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LONG SPAN STRUCTURES

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY-VIII
SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX
UNIT - I

 Long span structures


 Long span beams
 Long span Trusses & Roof structures
 Long span Arches
 Cable structures

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LONG SPAN STRUCTURES

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LONG SPAN STRUCTURES:

Long span structures create unobstructed, column free structures


greater than 20 metres span for a variety of functions.

Long span
structures

Flexibility
Large scale
Visibility Ex: Exhibition storage
Ex: Auditorium, halls
Stadium
Ex: Aircraft
Manufacturing Hangers
facilities

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LONG SPAN STRUCTURE:

• Long span is defined by the width of


the building, the span of the roof
frame across the entire structure.
• Anything more than 20 meters is
considered long span, but for Legacy
that's on the low side.
• These wide open structures are also
known as clear span or free span
buildings

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LONG SPAN BEAMS

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LONG SPAN BEAMS :

• The use of long span beams results in a range of


benefits, including flexible, column-free internal
spaces, reduced foundation costs, and reduced
steel erection times.

• Many long span solutions are also well adapted


to facilitate the integration of services without
increasing the overall floor depth.

• The most common types of beam used today are


plate girders, and beams with web openings.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


PARALLEL BEAM :

• The parallel beam approach is effective


for spans up to around 14 m.

• Floor grids comprise two layers of fully


continuous beams running in orthogonal
directions.

• Services running in either direction can be


integrated within these two layers, so that
services passing in any direction can be
accommodated within the structural floor
depth.

• A further benefit is that, being fully


continuous, the depth of the beams
themselves is reduced without incurring
the expense and complexity of rigid, full
strength connections

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENING:

• Web openings are typically formed in


beams to allow services to pass through
the beam.

• This enables the structural and service


zones to occupy the same space, thereby
reducing the effective overall depth
of floor construction for a given spanning
capability.

• Openings may also be formed for aesthetic


reasons, for instance with cambered*
beams used to support a roof.

• Composite beams with web openings


have been shown to be a cost effective
solution for spans in the range 10 to 16 m.

*Camber: A slight convex curvature in a beam or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflection.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENING:

• The openings introduce a number of potential failure modes not found in


solid web beams.

• Large openings may require stiffening to avoid instability (buckling) of the


web post.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


TAPERED GIRDER BEAMS :

• Tapered girders can be a cost effective


solution in the span range 10 m to 20 m.

• They are another solution that allows services


to be accommodated within the structural
floor zone.

• The depth of the girder increases towards


mid-span, where applied moments are
greatest, and thereby facilitating hanging
services under the shallower regions near
the beam supports.

• It is also possible to form web openings in


tapered girders in regions of low shear,
towards mid-span.

• These provide more options for service


integration.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


TAPERED GIRDER BEAMS :

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


STUB GIRDER BEAMS:

• Stub girders are a Vierendeel form of


truss, a rather exotic hybrid that can be
thought of as lying somewhere between
a solid web I-section and a truss.

• The bottom chord is typically formed


from a shallow open section (UC), on
which sit short lengths (stubs) of deeper
I-sections (UB).

• The top chord, at least in the final state,


is formed by the composite slab, and
therein lies one of the disadvantages of
this option - until composite action with
the cured concrete is achieved the
beams may need temporary
support/restraint.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


STUB GIRDER BEAMS:

• An inverted Tee section may be used to fulfil the functions of a top chord during
erection. Composite interaction is achieved by welding shear studs to the top of
the UB stubs.

• The number of elements/surfaces associated with a stub girder may increase


the cost of fire protection compared with simpler solutions.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAMS :

Haunches may be added at the ends of a


composite beam to provide moment
continuity.

The stiffness and strength of the connections


mean that the rest of the span can be
shallower, and services passed under it.

In buildings where the services are likely to


need frequent replacement, hanging the
services under the beams rather than passing
them through holes in the webs, or through a
truss, can be advantageous.

Spans in excess of 20 m can readily be


achieved.

*Haunch: A part of the beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance
and also it increases the efficiency of the beam.
SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX
LONG SPAN TRUSSES

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LONG SPAN TRUSSES:

A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural


elements. The most common use of trusses is in buildings, where support to
roofs, the floors and internal loading such as services and suspended ceilings, are
readily provided.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LONG SPAN TRUSSES:

• A truss is essentially a triangulated system of


straight interconnected structural elements; it
is sometimes also known as an open web girder.

• The individual elements are connected at nodes;


the connections are often assumed to be
nominally pinned.

• The external forces applied to the system and the


reactions at the supports are generally applied at
the nodes.

• Trusses are used in a broad range of


buildings, mainly where there is a requirement
for very long spans, such as in airport terminals,
aircraft hangers, sports stadia roofs, auditoriums
and other leisure buildings.

• Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are


sometimes used as transfer structures.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


TYPES OF TRUSS

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


PRATT TRUSS:

• Pratt trusses are commonly used in long


span buildings ranging from 20 to 100 m
in span.

• In a conventional Pratt truss, diagonal


members are in tension for gravity
loads.
• This type of truss is used where gravity
loads are predominant.

• An alternative Pratt truss is


shown where the diagonal members are
in tension for uplift loads.

• This type of truss is used where uplift


loads are predominant, which may be
the case in open buildings such as
aircraft hangers.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


LOADS ACTING IN PRATT TRUSS

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


WARREN TRUSS:

• In this type of truss, diagonal members


are alternatively in tension and
in compression.

• The Warren truss has equal length


compression and tension
web members, and fewer members
than a Pratt truss.

• A modified Warren truss may be


adopted where additional members are
introduced to provide a node at purlin
locations.

• Warren trusses are commonly used


in long span buildings ranging from 20
to 100 m in span.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


NORTH LIGHT TRUSS:

• North light trusses are traditionally


used for short spans in industrial
workshop-type buildings.

• They allow maximum benefit to be


gained from natural lighting by the
use of glazing on the steeper pitch
which generally faces north or
north-east to reduce solar gain.

• On the steeper sloping portion of


the truss, it is typical to have a truss
running perpendicular to the plane
of the North Light truss, to provide
large column-free spaces.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


SAW TOOTH TRUSS:

• A variation of the North light truss is the saw-tooth truss which is used in multi-
bay buildings.

• Similar to the North variation light truss, it is typical to include a truss of


the vertical face running perpendicular to the plane of the saw-tooth truss

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


FINK TRUSS:

• The Fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short-span high-
pitched roofs as the members are subdivided into shorter elements.

• There are many ways of arranging and subdividing the chords and internal
members.

• This type of truss is commonly used to construct roofs in houses.

FINK – KING POST

FAN FINK

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


VIERENDEEL TRUSS:

• Vierendeel trusses are


rigidly-jointed trusses
having only vertical
members between the top
and bottom chords.

• The chords are normally


parallel or near parallel.

• Vierendeel trusses are


usually more expensive
than conventional trusses
and their use limited
to instances where
diagonal web members are
either obtrusive or
undesirable.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


VIERENDEEL TRUSS:

• Vierendeel trusses are moment


resisting.

• Vertical members near the


supports are subject to the
highest moments and therefore
require larger sections to be
used than those at mid-span.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


CABLE STRUCTURE:

• Cable structure, Form of long-span


structure that is subject to tension and
uses suspension cables for support.

• Highly efficient, cable structures


include the suspension bridge, the
cable-stayed roof, and the bicycle-
wheel roof.

• The graceful curve of the huge main


cables of a suspension bridge is almost
a catenary, the shape assumed by any
string or cable suspended freely
between two points.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


CABLE STRUCTURE:

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


CABLE STRUCTURE:

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


CABLE STAYED STRUCTURE:

• The cable-stayed roof is supported from above by steel cables radiating


downward from masts that rise above roof level.

• It has one or more towers or pylons , from which cables support the bridge
deck.

• A distinctive feature are the cables or stays, which run directly from the tower to
the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines.

• This is in contrast to the modern suspension bridge, where the cables


supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at
both ends of the bridge and running between the towers.

• The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and
shorter than suspension bridges (app. 150 to 600 m)

• This is the range within which cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier, and
suspension bridge cabling would be more costly.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


CABLE STAYED STRUCTURE:

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


BICYCLE WHEEL ROOF STRUCTURE:

• A roof structural system whose main


structural members radiate from the
center to the perimeter of the
building, resembling a bicycle wheel.

• The bicycle-wheel roof involves two


layers of tension cables radiating
from an inner tension ring and an
outer compression ring, which in
turn is supported by columns.

• Several recent stadia roofs have


employed this structural roof
system.

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


BICYCLE WHEEL ROOF STRUCTURE:

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


TYPES AND FORMS OF SHELL STRUCTURE:

• Barrel Vaults

• Short Shells

• Domes (surfaces of revolution)

• Folded Plate Domes

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


TRUSS:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kD54DsW8rks

PORTAL FRAME VIDEO


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ecmn_qfO4uU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th69EZ9JK84

SUSPENSION BRIDGE VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_7AcAkle_4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_anVJoFUCtk

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX


CABLE STAYED STRUCTURE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO3p7HmAkO8&t=14s

PORTAL FRAME VIDEO

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

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