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IC 101 – STATISTICAL METHODS

Chapter 5: ORGANIZATION OF DATA

A. Ungrouped Data

1. Raw Data
These are data that were gathered but not arranged numerically

2. Array
Array is a set of raw numeric data arranged in ascending or descending order.

B. Grouped Data

Data organized or summarized in a FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION are often called

grouped data.

1. Frequency Distribution Table

Tabular arrangement of data showing actual number of frequencies falling in each
class.

Example:

Height Class # of Xi < > RF

(inches) Boundaries days CF CF (%)
42 – 56 41.5-56-5 6 49 6 30 20%
57 – 71 56-5-71-5 6 64 12 24 20%
72 – 86 71.5-86.5 7 79 19 18 23%
87 – 101 86.5-1101.5 4 94 23 11 13%
102 – 116 101.5-116.5 4 109 27 7 13%
117 – 131 116.5-131.5 3 124 30 3 10%
30 100%

Parts of a Frequency Distribution Table

1. Class Interval
The range that defining the groups or categories.
It is defined by the Class Limits (Lower and Upper Class Limits)

2. Class limits
- groupings or categories defined by lower and upper limits. They are the end
numbers of a class interval.
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Example:

Class Interval
(No. of Cellphones Sold)
42 – 56
57 – 71
72 – 86

Lower class limits (LCL) are the lower numbers

Upper class limits (UCL) are the higher numbers

2. Class Size (c)

It is the width of each class interval.
It is also the difference between two successive lower class limits or upper class
limits.

Example:

Class Interval
(No. of Cellphones Sold)
LCL UCL
42 – 56
57 – 71
72 – 86

3. Class Boundaries
Also called as the true limits. It separates each class without gap. The class
boundaries are also middle value between the upper limit of one class and the lower limit
of the next class. In case that your class intervals are whole number, the class boundaries
are obtained by subtracting 0.5 to the lower class limit and adding 0.5 on the upper class
limit of each class.

Example:

No. of Class Mark

Cellphones Sold
42 – 56 49
57 – 71 64
72 – 86 79

4. Class Mark ( X i )
The midpoint of each class.
They can be found by adding the lower and upper limits and then divide by 2.

lcl + ucl lcb + ucb

Xi = =
2 2
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5. Relative Frequency

It is the frequency of each class divided by the total frequency of all the classes and
expressed in %.
f
RF % = ´ 100%
åf
6. Cumulative Frequency

a. Less than cumulative frequency ( <CF)

It is the total frequency of all the values less than the upper class boundary of
each class.

b. Greater than cumulative frequency (>CF)

It is the total frequency of all the values more than the upper class boundary of
each class.

Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution Table

1. Find the Range (R)

The Range is equal to the highest value minus the lowest value.

2. Determine the number of classes (k).

Sturges has given a formula for determining the approximation number of classes.

k = 1+ 3.322LogN

3. Determine the number of class size (c), the construct the interval. Round-off to the
nearest ODD number.

R
c=
k

4. The limits of each class interval are defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. For the
first lower limit, select a starting point (use the lowest value.). The highest value should
be part of the highest class interval.

5. Tally the scores and count the frequency.

6. Set up the class boundaries.

7. Add a column for the class mark.

8. Add a column for Relative Frequency

9. Set up the Cumulative Frequency

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GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

The following graphs can be constructed to represent a frequency distribution:

a. HISTOGRAM consists of a set of rectangles having bases on a horizontal axis with

centers at the class mark , lengths equal to the class interval sizes and heights equal to
the frequencies.
b. FREQUENCY POLYGONS are constructed by plotting class frequencies against class
marks and connecting the consecutive points by a straight line.
c. OGIVES is obtained by plotting the cumulative frequency by connecting points of
intersection between the class boundaries versus cumulative frequencies “less than” or
“more than”.

Example: Construct a Frequency Distribution Table, consider the ages of 40 ABS-CBN

contract artists.

26 30 42 35 24 40 34 55
46 38 24 29 16 32 16 32
44 52 33 34 25 32 27 31
23 28 33 25 36 31 23 30
33 41 26 26 25 32 27 24