subcontracting, supplier to be treated as extension of
manufacturers facility
 Welding personnel i. e. qualified Welders and welding operators, Welding
coordination personnel (Qualification as per ISO 14731) are to be available.
 Inspection & testing personnel, i.e. qualified Welding Inspection personnel,
Non-destructive testing personnel (Qualification as per ISO 14731 & ISO
9712) are to be available.
 Equipment covers Production and testing equipment; Suitability of equipment
including maintenance of equipment
 Welding and related activities covers Production planning, Welding procedure
specifications (WPS), Process Qualification of the welding (WPQR), Work
instructions etc.
 Welding Consumables covers Batch testing, Storage and handling
 Storage of parent materials to ensure avoidance of damage and mix up
 Post-weld heat treatment (As per ISO/TR 17663 )
 Inspection and testing before, during & after welding; Inspection & test status
 Non-conformance and corrective actions including learning from experience
 Calibration of measuring, inspection and testing equipment for correct
monitoring & measurement at all stages
 Identification & traceability for enabling any failure to be traced back to
process for learning
 Quality records arising out of additional requirements as above
Elements ISO 3834-2 ISO 3834-3 ISO 3834-4

Contract review Full documented Less extensive Establish that

review review capability and
information is
Design review Design for welding to be confirmed available
Subcontractor Treat like a main fabricator Shall comply with all
requirement
Welders, Operators Approved in accordance with ISO 9606

Welding Welding coordination personnel with Not required but

coordination appropriate technical knowledge personal
responsibility of
manufacturer
Inspection Sufficient and competent personnel to Sufficient and
personnel be available competent third
parties access are
needed
Production Required to prepare, cut, weld, transport, No specific
equipment lift, together with safety equipment and requirement
protective clothes
Elements ISO 3834-2 ISO 3834-3 ISO 3834-4

Equipment Shall be carried No specific No requirement

maintenance out, maintenance requirements, shall
plan necessary be adequate
Production plan Necessary Restricted plan No requirement
necessary
Welding procedure Instruction to made available to welder No requirement
specification (WPS)
Welding procedure In accordance with the appropriate part No specific
approval of ISO 9956,approved as application requirement
standard or contract demands
Work instructions Welding procedure specification (WPS) or No requirement
dedicated work instructions to be available

Documentation Necessary Not specified No requirement

Batch testing of Necessary Not specified No requirement

consumables
Storage and According to supplier’s recommended minimum
handling of welding
consumables
Storage of parent Protection required from influences by the No requirement
materials environment, identifications to be
maintained
Post-weld heat Specification and Confirmation to No requirement
treatment complete record specification
necessary necessary
Inspection before, As required for specified operations Responsibilities as
during and after specified in contract
welding

Non-conformances Procedures shall be available

Calibration Procedures shall Not specified
be available

Elements ISO 3834-2 ISO 3834-3 ISO 3834-4

Identification Required when Required when Not specified

appropriate necessary
Traceability Not specified
Quality records Shall be available to meet the rules for As required by
product liability contract
Retained for 5 years minimum

Tab. 1: Comparison of Document Requirements of ISO 3834 - 2, 3 and 4

Sub – Contracting: The subcontractor is treated as extension of manufacturers
facility and shall fully comply with the relevant requirements of this part of ISO 3834.
The sub-contractor shall provide such records and documentation of his work as
may be specified by the manufacturer. He shall work under the order and
responsibility of the manufacturer (WC). The manufacturer shall ensure that the sub-
contractor can comply with the quality requirements as specified.
Importance of Welding Personnel: A key feature of ISO 3834 is the requirement to
ensure that people with welding responsibilities are competent to discharge those
responsibilities. This is achieved by incorporation of another standard, namely, ISO
14731 “Welding coordination – Tasks and responsibilities”. Specifying of minimum
requirements for personnel dealing with welding coordination and welding inspection
personnel in the Standard indicates the importance.
ISO 14731 Requirements for Welding Co-ordination Personnel:
• Welding Co-ordination :
o Manufacturing operations for all welding and welding related activities
o The sole responsibility of the manufacturer
o May be sub-contracted
 o May be carried out by more than one person
• Welding Co-ordinator
o Responsible and competent person
o Specified tasks and responsibilities
o Qualified for each task
• Welding Inspection
o Is part of welding co-ordination
Task and Responsibilities of WC (ISO 14731, Annexure B):
 B.1 Review of requirements
 B.2 Technical review
 B.3 Sub-contracting
 B.4 Welding personnel
 B.5 Equipment
 B.6 Production planning
 B.7 Qualification of the welding procedures
 B.8 Welding procedure specifications
 B.9 Work instructions
 B.10 Welding consumables handling
 B.11 Materials handling
 B.12 Inspection and testing before welding
 B.13 Inspection and testing during welding
 B.14 Inspection and testing after welding
 B.15 Post-weld heat treatment
 B.16 Non-conformance and CA
 B.17 Calibration and validation of measuring, inspection and testing
equipment
 B.18 Identification and traceability
 B.19 Quality records
Knowledge Requirements for Welding Coordination Personnel:
• Comprehensive Technical Knowledge: Full technical knowledge for
planning, executing, supervising and testing of all tasks and responsibilities in
welding fabrication, construction, repair, maintenance etc.
o Example: Broad range of materials, processes, thicknesses,
procedures & NDT requirements is involved, where a wide variety of
products are to be manufactured to differing codes, major fabrication
projects etc.
• Specific Technical Knowledge: Technical knowledge is sufficient for
planning, executing, supervising and testing of the tasks and responsibilities
in welding fabrication within a selective or limited technical field.
o Example: Where welding processes, procedures, materials and
products do not change significantly etc.
• Basic Technical Knowledge: Technical knowledge is sufficient for planning,
executing, supervising and testing of the tasks and responsibilities within a
limited technical field involving simple welded constructions
 o Example: Welding processes and procedures, materials etc. do not
vary, the welds produced are not critical from safety aspects etc.
How ISO 3834 Helps?: If the quality of welding in production is good and
predictable:
 Rework/rejection would be less, and cost due to rejection/rework will go down
 If welded joints are sound, redesign can reduce sections used, resulting in
lower weight, savings of materials, reduction in cost
 Failures will be less and safety/reliability will go up
 Because of above reasons, Product cost will go down
 All the above ultimately give a Competitive edge in terms of price and
performance
Survey of ISO 3834 by EWF on European Fabrication Industry:
Question: Have you got any quality enhancement or money saving at the end of
your production by adopting ISO 3834 through:
 lower percentage of waste and/or repair reduction;
 a better control of crucial manufacturing phases;
 an easier identification of some weak points in your fabrication
process
Answer:
 Yes: 85%
 No: 6%
 Cant say: 9%

Product manufactured Standard

Manufacturing Un-fired Pressure Vessels EN 13445

Manufacturing Metallic Industrial Piping EN 13480

Manufacturing simple Un-fired Pressure Vessels to

EN 286-1
contain air and nitrogen

Steel Pipelines and Pipe-works for gas supply

EN 12732
systems

Fabrication of steel and aluminum structures EN 1090

Fabrication of Railway vehicles and components EN 15085

Water tube boilers and auxiliary installations EN 12952

Tab. 2: Products standards which require ISO 3834 compliance

Quality level Standard NDT Standard

ISO 17635
Fusion welding - Steel ISO 5817 General Rules
(EN 12062 )

Fusion welding - ISO 17637

EN ISO 10042 Visual
Aluminium (EN 970 )

ISO 17636
Beam welding - Steel EN ISO 13919-1 Radiographic
(EN 1435 )

Beam welding - ISO 17640

EN ISO 13919-2 Ultrasonic
Aluminium (EN 1714 )
Cutting EN ISO 9013 Destructive Tests
ISO 5173
Joint preparation -steel EN ISO 9692– 1&2 Bend tests
(EN 910 )

Joint preparation – ISO 9017

EN ISO 9692 - 3 Fracture tests
Aluminium (EN 1320)
Tab. 3: Standards for Quality levels and Testing as per ISO 3834
Benefits of ISO 3834:
 Local and international recognition
 More assurance of contract delivery dates
 Greater assurance of the quality of welded products
 Less rework, reduction in rejection and its cost
 Reduced third party inspection, significant savings
 Increased opportunities and capability to bid on jobs, national and
international
 Prerequisite for EU & International product regulations that call up ISO 3834
(CE marking–mandatory for selling in EU), and the CEN Product Standards.
 Entry of company details on International Web site register - improves visibility
to potential clients.
Who can adopt ISO 3834 certification?:
 Fabrication companies
 Construction companies - on-site work
 Repair and maintenance contractors
 Manufacturers of welded products
 Welding workshops on sites under the same technical and quality
management
 Owners of plant with their own workshop(s)
WELDING INSPECTION

Definition of Inspection as per ISO Std.: Inspection is that quality control action by
means of examination, observation or measurement to determine the conformance
of material parts, components, system, structures as well as processes and
procedures with predetermined quality requirements.
The purpose of welding inspection is to determine if a weldment meets the
acceptance requirements of a code, standard or other document.
The welding inspector has a vital role in carrying out such inspection
effectively to ensure the quality of any welded structure. The welding Inspector must
be familiar with welding processes, welding procedures, welder qualification,
materials, DT & NDT of welds. He should be able to read drawings, prepare and
keep records, make reports and make responsible judgements and decisions. He
should maintain high standards of integrity in their practice and conduct. The welding
inspector must have suitable knowledge and competency and be certified to carry
out such inspection effectively.
Welding Inspection Personnel: It is part of Welding Coordination. Inspection
personnel should be qualified as per IIW-IWIP of required level or have other
equivalent qualification and demonstrated experience consistent with current
production by means of a Certification (e.g. National, TWI, AWS etc.). 3834 does not
specify criteria for organisations performing inspection & test but based on objective
evidence to confirm satisfactory process control. National Accreditation of a
laboratory is considered one acceptable criteria. NDT Personnel qualification to
conform to requirements of ISO 9712 and destructive tests should conform to the
applicable ISO standards

Fig. 2: The role of Welding Inspector

Inspection before Welding:
1. Application Standard
2. WPS, PQR, WPQ
3. Drawings
4. Material Composition
5. Condition of Material
6. Type of edge preparation, method & finish
7. Consumables
8. Welding process
9. Clearance dimensions, Type of backing (if any)
10. Alignment, Tack welds, Presets etc.
11. Pre-heat (if any)
Inspection during Welding:
1. Welding Process Parameter
2. Inter pass Temperature
3. Filler metal/Electrode condition
4. Inter pass cleaning
5. Distortion
6. Flux /Shielding gas flow
Inspection after Welding:
1. Dimensional accuracy
2. Visual inspection of the weld
3. Post Weld Heat Treatment (if any)
4. Evaluation of internal and surface defects with or without the aid of
Destructive/Non-destructive testing.
Testing: It is defined as the physical performance of operations to determine
quantitative measure of certain properties of a process. It aims to determine quantity
i.e. to discover facts regardless of the implication of the result.
Standard Types of Destructive & Non-destructive Testing:

Destructive Non-destructive
 Tensile Test  Ultrasonic Test (UT)
 Macro Test  Magnetic Particle Test (MPT)
 Charpy Test  Liquid Penetrant Test (LPT)
 Fracture Test  Radiography Test (RT)
 Bend Test  Visual Test (VT)
Discontinuity Category Static Dynamic All Loads
&Inspection Criteria Loaded Loaded (Tubular)
(Nontubular) (Nontubular)

Underrun-In fillet weld upto 1.6 mm Applicable Applicable Applicable

subject to it does not exceed 10% of
the weld length. No underun is
permitted for web-to-flange welds of
girder

Undercut-Upto 1 in. not to exceed Applicable Not- Not-

1mm. For an accumulated length of Applicable Applicable
2inch in any 12 inch for material
above 1in. Undercut above 1.6mm
not allowed.

Porosity-No porosity in the butt weld Applicable Not- Not-

traverse to tensile strength. In other Applicable Applicable
butt welds and for fillet weld the size
of 1mmin linear inch of weld and
shall not exceed 19 mm in 12 in
length of weld

Porosity-In fillet weld the frequency Not- Applicable Applicable

of porosity shall not exceed one in Applicable
100mm of weld length and the
maximum diameter shall not to
exceed 2mm.

Table 4: Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria as per AWS D 1.1

Level Symbol Quality Levels for weld imperfections

D Moderate

C Intermediate

B Stringent

Table 5: Arc-welded joints in Steel – Guidance on Quality

Levels for Imperfections – ISO 5817
Fig. 3: Visual Inspection Acceptance Criteria as per ISO 5817

XXX END XXX