Anatomy & Physiology - Lecture

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 13

LESSON TITLE: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Part 2) Materials:

LEARNING OUTCOMES: Book, pen and notebook
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

1. Identify the major hormones secreted from the other

endocrine glands and its role in homeostasis;
2. Describe various conditions associated with problem in hormone
production of some endocrine glands;
3. Recognize the functions of other hormones significant in Reference:
homeostasis;
4. Identify the different disorders and diseases associated with VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s
endocrine system and its description; and, essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th ed.).
5. List the major age-related changes that occur in the endocrine New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
system.

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW
The purpose of this activity is to refresh your memory regarding the endocrine system. You simply encircle your
choice of answer based from the stated description in each item. Have fun!
1. Autocrine or Paracrine. Local messengers secreted by one cell type; ex: histamine
2. Lipid-soluble or Water-soluble. Most circulate as free hormones
3. Humoral or Neural or Hormonal. Directly by blood-borne chemicals to hormones
4. Nuclear receptors or Membrane-bound receptors. The hormone-receptor complex activates
genes, which in turn activate the DNS to produce mRNA
5. Anterior or Posterior. Releases antidiuretic hormones

MAIN LESSON
You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 10 of the book.

Thyroid Gland – made up of two lobes connected by isthmus; located on each side of trachea & highly vascular
Function: To secrete thyroid hormones which bind to nuclear receptors in cells & regulate rate of
✔ metabolism
✔ Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored within thyroid follicles and attached to
thyroglobulin
✔ Parafollicular cells / C cells secrete the calcitonin
✔ Hormones are regulated by TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamus & thyroid- stimulating
hormone (TSH) from anterior pituitary gland (See process figure 10.16, page 280)

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Conditions associated with Thyroid Glands:
▪ Goiter – enlargement of thyroid gland; can develop from too low iodine in diet or excess in TSH
▪ Hypothyroidism – lack of thyroid hormones
o Cretinism: hypothyroidism that occurs in infant which is characterized by mental retardation,
short stature, and abnormally formed skeletal structures
o Myxedema: occurs in adults; characterized by extremely lethargic, having a hard time
performing routine task, and accumulation of fluid & other molecules in subcutaneous tissue of
skin
▪ Hyperthyroidism – elevated rate of thyroid hormones secretion that causes increased metabolic rate,
extreme nervousness, & chronic fatigue
o Graves’ Disease: an autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism; occurs when immune
system produces abnormal proteins that are similar in structure & function to TSH, over-
stimulating thyroid gland
✔ Exophthalmos – bulging of the eyes associated with Graves’ disease

Parathyroid Glands – four tiny glands embedded in posterior wall of thyroid glands; release parathyroid
hormone (PTH) which is considered more important the calcitonin in Ca 2+ regulation (See figure 10.17, page
281)

Conditions associated with Parathyroid Glands:

▪ Hyperparathyroidism – abnormally high rate of PTH secretion usually caused by tumor in the gland;
results to easily fractured bones, fatigue, muscle weakness, and kidney stones
▪ Hypoparathyroidism – abnormally low rate of PTH secretion; may result from injury or surgical
removal of thyroid & parathyroid glands; characterized by frequent muscle cramps & tetanus

Adrenal Glands – two small glands located superior to each kidney; divided into adrenal medulla &
adrenal cortex (See process figures 10.18-10.21, page 282-285)

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Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system is activated when the blood pressure drops.

Renin is released from kidneys

▼
Stimulate conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in liver
▼
In lungs, angiotensin I converts angiotensin II by use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
▼
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor & causes release of aldosterone
▼
Blood pressure increases
Pancreas – has of pancreatic islets (islet of Langerhans) which consist of three cell types that are vital in
regulation of blood levels of glucose: (See figure 10.23, page 287)

▪ Alpha Cells – secrete glucagon

▪ Beta Cells – secrete insulin
▪ Delta Cells – secrete somatostatin

Effects of Insulin and Glucagon on Target Tissues: (See table 10.3, page 286)

Somatostatin – response to food intake; inhibits secretion of insulin & glucagon; also inhibits gastric tract activity.

Conditions associated with Pancreas:

▪ Acidosis – reduced pH of body fluids below normal; associated with breakdown of lipids releasing
enough fatty acids & ketones when blood glucose levels are very low
▪ Hyperglycemia – very high blood glucose levels
▪ Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – inability to regulate blood glucose levels within normal range; results of
exaggerated appetite, excess urine production, dehydration, thirst, & fatigue; has two types:

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 o Type 1 DM: occurs when too little insulin is secreted from pancreas
o Type 2 DM: caused by either too few insulin receptors or defective receptors (do not respond
normally to insulin) on target cells
▪ Insulin Shock – too much insulin is present in blood; occurs when a diabetic injected too much insulin or
has not eaten after an insulin injection; may result to disorientation, convulsion, & loss of consciousness

Reproductive Organs – include testes in males & ovaries in females; hormone release is stimulated by LH & FSH

Thymus – lies in upper part of thorax; most important early in life for normal development of immune system in
infant

Pineal Gland – small, pinecone-shaped structure located in thalamus; play an important role in the onset of puberty

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Other Hormones:

1. Hormones secreted by cells in lining of stomach & small intestine – stimulate the production of
digestive juices from stomach, pancreas, & liver
✔ secretion occurs when food is present in digestive system
✔ hormones from small intestine help in regulation of rate at which food passes (stomach into the
intestine)
2. Prostaglandin – intercellular signal that are widely distributed in body & play a role in inflammation
✔ released by damaged tissues causing blood vessel dilation, localized swelling, & pain causes
✔ relaxation of smooth muscles (ex: dilation of blood vessels) & contraction of smooth muscles
(ex: uterine contraction during delivery); medically used to induce abortion produced by
✔ platelets for normal blood clotting
✔ aspirin – inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
3. Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) / Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) – secreted by right atrium of
heart in response to elevated blood pressure; inhibits Na + reabsorption in kidneys resulting to more urine to
be excreted
4. Erythropoietin – secreted in response to reduced oxygen levels in kidneys; acts on bone marrow to
increase production of RBC
5. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) – similar in structure & function of LH; secreted by placenta
to maintain pregnancy & stimulate breast development

Diseases and Disorders of Endocrine System:

For the
Effects listed on
of Aging conditions below,
the Endocrine refer to Table 10.4, page 290 of the book for description:
System:
■ Diabetes Insipidus
▪ Gradual decrease in growth hormone in people who do not exercise melatonin, reproductive
■ hormones,
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
thymosin, and thyroid hormones (slight decrease).
▪ ■ Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid hormones increase if vitamin D and Ca2+ decrease.
▪ ■ There
Addison
is an Disease
increase in type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with a familial tendency.
■ Gestational Diabetes

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given
to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your
answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following is incorrectly paired with its location or function?

a. C cells; scattered throughout loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
b. C cells; secretion of calcitonin
c. thyroglobulin; scattered throughout loose connective tissue between thyroid follicles
d. thyroglobulin; colloid of thyroid follicles
e. thyroid hormones; regulation of metabolic rate in the body
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Endocrine glands are found all over the body and function independently of one another. The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,
adrenals, pancreas, and gonads are all major endocrine glands.

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2. Gonadotropins:
a. are secreted by the posterior pituitary.
b. regulate growth, development and function of the ovaries and testes.
c. include both TSH and ACTH.
d. are controlled by a releasing hormone from the thyroid gland.
e. directly promote water retention by the kidneys.
ANSWER: B
RATIO: Gonadotropin is a group of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland and acting on the gonads
(i.e., the ovaries or testes) in vertebrates.

3. All are true regarding growth hormone, except:

a. stimulates fat synthesis.
b. favors protein breakdown.
c. deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary gigantism.
d. excess after growth is complete produces acromegaly.
ANSWER: D
RATIO: All the options are true regarding growth hormone except the Option D because an excess after growth is
complete produces acromegaly and a deficiency in an adult can produce pituitary dwarfism

4. Which of these statements is true regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

a. is sometimes called oxytocin.
b. can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in large amounts.
c. causes "milk letdown" from the breasts of lactating women.
d. stimulates melanocytes and causes them to synthesize melanin.
e. is sometimes called oxytocin and can cause blood vessels to constrict when present in the blood in
large amounts as properties.
ANSWER: B
RATIO: Anti-diuretic hormone concentrations over a certain threshold cause blood vessel to contract (narrow), raising
blood pressure. A deficiency of body fluid can only be finally restored by increasing water intake.

5. Calcitonin:
a. is secreted by the parathyroid glands.
b. increases the amount of calcium absorbed by the intestine.
c. is synthesized by C cells of the thyroid gland.
d. increases the rate of calcium release from bone.
e. is secreted when blood calcium levels drop too low.
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Calcitonin is a hormone generated by the parafollicular cells (sometimes referred to as C-cells) of the thyroid
gland in humans. Calcitonin works by inhibiting the activity of parathyroid hormone to help control calcium and phosphate
levels in the blood.

6. Symptoms of diabetes mellitus include:

a. increased appetite. d. limited urine output.
b. lack of thirst. e. All of these are true.
c. high energy level.
ANSWER: A
RATIO: Weight loss despite increased appetite and hunger, severe thirst and dry mouth, frequent urination and urinary
tract infections are all possible symptoms. Fatigue, impaired eyesight, delayed wound healing, numbness or tingling in
the hands and feet, itching skin

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7. Which of these hormones increases blood glucose levels and increases lipid breakdown, but slows protein
breakdown?
a. glucagon d. glucocorticoids
b. epinephrine e. growth hormone
c. insulin
ANSWER: E

RATIO: Growth Hormone suppresses the abilities of insulin to stimulate the uptake of glucose in peripheral tissues and enhance glucose
synthesis in the liver.

8. Which of these statements concerning aldosterone secretion is NOT correct?

a. Low blood pressure stimulates the release of renin from the kidney.
b. Renin causes angiotensinogen to be converted to angiotensin I.
c. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion.
d. Aldosterone causes increased potassium retention.
e. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels.
ANSWER: D
RATIO: Normally, aldosterone kept salt and potassium levels in our blood in check. However, too much of this hormone might induce
potassium loss and sodium retention.

9. The thymus gland: (Select all that apply)

a. becomes prominent with increasing age. c. secretes thymosin.
b. is important in the function of the immune d. is found in the upper part of the thoracic
system. cavity above the heart.
ANSWER: B, C, D
RATIO: All of the options are true except option A because thymus gland becomes smaller with increasing age.

10. Pepper has been diagnosed with an abnormally high level of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). You
know that she would exhibit which of the following symptoms?
a. hyperglycemia d. darkening of the skin
b. reduced egg cell production e. constant thirst
c. increased frequency of urination
ANSWER: B
RATIO: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels over a certain threshold enhanced melanin synthesis.
This can happen as a result of extended sun exposure or tanning.

RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers. You can now ask questions and debate among
yourselves. Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER:
RATIO:

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LESSON WRAP-UP

You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to
help you track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

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AL Activity: LEARNING SHEETS

This technique will help you engage by providing a question sheet that guides & stimulates the learning. You will
answer the questions per column, as fast as you can. It will be great to time yourself as you answer on the space
provided. Have fun!

FIND-OUT QUESTIONS:

1. Hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the hormones of thyroid gland. Answer:
ACTH

2. Cells that secrete insulin. Answer: Beta Cells or B-Cells

3. This hormone is released when there is an abnormally low calcium blood level.
Answer: Parathyroid Hormone or PTH

4. The gland responsible for the onset of puberty. Answer: Pituitary Gland

5. A disorder that is caused by lack of ADH from posterior pituitary. Answer: Diabetes Insipidus

LARGER QUESTIONS: (These can only be answered if the FIND-OUT QUESTIONS are completed.)

1. Compare the functions of the hormones released by ovaries, the LH and FSH.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a glycoprotein gonadotropin produced by the anterior pituitary in response to the
hypothalamic hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). On the other hand, LH stimulates testosterone production from the interstitial
cells of the testes (Leydig cells).

2. What is the major function of glucagon in the body?

The purpose of glucagon in the body is to keep blood glucose levels from falling too low. It accomplishes this by acting on the liver in
a variety of ways: It promotes the conversion of glycogen (which is stored in the liver) to glucose, which may then be released into the circulation.

3. Describe the functions of each hormone released by the adrenal cortex.

The adrenal cortex—the outer part of the gland—produces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps
regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure).

CHALLENGE QUESTION:
1. Why does a pregnant woman contain a numerous amount of progesterone and HCG compared to non- pregnant?

The placenta also produces it throughout pregnancy to aid in the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Progesterone.
During pregnancy, the ovaries and the placenta produce this hormone. It causes the uterine lining to thicken in
preparation for the implantation of a fertilized egg.

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