PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

G12 ABM- REVIEWER

LESSON 1: LESSON 2: Quantitative Research

Characteristics of Research Quantitative Research
➢ scientific ➢ make you focus your mind on scientific things by
➢ experimental means of statistics that involve collection and study
➢ Inductive manner of thinking (particular to more of numerical data. It also involves measurement of
complex) data.
➢ execute varied thinking acts (HOTS) ➢ A way of making any phenomenon or any sensory
➢ empirical, logical, ylical, analytical, ethical and experience clearer or more meaningful by
replicable gathering and examining facts and information.
Based on types of Data Needed ➢ Research findings are in numerical
➢ Qualitative research forms(percentage, fraction, numbers)
➢ Quantitative research ➢ Control or manipulation of research conditions by
Research Based on Application of Research Method the researcher
Research Pure ➢ Scientific method
➢ Applied to theoretical or practical issue ➢ Mathematically based methods
➢ Deals with concept, principles and abstract things ➢ Impersonal , scientific, or systematic
➢ Aims to increase your knowledge about something ➢ Random sampling the most prefer
Applied Research ➢ Objective; least involvement by the researcher
➢ Intention is to apply your chosen research ➢ Numersals, statistics
social problem or issue Characteristics Quantitative Research
➢ Finds way to make positive changes in the society ➢ objective
Based on Purpose of the Research ➢ usually happen in hard sciences like physics,
➢ Descriptive chemistry, biology,and medicine
➢ Correlational Kinds of Quantitative Research
➢ Explanatory 1. Experimental
➢ Exploratory 1.1 true experimental
➢ action 1.2 quasi experimental
Inquiry v.s Research 1.3 single subject
➢ Encourage to formulate questions to direct you 1.4 pre-experimental
to exact information you want to discover 2. Non-experimenta
about the object of your curiosity.
➢ They are not exactly the same in all aspects. Qualitative
RESEARCH includes more complex acts of investigation Strength and Weaknesses
than inquiry because the former follows a scientific
-sample of individuals, -some groups are hard to
procedure of discovering truths or meaning about things in communities, or reach-drug users, illegal
this word. organizations can be immigrants, ethnic
Nature of Inquiry and Research selected—results will be minorities
➢ One goal of education is knowledge acquisition, obtained.
➢ Create, construct, or produce things for
the betterment of not only your own life, but of -Structural factors that -self-reported information
determine how may be inaccurate or
the whole world as well.
inequalities are incomplete.
Methods of Research produced can be
Depending on your topic and purpose, you are free analyzed(gender)
to choose from several approaches, methods etc..
 ➢ It is not the same as true experimental studies
-study findings can be -many kinds of
generalized to the information are difficult to because quasi-experimental studies lack one or
population about which obtain through structured both of the essential properties of randomization
information required data collection and a control group.
instruments(sensitive
topic) Quasi-Experimental Research
➢ Usually, participants chosen in a quasi-
-clear documentation… -expensive and time
experimental research are those forming a class
as to validity of findings consuming
that remains as one group incapable of
Importance of Qualitative Research disintegration.
➢ Reflect precise measurement and an in-depth
analysis of data. Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental Research
➢ Useful in obtaining an objective understanding of ➢ Attempts to establish cause-effect relationship
people, things, places and events in this world. among the variables.
➢ These types of design are very similar to true
LESSON 3: Experimental Research experiments, but with some key differences.
Classification ➢ An independent variable is identified but not
1. True experimental manipulated by the experimenter, and effects of
2. Quasi-experimental the independent variable on the dependent
Based on what the experimental research is done, it is variable are measured.
either laboratory research or field research.
A True Experiment
Experimental Research ➢ Is any study where an effort is made to identify the
➢ Often called true experimentation imposed control over all other variables except
➢ Uses the scientific method to establish the cause- one.
effect relationship among a group of variables that An Independent variable
make up a study. Is manipulated to determine the effect on the dependent
Definition of Experimental Research variables.
Two groups are involved:
➢ the experimental group, the one on which the Subject
treatment or influence is applied ➢ Are randomly assigned to experimental treatments
➢ The control group, which does not receive any rather than identified in naturally occurring groups.
treatment.
The object or subjects involved in these types of research They not randomly chosen participants are subjected
are chosen randomly or selected by chance rather than by to any of these types of quasi-experimental research:
the decision of the researcher. 1. Matched comparison- choosing a treatment group
and another group that has similarities with the
Non-Experimental Research treatment group.
➢ Is a way of finding truths about a subject by 2. Time-series quasi-experimental research- giving
describing the collected data about such a subject them a series of pre-tests and post-test.
and determining their relationships or connections 3. Single-subject quasi-experimental research-
with one another. controls treatment and condition applied to just one
➢ Any treatment is not involved in this type of individual or a group.
research. Survey Research
Causal-Comparison/Quasi-Experimental Research
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
G12 ABM- REVIEWER
➢ Is a method of research that aims at knowing what
a big number of people think and feel about some
sociological issues.
➢ The data it collects from these people serving as
“representatives or informats” explains or
describes the society’s thoughts, attitudes and
feelings towards environmental issues.
Characteristics
1. It is incapable of establishing a cause-effect
relationship by itself.
2. Involves various ways of data analysis:
➢ Primary- analysis of data collected by the
researcher himself.
➢ Secondary- examination of data collected
by other people.
➢ Meta-analysis- analysis of data expressed
numerically.
3. It uses research methods that are applicable to
both quantitative and qualitative data.
Weak points of Survey Research
1. It cannot provide sufficient evidence about the
relationships of variables.
2. It cannot examine the significance of some issues
affecting people’s social life.
3. It cannot get data reflecting the effects of the
interconnectedness of environment features on the
research study.
4. It cannot consider man’s naturalistics tendencies as the
basis of human behavior unless his ways or styles of living
are related to his surroundings.
5. It cannot promote interpretative and creative thinking
unless its formation of ideas results from scientific
thinking.
Planning a Survey Research
1.Explanation of objectives clearly.
2.Formulation research questions or hypotheses to predict
relationship of variables.
3.Determination of the exact kind of data referred to by the
hypotheses or research questions.
4.Assurance of the population or group of people to which
the findings will be applied to.
5.Finalization of the sampling method for selecting the
participants.
6.Identification of the method or instruments in collecting
data; that is, it is a questionnaire on paper, through phone,
computer, or face-to-face.
Proposes of Survey Research
1.To obtain information about people's opinion and
feelings about an issue.
2.To identify the present condition, needs, or problems of
people in a short span of time.
3.To seek answers to social problems.
4.To give school officials pointers or curricular offerings,
guidance, and counseling services, teacher evaluation,
and so on.
Effectiveness and Usefulness of Survey Research:
1. Versatility- it can tackle any issue affecting society.
2. Efficiency- it is not costly in terms of money and time,
assuming there is excellent communication or postal
system.
3. Generality- it can get a good representation oor sample
of a large group of people.
4. Confidentiality- it is capable of safeguarding the privacy
or anonymity of the respondents.
Lesson 5:Variables
Variables
➢ made up of the root or base word “vary” which
means to undergo changes or to differ from
Have different or varying values in relation to
time and situation.
➢ Are “changing qualities or characteristics” of
persons or things like age,gender,intelligence,
ideas, achievements, confidence, and so on
that are involved in your research study.
Types of Variables
➢ Cause (independent variables)
➢ effect/ outcome (dependent variables)
Types of Variables
1. Constant- do not undergo any changes during an
experiment.
2. Attribute- characteristics of people; intelligence,
creativity, anxiety, learning styles, etc.
3. Covariate- included in the research study to create
interactions with the independent and dependent
variables.
4. Continuous- quantitative in nature is used in interval or
ratio scale of measurement.
5. Dichotomous- has only two possible results;one or zero.
6. Latent- cannot be directly observed like personality
traits.
7. Manifest- can be directly observed to give proofs to
latent variables.
8. Exogenous- found outside an identified model.
9. Endogenous- found inside; as a part of the identified
model.
Variable Relationships
It is possible that one, two or more variables or extra
variables crop up to create an impact on the relationship
between the independent and dependent variables. Being
extra variables , they form this type of variables called
extraneous variables.
7.FALSE- only words can express the effects of variables
on dependent variables
8,FALSE- the effects of something can be shown through
fractions and percentage
9.TRUE- it is wrong to expose the variables to changeable
factors
10.FALSE- attribute variables have the same meaning as
participating variables
1. True experimental research- involves treatment
2. Meta-analysis- statistical studies
3. Survey research- stress on one's interview
4. Data gathering instrument- phone,calls,questionnaire
5. Variable predictors- point to exact data
6. Data types analysis- make survey different from others
7. Confidentiality- secret identity of the object
8. Social sciences- where most survey research happen
9. Hypotheses- research questions
10. Generality- stand for lots of people

Other type of Variables

Extraneous Variables are to be controlled by YOU, the
experimenter.

But if they do not give in to your control, they become

confounding variables that can strongly influence your
study.

True or False
1. FALSE- the experimenter relates himself/herself with
the independent variable.
2.TRUE- extraneous variables are nuisance variables
3.FALSE- extraneous variables are significant as
independent variables
4.TRUE- all variables are prone to changes or variations
5.FALSE- all variables are controllable
6.TRUE- the effects of something on dependent variables
are measurable