Long Span Structures

LONG SPAN STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY-VIII
SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX
UNIT - I
 Long span structures

 Long span beams
 Long span Trusses & Roof structures
 Long span Arches
 Cable structures

LONG SPAN STRUCTURES

LONG SPAN STRUCTURES:
Long span structures create unobstructed, column free structures

greater than 20 metres span for a variety of functions.
Long span
structures
Flexibility
Large scale
Visibility Ex: Exhibition storage
Ex: Auditorium, halls
Stadium
Ex: Aircraft
Manufacturing Hangers
facilities

LONG SPAN STRUCTURE:
• Long span is defined by the width of

the building, the span of the roof
frame across the entire structure.
• Anything more than 20 meters is
considered long span, but for Legacy
that's on the low side.
• These wide open structures are also
known as clear span or free span
buildings

LONG SPAN BEAMS

LONG SPAN BEAMS :
• The use of long span beams results in a range of

benefits, including flexible, column-free internal
spaces, reduced foundation costs, and reduced
steel erection times.
• Many long span solutions are also well adapted

to facilitate the integration of services without
increasing the overall floor depth.
• The most common types of beam used today are

plate girders, and beams with web openings.

PARALLEL BEAM :
• The parallel beam approach is effective

for spans up to around 14 m.
• Floor grids comprise two layers of fully

continuous beams running in orthogonal
directions.
• Services running in either direction can be

integrated within these two layers, so that
services passing in any direction can be
accommodated within the structural floor
depth.
• A further benefit is that, being fully

continuous, the depth of the beams
themselves is reduced without incurring
the expense and complexity of rigid, full
strength connections

COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENING:
• Web openings are typically formed in

beams to allow services to pass through
the beam.
• This enables the structural and service

zones to occupy the same space, thereby
reducing the effective overall depth
of floor construction for a given spanning
capability.
• Openings may also be formed for aesthetic

reasons, for instance with cambered*
beams used to support a roof.
• Composite beams with web openings

have been shown to be a cost effective
solution for spans in the range 10 to 16 m.
*Camber: A slight convex curvature in a beam or truss to compensate for an anticipated deflection.

COMPOSITE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENING:
• The openings introduce a number of potential failure modes not found in

solid web beams.
• Large openings may require stiffening to avoid instability (buckling) of the

web post.

TAPERED GIRDER BEAMS :
• Tapered girders can be a cost effective

solution in the span range 10 m to 20 m.
• They are another solution that allows services

to be accommodated within the structural
floor zone.
• The depth of the girder increases towards

mid-span, where applied moments are
greatest, and thereby facilitating hanging
services under the shallower regions near
the beam supports.
• It is also possible to form web openings in

tapered girders in regions of low shear,
towards mid-span.
• These provide more options for service

integration.

TAPERED GIRDER BEAMS :

STUB GIRDER BEAMS:
• Stub girders are a Vierendeel form of

truss, a rather exotic hybrid that can be
thought of as lying somewhere between
a solid web I-section and a truss.
• The bottom chord is typically formed

from a shallow open section (UC), on
which sit short lengths (stubs) of deeper
I-sections (UB).
• The top chord, at least in the final state,

is formed by the composite slab, and
therein lies one of the disadvantages of
this option - until composite action with
the cured concrete is achieved the
beams may need temporary
support/restraint.

STUB GIRDER BEAMS:
• An inverted Tee section may be used to fulfil the functions of a top chord during
erection. Composite interaction is achieved by welding shear studs to the top of
the UB stubs.
• The number of elements/surfaces associated with a stub girder may increase

the cost of fire protection compared with simpler solutions.

HAUNCHED COMPOSITE BEAMS :
Haunches may be added at the ends of a

composite beam to provide moment
continuity.
The stiffness and strength of the connections

mean that the rest of the span can be
shallower, and services passed under it.
In buildings where the services are likely to

need frequent replacement, hanging the
services under the beams rather than passing
them through holes in the webs, or through a
truss, can be advantageous.
Spans in excess of 20 m can readily be

achieved.
*Haunch: A part of the beam that is thickened or deepened to develop greater moment resistance
and also it increases the efficiency of the beam.
LONG SPAN TRUSSES

LONG SPAN TRUSSES:
A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural

elements. The most common use of trusses is in buildings, where support to
roofs, the floors and internal loading such as services and suspended ceilings, are
readily provided.

LONG SPAN TRUSSES:
• A truss is essentially a triangulated system of

straight interconnected structural elements; it
is sometimes also known as an open web girder.
• The individual elements are connected at nodes;

the connections are often assumed to be
nominally pinned.
• The external forces applied to the system and the

reactions at the supports are generally applied at
the nodes.
• Trusses are used in a broad range of

buildings, mainly where there is a requirement
for very long spans, such as in airport terminals,
aircraft hangers, sports stadia roofs, auditoriums
and other leisure buildings.
• Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are

sometimes used as transfer structures.

TYPES OF TRUSS

PRATT TRUSS:
• Pratt trusses are commonly used in long

span buildings ranging from 20 to 100 m
in span.
• In a conventional Pratt truss, diagonal

members are in tension for gravity
loads.
• This type of truss is used where gravity
loads are predominant.
• An alternative Pratt truss is

shown where the diagonal members are
in tension for uplift loads.
• This type of truss is used where uplift

loads are predominant, which may be
the case in open buildings such as
aircraft hangers.

LOADS ACTING IN PRATT TRUSS

WARREN TRUSS:
• In this type of truss, diagonal members

are alternatively in tension and
in compression.
• The Warren truss has equal length

compression and tension
web members, and fewer members
than a Pratt truss.
• A modified Warren truss may be

adopted where additional members are
introduced to provide a node at purlin
locations.
• Warren trusses are commonly used

in long span buildings ranging from 20
to 100 m in span.

NORTH LIGHT TRUSS:
• North light trusses are traditionally

used for short spans in industrial
workshop-type buildings.
• They allow maximum benefit to be

gained from natural lighting by the
use of glazing on the steeper pitch
which generally faces north or
north-east to reduce solar gain.
• On the steeper sloping portion of

the truss, it is typical to have a truss
running perpendicular to the plane
of the North Light truss, to provide
large column-free spaces.

SAW TOOTH TRUSS:
• A variation of the North light truss is the saw-tooth truss which is used in multi-
bay buildings.
• Similar to the North variation light truss, it is typical to include a truss of

the vertical face running perpendicular to the plane of the saw-tooth truss

FINK TRUSS:
• The Fink truss offers economy in terms of steel weight for short-span high-
pitched roofs as the members are subdivided into shorter elements.
• There are many ways of arranging and subdividing the chords and internal
members.
• This type of truss is commonly used to construct roofs in houses.
FINK – KING POST
FAN FINK

VIERENDEEL TRUSS:
• Vierendeel trusses are

rigidly-jointed trusses
having only vertical
members between the top
and bottom chords.
• The chords are normally

parallel or near parallel.
• Vierendeel trusses are

usually more expensive
than conventional trusses
and their use limited
to instances where
diagonal web members are
either obtrusive or
undesirable.

VIERENDEEL TRUSS:
• Vierendeel trusses are moment

resisting.
• Vertical members near the

supports are subject to the
highest moments and therefore
require larger sections to be
used than those at mid-span.

CABLE STRUCTURE:
• Cable structure, Form of long-span

structure that is subject to tension and
uses suspension cables for support.
• Highly efficient, cable structures

include the suspension bridge, the
cable-stayed roof, and the bicycle-
wheel roof.
• The graceful curve of the huge main

cables of a suspension bridge is almost
a catenary, the shape assumed by any
string or cable suspended freely
between two points.

CABLE STRUCTURE:

CABLE STRUCTURE:

CABLE STAYED STRUCTURE:
• The cable-stayed roof is supported from above by steel cables radiating

downward from masts that rise above roof level.
• It has one or more towers or pylons , from which cables support the bridge
deck.
• A distinctive feature are the cables or stays, which run directly from the tower to
the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines.
• This is in contrast to the modern suspension bridge, where the cables

supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at
both ends of the bridge and running between the towers.
•
• The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges and
shorter than suspension bridges (app. 150 to 600 m)
• This is the range within which cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier, and
suspension bridge cabling would be more costly.

CABLE STAYED STRUCTURE:

BICYCLE WHEEL ROOF STRUCTURE:
• A roof structural system whose main

structural members radiate from the
center to the perimeter of the
building, resembling a bicycle wheel.
• The bicycle-wheel roof involves two

layers of tension cables radiating
from an inner tension ring and an
outer compression ring, which in
turn is supported by columns.
• Several recent stadia roofs have

employed this structural roof
system.

BICYCLE WHEEL ROOF STRUCTURE:

TYPES AND FORMS OF SHELL STRUCTURE:
• Barrel Vaults
• Short Shells
• Domes (surfaces of revolution)
• Folded Plate Domes

TRUSS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kD54DsW8rks
PORTAL FRAME VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ecmn_qfO4uU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th69EZ9JK84
SUSPENSION BRIDGE VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_7AcAkle_4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_anVJoFUCtk

CABLE STAYED STRUCTURE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aO3p7HmAkO8&t=14s
PORTAL FRAME VIDEO

Long Span Structures

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Long Span Structures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LONG SPAN STRUCTURES

 Long span structures

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

Long span structures create unobstructed, column free structures

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• Long span is defined by the width of

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• The use of long span beams results in a range of

• Many long span solutions are also well adapted

• The most common types of beam used today are

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• The parallel beam approach is effective

• Floor grids comprise two layers of fully

• Services running in either direction can be

• A further benefit is that, being fully

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• Web openings are typically formed in

• This enables the structural and service

• Openings may also be formed for aesthetic

• Composite beams with web openings

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• The openings introduce a number of potential failure modes not found in

• Large openings may require stiffening to avoid instability (buckling) of the

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• Tapered girders can be a cost effective

• They are another solution that allows services

• The depth of the girder increases towards

• It is also possible to form web openings in

• These provide more options for service

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• Stub girders are a Vierendeel form of

• The bottom chord is typically formed

• The top chord, at least in the final state,

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• The number of elements/surfaces associated with a stub girder may increase

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

Haunches may be added at the ends of a

The stiffness and strength of the connections

In buildings where the services are likely to

Spans in excess of 20 m can readily be

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

A truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• A truss is essentially a triangulated system of

• The individual elements are connected at nodes;

• The external forces applied to the system and the

• Trusses are used in a broad range of

• Trusses are also used to carry heavy loads and are

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• Pratt trusses are commonly used in long

• In a conventional Pratt truss, diagonal

• An alternative Pratt truss is

• This type of truss is used where uplift

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

SAEED ANISA AZHARUNNISA SEMESTER - IX

• In this type of truss, diagonal members

• The Warren truss has equal length

• A modified Warren truss may be

• Warren trusses are commonly used