EdTech 2
Educ 103
Understanding Technology
Learners
“It is not easy to understand learners - technology
learners,” I must say.
Education must cope up with the trends of the world.
In the same way, teachers and students too must
adapt. Why? Is there really a need to adapt? This
could be opinionated, but, we just cannot deny the
fact that even before the advent of technology in
education, schools have already been producing very
good students. Some people may even say, “Learners
now are only smart because they know how to use
technology, but old times ‘smarties’ are different
from now.”
Based on the assertion above, what then are the
significant differences of learners yesterday and
learners today? What makes a traditional learner
better than a technology learner, or the latter better
than the other? Are the two even comparable?
It is indeed a need for Education as a whole, to adapt
to what is in. I cannot say that without technology, a
teacher is less effective but I want to emphasize that
with technology, teachers’ teaching will become
better. If teachers will not adapt, there is a big
tendency that students will become passive learners
and will easily get bore because in the environment
now, everyone needs to do something to learn. If
students will not adapt, they will find a hard time in
school (say, submitting requirements, getting
informed, and accessing information). In the future
where technology will become a necessity, anyone
who sticks with the traditional may not be able to
understand the language of world (figuratively!). It
may be true that intellectuals have been products of
traditional schools, but human as we are, we change,
we innovate, and we find ways to improve things.
Let me define the following terms:
Traditional Learner – basically, a leaner
who makes use of traditional ways of learning; one
who studies from books and other second sources of
information.
Technology Learner- Anyone who makes
use of man-made inventions such as books in
learning.
HOWEVER, in the context of Educational
Technology, we are referring to TECHNOLOGY
LEARNERS as DIGITAL LEARNERS, a learner
who learns with the use of technology, anything that
is digital.
In my opinion, there should be no comparing of
traditional learners and technology learners because I
believe the latter is just the transition of the other, it
may even just be a shifting! You may disagree with
me, but if we just come to think, no one has ever
learned to do anything without going through the
traditional way of learning. Let me ask this question,
how did a child learn to differentiate the voice of his
mother and his father? Do you think the mother use
any device just to teach her child to differentiate her
voice and her husband’s voice? No, right. By mere
talking to the child, the child gets to learn his
mother’s and father’s voice – that is natural,
traditional. Allow me to cite myself as an example, I
learn to read by reading books – traditional; now, I
read Ebooks at times because they are less bulky – I
am a technology/digital learner. See? From being a
traditional learner I turned into a Technology learner.
(There are even times that I shift styles because going
through the traditional makes me learn better than
doing the digital way). (I may have answered
differently from the report)
A traditional learner is indeed different from a
technology learner, in terms of the medium used. But
as I say, the other is just the transition of the other,
they may even shift depending on what’s necessary.
The most important question is, how then should we
understand the technology learners? One must go
back to the basic. The teacher must identify first the
strengths and weaknesses among his/her students.
He/she must give activities catering the strengths and
weaknesses of his/her students to develop what needs
to be developed. If there be deviations, that this the
time the teacher makes the analysis leading him/her
understand his/her students.
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EXPERIENCE:
Integration of technology in education really
helps. I am a traditional learner but I am also a
technology learner. Sometimes I shift my styles to
cater my preferences in learning. Sometimes I prefer
reading books rather than just read the softcopy of it.
Moreover, it is important for a teaching to
have an understanding of technology learners, what
are they and what makes them that.
I failed to answer one of the questions thrown
during the report because I failed to differentiate what
a “traditional learner” and “technology” is. The
question is kind of hard. It’s like differentiating a
human and papers. It is somehow distinct but I think I
got the essence of understanding technology learners.
Being digital learners, learners construct their own
meanings which are sometimes crooked. That is why
the teacher should be there to assist.
REFLECTION
The following are among realizations on this
lesson: it is not good to compare students with
regards to the type of learner they choose to be.
Instead, a teacher must be the aid of the students in
transforming into learners they are supposed to be, to
be in conformity with the trend of global education.
The change must not be abrupt so as not to shock the
students.
APPLICATION                                                              Shock he shows how information or technology
          
                        A traditional learner is indeed
different from a technology learner in terms of the
medium used for learning. As a future, I must not
make any comparison with the learning styles of my
students. Instead, I must develop the necessary skills
they need to have to compete with the world. Not all
students prefer technology all the time, some prefer
the traditional. Hence, it goes back to the issue of
appropriateness. As a future teacher, I must evaluate
the usefulness and application a certain technology
Bridging the
Generation Gap
Old generation usually compares their time with
new generation. They believe that their generation is
better than now. On their times, dressing must be
decent and must hide your skin from the sight of
other specially for men, they believe that the manner
of dressing is letting everyone now that your a
respected person. Socializing is a formal gathering
and must be held on formal places. In terms of
relationship, old generation value the traditional way
of courtship wherein the guy need to ask permission
first to the parents of the girl he like/love before
proceeding to the formal way of courting. Unlike
now, new generation seems to forget this things.
They are more focus on the what’s new neglecting
the values and beliefs of the old  generation. Most of
the time, old generation feel a huge gap between
them and the new generation. In terms of technology,
old people tends to feel like “dumb” not because they
can’t afford to buy new gadgets but because they are
old enough to learn how to use the gadgets. As we all
know, as people gets older their neurons and nerves
function becomes slower the reason why its hard fo
them to learn how to us technologies and gadgets.
As well as they said that its hard for them to  look at
the screen because the letters are so small and the
lights are to bright for their eye sight.
In general, there us a huge gap existing on
both generation. In Alvin Toffler’s book, Future
begun to create many cultural changes in the family,
societies, businesses, government, etc. Old things are
difficult to overcome yet older generation must also
need to understand that new generation are just
adapting the culture they born with. We must accept
the fact that we can do nothing about it, for we all
now that changes is a part of life and the only thing
that we can do is to accept and cope up with the
changes. Generation gap is normal for we all now
that we are not born on the same time.
Preferences of Technology
Generation
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CONTENT:
Only a fool would ever deny the major differences of
the teaching-learning styles and strategies of the
previous and present generation. There are major
differences even from the media used up to the
outcome produced. The previous generation are more
into content in every lesson while for now, there so
much more in school than just learning but also
developing necessarily values and significant skills to
cope with the world. These major differences makes
the gap – the “generation gap.” This gap impacts the
teaching and learning process most especially if the
teacher isn’t in conformity with new trend in
education. Below are the defining differences that
contributes to the generation gap.  Medals, certificates and diplomas and other objects of
Text versus Visuals – The previous generation were
into written and tangible materials enriched with
illustrations and photos while the generation now has
broader and greater preference to visuals. The
learners now are mostly visual learners so they
understand concepts if visuals are used. There are
“not so into” in reading but more on believing and
understanding what they see. They tend to choose
pictures over reading materials.  Rote Memory versus Fun Learning – The traditional
Linear versus Hyper-media – The previous
generation learned in a sequential and linear manner
no wonder learners before are more logical than
today, they have become reflective thinkers and
focused. Today, because of “hyper-media,” the
learner now gets to access to information easily. It is
notable that because of the learners’ random access to
hyperlinked digital information, they are bored and
distracted easily during classes.
Independent versus Social Learners  
– The traditional way of learning is more on
independent learning; the way of learning today
encourages collaboration and cooperation among
learners. The trend now is more social and that digital
learning is better when it is done in groups. Learners
can communicate in many ways, in many avenues.
Learning to Do versus Learning to Pass the Test –
The past generation are taught by teachers because
the teachers back then wanted the students to pass the
test – they are basically after the score (although
there is still learning, short-term learning and not on
the effective learning (one that really lasts for a long
time – true learning). Now, acquired skill/s is/are the
determining factor/s of learning. There is much more
emphasis on the process than on the outcome,
although the outcome is also an important
determinant of learning. 
   Delayed Rewards and Instant Gratification 
 – Rewarding learning in the past wasn’t immediate.
gratification are given at the end. Today, rewards are
immediate – right after the endeavor, the reward is
given say for example. It is only at the end of the
school year that the learner can get the rewards and
gratification of his/her efforts; however today,
rewarding is immediate, just like after playing plants
versus zombies, the learner gets to know how well
he/she did the game.
teachers obliged their students to memorize lessons
and test memory (which was back then perceived as
“knowledge”) through standard test. Memory back
then was the measure of understanding. Today there
is still an emphasis on the use of memory but learning
has become fun because knowledge is not just based
on memory or perhaps may no longer be on memory,
but more into actions and practical applications
which yields better learning and understanding
because it is actual and because the learners
remember things if he/she does it but because the
learner gets to experience the actual thing. Learning
is no longer mundane and cyclical but it has become
“active.”
EXPERIENCE:
                I can say that the way I learn now is way to
better than the way I learn in high school. Back then
concepts about chemical reactions were made known
to me through books and lectures; at this degree, I get
to understand better because I made it happen and I
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witness how it worked. I have evolved from being an
auditory learner (solely) into a visual learner. I now
understand things better. All thanks to technology,
there is a better and faster way of learning. I have
become a better learner. Moreover, I can also attest to
the gap made by technology to the teaching and
learning process. Some of my teachers don’t use the
available materials for digital learning for the reason
that they are expensive and they should only be used
some times. Now, with my learning, I get to ask
questions: was that the REAL reason why? : Or was
it because my teachers back then didn’t have the zest
to learn how to manipulate it: Did my teachers before
fail to fill the generation gap? Hmmm?
  Learning can be facilitated in many ways depending
on the concept being taught. Traditional way of
teaching and learning is not bad if it is just employed
correctly. With the advent of digital education, the
teaching and learning process have become better.
However, the extent and effectivity of this digital
education is also still dependent on the
appropriateness of its application. The gap is not that
big only if traditional teachers would just have the
courage to blow to cloud of fear in front of them.
They play important roles in bringing the students to
the 21st century education – digital education.
Students have become better in multitasking because
of the avenue being opened by technology to them, to
us. Hence, teachers must be the first ones to leap into
this trend in education so that students will come
after.
APPLICATION:
                As a future teacher, I promise to bring to
my students to the 21st century education. I must
never be afraid of learning what is new. I must never
be the cause of the generation gap. I must make my
experiences learning curves so that I may avoid
committing gap mistakes. It is important for me too
to consider the learning preferences of my students
(whether they prefer the text ones or visuals) but later
lead them into employing better ways of learning
with the application of digital approach to learning.
                Howbeit, to be able to this all, it is
important for me to learn and internalize first the
principles of educational technology to do the right
choice today and later generation.
Developing Basic Digital
Skills
CONTENT:
In order for teachers to better adapt of the digital
world, it must be made to know to them the basic
skills to develop. Of course, primarily, it should be
the 3 R’s: Reading, wRitng, and aRithmetic. There
are six skills essential in equipping the students to
become successful – fluency skills.
Solution Fluency – This refers to the capacity of
students to devise creative solution to problems,
apply and evaluate the effectiveness of the solution.
Information Fluency - This refers to the (a) ability
to access information not only in the internet but on
other resources too; (b) ability to retrieved
information; and (c) ability to evaluate and reflect on
the validity and accuracy of information and be able
to rewrite the information in own words.
Collaboration Fluency – This refers to the
teamwork be it virtual or actual, of the learners.
There is partnership among learners in learning.
Media Fluency - This refers to the ability to evaluate
information from chosen media and the ability to
creatively make one that can also be published.
Creativity Fluency – This refers to the ability to
creatively create stuffs.
Digital Ethics – As a digital citizen, the digital
learner is guided by principles that would help
him/her do right decisions. Before he/she clicks,
he/she thinks.
Higher thinking skills are important to a digital
learner. Such thinking helps him/her process
information, create ideas, and solve real-world
problems. To attain HTS, Blooms Taxonomy can be
a guide, it has the following framework: (1)
remembering – recall information; (2) understanding
– explain ideas; (3) applying – use the information in
several ways; (4) analyzing – distinguishing parts; (5)
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evaluating – justify stand; and (6) creating – making
new product.
EXPERIENCE:
              
                I could still remember the first time I used
google, and that was to search for the lochness
monster. I learned to manipulate the computer on my
own and that was yet I went to high school.
Basically, I perceived internet as a source
of information. Back then I wasn’t aware
of all its other uses. But now, I get to
acquire said above skills because of the
experiences I was let to experience. I
cannot say that I have acquired all the
basic skills but I can say that I have
something of them. I am still in the
process of developing all of them.
Back then, the focused of my computer class was just
to develop basic computer skills. We were not
molded into becoming fluent in making solutions
using technology or evaluate information from the
internet. It’s totally different in college. At this point
in time, I constantly bombarded activities and
requirements that develop the skills. I think, at some
point later, I’ll get to have all these skills.
REFLECTION:              
Good for me because even before I went to high
school, I already have the prior knowledge on how to
use the computer but my classmate who hadn’t had
their prior experiences on how to use computers
really had hard times in using it. I cannot say that my
teacher’s approach in teaching the subject was wrong
but with my knowledge now, I could say that it
would have been better if there was a “more basic”
approach in teaching. There should have been
repetitive activities and drills to so that we could have
learned better, my classmates would learned the
easier way. There should have also been emphasis on
at least developing our skills to develop media skill
so that we could have been, I could have been a better
evaluator of information.
                It is important for the digital teacher to be
able to develop the said above skills so that in turn,
the students get to develop them too. It is important
for the teacher to develop the higher thinking skills of
his/her students because without this, the above said
skills cannot be manifested.
APPLICATION:
                    As a future teacher, I must seriously aim
for the development of the higher level of thinking of
my students so that they will get to develop the six
essentials skills to be better digital learners.  I will
make use of activities that will make them solution
makers, evaluator and retriever of information,
collaborative, skeptic (in a good way) in choosing
media, and be model netizens. I must see to it that all
these skills are in them and they get to be in
conformity with the trend of the world.
Evaluation of Technology
Learning
CONTENT:
                It is not only important the learners
metamorphosed into digital learners but also
assessment. Once effective methods of assessment
may no longer be effective now. Assessment has to
evolve! Being digital learners means being evaluated
the digital way to (in a sense not necessarily
technology is involved, but the method is), Mass
amateurization refers to the change in evaluation
approach which implies mass reach of students
outputs. It is not solely “paper-and-pencil test” but
it’s more on the outcomes. The standard paper test
proven inadequate in assessing the competencies of
this generation. In this evolution, outcomes that are
verbal-textual may be expressed in digital way or
tangible outputs may be expressed though media
projects (video, ppt, multimedia etc.).
EXPERIENCE:
                Even though the standard way if assessing
learning is still employed, I can say that my
capabilities and abilities are also tested the digital
way today. Documentations in our surroundings are
being required to determine whether we really have
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developed values that we really need to develop. Our
presentation skills are being tested through Microsoft
PowerPoint presentations done in every reports we
do. Our editing skills as well as our elaboration skills
are being tested. It may not be usual but it’s no longer
standard tests that are always employed in assessing
our learning.
                Personally, I could say that I am being
measured not just with how much I know but on how
I apply it too and how I devise ways in dealing with
challenges also.
REFLECTION:
                Indeed, assessment has to evolve! In this
generation of digital education, learning is way too
far to be measured using standard test. Although it
may still be used in content-based approaches but
learning the digital way takes more than a pen and a
paper, it has to be actual! It is important that the six
skills must be assessed appropriately because it all
becomes void if assessed poorly.  problem, then, the students search for information
APPLICATION:
                As a future teacher I must make it sure that
later, my assessment is in conformity with the digital
trend and parallel with how taught it. As a future
teacher, it should be my top priority to make it sure
that my students’ learning are not in vain just because
I assessed it poorly. As much as possible I must
deviate from the standard test and method of teaching
not unless the topic is so conceptual that I really have
to go back to the basic.  It is important for me to note
the improvement of my students so that is get to
know where should stand and what I should do.
Higher Thinking Skills Through
IT-Based Projects
CONTENT:
This lesson focuses on the four types of IT-based
projects that effectively to develop higher level of
thinking. These projects makes use of constructivist
approach in instruction.
Furthermore, these projects contains the key elements
of a constructivist approach namely:
(a) the teacher creating the learning environment;
(b) the teacher giving students the tools and facilities;
and
(c) the teacher facilitating the learning.
It is the students who demonstrate higher level of
thinking and creativity. These creativity projects can
be achieved with the help of teachers equipped with
the technical skills.  
The following projects are tools in initiating them.
Resource-based Projects – Here, the teacher shifts
from the sole source of information. Instead, the
students generate their own meaning and facts.
However, the teacher is still in the process. The
teacher determines the topic and presents the
about the problem and organize information to
answer/solve the problem. In here, the students are
encouraged to go beyond the book. Inquiry-based or
discovery approach is given much emphasis in
resource-based projects. It is the process that is given
much emphasis than the product.
Simple Creations – Students creativity is tested here.
Creativity here connotes planning, making,
assembling, designing or building. It is a combination
of the following skills:
(a) analyzing – ability to distinguish differences and
similarities;
(b) synthesizing – ability to make connections among
ideas; and
(c) promoting – ability to sell new ideas. In order to
develop creativity, the following tasks may be done:
(a) define the task – set up goals to complete
the project;
(b) brainstorm – students generate their own
ideas;
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(c) judge the ideas – students decide which
“idea” is good, what to include and what to
exclude;
(d) act – students do the work; and
(e) adopt flexibility – students are allowed to
shift or to change paths for the better.
Guided Hypermedia Projects – This refers to self-
made projects. It could be approached as an
instructive way such as making of PowerPoint
presentation or as a communicative tool such as when
students make multimedia presentations.
Web-based Projects – Here, students create and post
their own webpages.
EXPERIENCE:
                During Edtech 1, we were required to make
a movie to test whether we have learned how to use
Cyberlink Powerdirector and submit an edited picture
as a learning outcome of Adobe Photoshop. We were
also required to make PowerPoint presentation
demonstrating and employing the principles of
effective PowerPoint presentation. Our professor
served as an instructor and facilitator monitoring our
learning. We were given chances to express our ideas
and make an output of it.
REFLECTION:
                In this information age, the 3 R’s are no
longer sufficient to meet the demand of the world.
There is indeed the need in the development and
acquiring of the six skills. It is important to have all
of them because absence of one affects all. The
teacher must give IT-based projects and activities that
develops higher level of thinking of the students. The
teacher must bear in mind that in employing IT-based
projects, the teacher must act as facilitator not the
sole source of information. The teacher must develop
creativity in students. 
APPLICATION:
                 As a future teacher, I must be the catalyst
for the development of higher level of thinking. I
must provide the conducive learning environment. I
must be a facilitator of learning and not the sole
source of information. My sources must be varied; I
should make use of the Internet, print materials, and
multimedia materials. I must employ inquiry-based
approach to stimulate my students in learning and
bring up their ideas. I must not only focus on the
output, rather on the process in how my students
would do it so my assessment must be both
qualitative and quantitative.
Computers as Information and
Communication Technology
CONTENT:
                Computer has really played a very
significant role in educational technology and the
most indispensable tool for ICT revolution.
Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) was introduced
as an approach which promotes individualize
learning. Information technology is so dynamic that
computers used as computing devices are now used
in the educative process. It serves two major
functions: communication media and audiovisual
media.
Communication media – Computers serve as
communication tool. Internet has paved the way for
this to happen. Email, chat rooms, blog sites, news
services, and movies/music/television room are just
some of the avenue for communication.
Audiovisual media - Computers served as media for
multimedia applications for better teaching inside the
classroom, such multimedia are text, sound, graphics,
chart, photos, and PowerPoint presentation.
Educational websites where learners could log into
and learned has also emerged. Not only that it helped
improved teaching and learning process but also
other institutional functioning such as accounting.
What is the difference between instructional media
and educational communication media?
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The audio-visual aids that served to enhance and
enrich the teaching and learning process are referred
as instructional media. Examples are blackboard,
photo, film, and video. On the other hand educational
communication media is comprised of media of
communication, such as prints, films, radio,
television or satellites. These two upon the advent of
the microprocessor which also known as personal
computer, merged. This is because with personal
computers, any learner can use it as tool for both
audio-visual creations and media communication.
The following are some of the programs installed in a
personal computer:
·         Microsoft Office – Program for composing
text, graphics, etc.
·         PowerPoint – For presentation
·         Excel – Spreadsheet application
·         Internet explorer – Access to Internet
·         Yahoo or Google – Websites for researching,
chatting, blogging etc.
·         Adobe Reader – Graphics/photo composing
and editing
·         MSN – Mailing/chatting/messaging
·         Windows Media Player – CD/VCD player,
video playing
·         Gamehouse – gaming
EXPERIENCE:
                I can still remember my reason why I
wanted my father to buy computer when I was young,
and that was for gaming only. I never really have
thought there was so much to computer than just
being a tool for entertainment. Now, my computer is
now is very important because it is my tool in making
some requirements. There was a little emphasis on
the use and the usage of computer when I was yet in
elementary and high school (although I have
computer classes back then). Making reports, making
PowerPoint presentation, editing picture, making
multimedia projects, and many more are some of the
stuffs in do with my personal computer.
REFLECTION:
                It is important to note that computer is
more than just a computing device; in education, it is
so much more than just that. It is important for a
teacher to be knowledgeable of the different
applications of computer. With the knowledge of it,
the teacher can extend the wings of teaching and
learning process. There are more gates of learning
that can be open. Avenues of skill development are
made available through computers so it is important
for teachers to employ CAI.
APPLICATION:
                In my teaching later, I will employ CAI. I
will exert an effort in learning more about computers
so that better assist and facilitate in the learning of
my students. Even if I am going to teach science
(most likely), I believe that the Internet can provide
what’s lacking in my teaching. I will try to deviate
from the traditional mode of teaching and employ
student-centered approaches with the help of
computers; I can makes use of Inquiry-based
approach to stimulate and initiate learning in my
students.
The Computer as a Tutor
CONTENT 
In this age, we are bombarded with so many
technologies that can really help us which may even
reach to the point of replacing us in the working
areas. Computers are among those techs which offers
a big help in doing works in the corporate, industrial
or educative aspect. 
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Computer in the teaching and learning process is of
great help in the sense that it assists the teacher in
instruction with the advent of Computer Assisted
Instruction (CAI). With CAI, teachers are relieved
from some of their works although computers really
cannot replaced teachers. CAI ensures that
knowledge and skills are acquired by the students in
any computer activity. It helps the teacher decide on
the appropriate learning objectives and plan the
corresponding activities for the attainment of the
objectives. It also evaluates students by providing
tests. Students in the process learn and apply their
learning. Specifically the computer in “CAI” acts as
tutor providing the information and reinforces
learning by providing feedback at the end of the
activity.  more all along.
 Further, CAI provides individualized learning. It
enables the students to learn at their own pace.
Lessons that are supposed to be taught by the teacher
or learned inside the classroom are integrated in the
computer. Drills and practice activities are provided
by CAI such as simulation programs which teaches
students for real-life applications. It enables the
students to develop higher-order thinking skills
because they get to decide on matters. It also
develops students manipulative skills (example
laboratory skills, only that it is virtual) since it allows
students to manipulate models in a virtual manner.
However, activities that are provided by CAI should
conform to the lesson that are supposed to be learned
by the students. Moreover, aside from simulation
programs, instructional games are also provided by
CAI providing an avenue learning basic skills such as
spelling or math skills. Another, problem solving soft
wares which are a bit higher than simple drill and
practice exercises, allows students to learn and
improve problem solving skills. Lastly, multimedia
encyclopedia and electronic books from which
students access any information be it multimedia
(video, audio, photo) or textual (Ebooks) in form, are
provided by CAI.
Computers have become an important tool of
teachers in making learning for students fun and less
burdensome. However, computer’s various functions
become a concern when appropriateness starts. No
matter how sophisticated or updated or new a
computer or computer program is, its usage and
function still depend on the lesson and the expertise
of the teacher.
EXPERIENCE
I have experienced how it is being instructed by
computer and then learning. Virtual DNA Laboratory
was one of those. I experienced how it is working in
the lab because that software lets anyone experience
laboratory works such as isolating DNA and
examining it. In high school, our computer teacher
would just allow us to do our own thing with the
computer because she was confident that the software
is enough for us to comprehend. Well, it was, and she
guided us all the way but I think my experience with
CAI would have been better if she has guided us
Since CAI can be found in the Internet, I sometimes
visit sites which have that and play along. I can’t
remember what site was that but I was able to
practice DNA isolation on that site. I think games
installed in the computer are also CAIs because users
can learn and something from them – strategic skills
for example.
REFLECTION
No matter how good CAI is, its effectiveness still
depends on the lesson the teacher wants the students
to learn. The teacher has to be present when
employing CAI because there will really be some
things that will not be clear to the students. Though
the teacher will just act as a facilitator and not the
main tutor, the teacher’s presence is still very
important. The teacher is the TEACHER, and
computer is just and aid in making the lesson easier
to learn and more fun for the students. Many people
fear that later in the near future, teachers will be
replaced by CAI or any tech that is programed to
teach. But this should not happen because it is really
different when someone REAL teaches you. CAI
only provides the virtual avenue for learning but the
classroom with the teacher provides the learning for
the real scenario. We don’t live virtually, hence we
need authentic experiences.
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CAI is indeed helpful most especially if the real thing
that needs to be learned is not available. Good thing
is we can now go for the virtual.
APPLICATION
As a future teacher, I can use CAI to make my
students learn our lesson in a “more fun” way. But I
should not forget that CAI is just my tool, my aid in
teaching. As much as possible, I will only employ
CAI if the real thing or the real avenue is not
available. I can also make use of CAI if I am not
around when I don’t want to compromise the learning
of my students. Of course, I understand not everyone
can have immediate access to CAI since not everyone
is fortunate enough to have PCs or if the lab is
available, not everyone may be accommodated. With
that, I think I will consider doing by group. But if it
happened that I get to work in a far flung school
without electricity, then I think I will just have to
introduce the important concepts or if I can look for
an alternative for CAI then I think I should go for it.  Noticeably, however, after spending so many minutes
Information
Technology in
Support of
Student-Centered
Learning
The idea of student-centered learning is not a recent
idea. In fact, as early as the 20th century, educational
educators such as John Dewey argued for highly
active and individualized pedagogical methods which
place the student at the center of the teaching-
learning process.
In this Lesson, we shall see how the teacher can
expand his options to make himself more effective
and relevant in the 21st millennium information age.
In particular, the lesson shall respond to questions on
student-centered learning approaches in the
classroom. From the traditional teacher-centered
learning approach, practical helps on the designing
and adapting student learning activities shall be
examined.
In addition, suggestions shall be made on how a
student-centered classroom (SCL) can be supported
by information technology (IT)
The Traditional Classroom
It may be observed that classroom are usually
arranged with neat columns and rows of student
chairs, while the teachers stands in front of the
classrooms or sits behind his/her desk. This situation
is necessitated by the need to maintain classroom
discipline and also to allow the teacher to control
classroom activities through lecture presentation and
teacher led discussions.
in lesson presentation and class management,
students can get restless and fidgety. Often enough,
the teacher has to lack mange misbehavior in class as
students start to talk among themselves or simply
stare away in lack of attention. To prevent this
situation, teachers often makes students take time to
work individually on work sheets can help the
situation.
Another option is now presented and this adopting
the idea of developing students to be independent
learners with the end of making them critical and
creative thinkers.
The SCL classroom
Desiring to gain effectiveness, efficiency and
economy in administration and instruction, schools
in this developed economies have also adopted the
support of ICTs. Their students have now become
active not passive learners, who can interact with
other learners, demonstrating independence and self
a awareness in the learning process.
John Dewey has described traditional learning as
process in which the teacher pours information to the
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student learners, much like pouring water from a jug
into cups. This is based on the long accepted belief
that the teachers must perform his role of teaching so
that learning can occur. This learning approach is
generally known as direct instruction, and it has
worked well for obtaining many kinds of learning
outcomes.
The problem with the direct instruction approach to
learning, however, is he fact that the world’s societies
have begun to change. Of course, this change may
not be strongly felt in many countries in which the
economy no longer depends primarily on factory
workers who repetitive work without thinking on the
job. The traditional classroom and direct instruction
approach to learning conform to this kind of
economies.
In contrast, in industrialized societies we find
knowledge-based economies in which workers
depend on information that can be accessed through
information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Desiring to gain effectiveness, efficiency and
economy in administration and instruction, schools in
these developed economies have also adopted the
support of ICTs. Their students have now become
active not passive learners, who can interact with
other learners, demonstrating independence and self a
awareness in the learning process.
Generally, the new school classroom environment is
characterized by student individual to or in groups:
 performing computer word processing for
text or graph presentation
 preparing power-point presentation
 searching information on the internet
 brainstorming on ideas, problems and
project plans as needed, the teacher
facilitating instruction, also gives
individualized instruction to serve individual
needs.
Observably, there is a departure from traditional
worksheet, read-and-answer, drill-and-practice
activities. Students also no longer need to mark the
tests if peers since the computer has program for test
evaluation and computerized scoring of results.
Given this new trend in teaching-and-learning , it
must be pointed out. however, that traditional
classroom activities– especially in less developed
countries– will continue to have a strong place in the
classroom. In spite of this setback experienced in
some countries, the option has now been opened for
the modern teacher to shift gears to student-centered
learning.
Reflection:
The k-12 curriculum program brings all the schools
in Philippines into a Student-Centered environment in
which the teacher is a mere facilitator while the
students are the one who explore and discuss the
topic or lesson. As a student and a future teacher, I
can say that this set-up brings out the best on every
student because they need to be competitive to the
other learners for them to be distinguish in class. As a
student in a student-centered environment, I need to
do my best to make my report successful and
effective in which my co- students will learn from me
and can gain knowledge. Unlike in the traditional
classroom in which it was teacher dominated, the
student seems to get bored easily because all the
talking and ideas are on the teacher and the role of
the student is to listen and pass to the exam. This kind
of set up. the student remembers the lesson but
without understanding.
Learning to do is the best way to have a student-
centered learning in which student are engage on
hands on experience to perform activities that will
measure their skills and abilities. For example, is this
blog, none of us know how to do this but as we
explore the computer, we discover different website
that allows everyone to have an account for free. It is
a first-hand experience yet we able to do it on our
own and make ourselves discover the different
features of our blog.
The only problem in the Philippines are the resources
for hands on activity. For example, in Education
Technology class, it would be more effective if the
student has a ratio of 1:1 in a computer so that they
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can explore and experience the activity but as a
developing country it is hard for the government to
provide a computer that will be enough for all the
students. As a teacher, I must be creative in making
my cloakroom a student centered environment. If the
resources are not enough then I must think for an
alternative that will makes my student learned but in
the same time experiences a new but fun activity.
Cooperative Learning with the
Computer
CONTENT
Truly, the 1:1 ratio of computer and students is still
an ideal to be achieved because even progressive
countries are still in the running in achieving that. But
this should not be taken so negatively since it has
benefits. This situation offers the way for cooperative
or collaborative learning to come in. Since students
have to share computers, they also in one way or
another get to learn together with other students and
share their ideas.   learning in isolation that hinders the development of
Collaborative or cooperative learning is learning in
groups to achieve a common goal. However, in order
for a group work to be called cooperative, it must
have the following:
1. common goal – the group must have a
unanimous target so that they can work
together towards the achievement of that
goal;
2. interdependence – members of the group
must depend on each other (but not totally
be dependent like leave the task to others) in
a manner that the job is shared and everyone
has its job;
3. interaction – everyone in the group must
interact and participate in the work;
4. individual accountability – each one must
take responsibility and do his/her job in the
group; and
5. social skills – members of the group must
not only be interactive but must also know
how to establish and maintain good
relationship with other members of the
group.
From the prerequisites above, it can be said then that
not every group work is a cooperative one. A group
of people may do the same thing in the same place
but may have different targets.
Cooperative learning also has its benefits. This type
of learning is active and students in the process are
motivated to learn. Since it encourages group work
there is big chance that students will learn more
since, they can learn from their group mates and in
the end, there is an increase in the academic
performance of the students. Above all, the teacher
becomes more effective since he/she is also
manifesting the other functions of a teacher being a
facilitator of learning (since in this approach students
learn together from their group mates and the teacher
is no longer the sole source of information). Students
develop socially and personally.
Researchers have been made studies in the learning
interaction between the student and the computer.
The studies have great value since it has been a long-
standing fear that the computer may foster student
the student’s social skills.
Now this mythical fear has been contradicted by true
studies which show that when students work with
computers in groups, they cluster and interact with
each other for advice and mutual help. And given the
option to work individually or in a group, the students
generally wish to work together in computer-based
and non-computer-based activities. Reflecting on this
phenomenon, psychologist this k the computer fosters
this positive social behavior due to the fact that it has
a display monitor just like a television on set that is
looked upon as something communal
Therefore, researchers agree that the computer is
fairly natural learning vehicle for cooperative (at
times called promotive) learning.
Components of Cooperative learning
Educators are still wary about of the computer’s role
in cooperative learning. Thus they pose the position
that the use of computers do not automatically result
in cooperative learning. In that case, therefore, assign
the teacher several task in order to ensure
collaborative learning. These are:
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 assigning students to mixed-ability teams;
 establishing positive interdependence;
 teaching cooperative social skills;
 insuring individual accountability, and
 helping group process information
These are in addition to assigning a common work
goal in which each member of the group will realize
that their group will not succeed unless everyone
contributes to the groups success. It is also important
for the teacher to limit learning group clusters (Six is
the ideal number in a group) so that there can be
closer involvement in thinking and learning.
As a future teacher, I must be the one who promote
the collaborative or cooperative learning in the
classroom. It will be successful if the collaboration
starts with the teacher and the students in which the
students are actively engage in the activities. A
classroom is like a small group in which the teacher
is the leader and the students are the member, if the
leader will dominated his group the member will
become uninterested and will not cooperate but if the
leader is open for the suggestion and ideas of
members they can make a very strong tie between
each other and with that there is no impossible task
for them. Like the teacher and the students the
teacher must include his/her student in every lesson
for them to become interested and motivated.

With computers, cooperative learning has become

Reflection:
better because students can work together to come
Computers makes a lot of changes in the teaching and out with a very good output. Students can brainstorm
learning process in education in which the computer and express their ideas through computers. Working
becomes the teacher and student partner in learning. I together in computer makes students interact with
learned to use computer when I was in grade 6 in each other for advice and help. However, computer
which I the only thing that I know to do is to open my works does not necessarily mean cooperative because
Friendster that I made with the help of my classmate. there are computer works that are better off
When I was in high school, I thought that our subject individualized. Hence, teachers should assign
in ICT would help me in exploring the use of students their task, must be able to establish
computer in education but there is a 4:1 ratio where interdependence among students, teach cooperative
in the leader has the only one who use the computer skills, make everyone aware of their responsibilities,
while the member is just observing on what he/she and of course help the student’s process information.
doing. Based on this lesson it is said that cooperative
and collaborative learning is by small groups of
students who work together in a common learning
task, but how it can be a cooperative leaning if there The Software as an Educational
is only one person working for a group. This past few
meetings in our class in educational Technology 2,
Resource
our teacher told us to create a small group in which
we do a certain task in the computer. In our group, CONTENT 
we are free to use the computer/laptop if we want or
if we have an idea on the task, we our group but we
work us one and this is the idea of collaborative
learning in which the idea of a member in a group
becomes the idea of the whole group.

As we work, we make sure that we have a common

goal and that is to do and finish the given task.
An interdependence or a mutual reliance between two
or more groups. An interaction between each member
and an individual accountability for the idea as well
as a social skill for us to interact with each other.
EdTech 2
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When people think of a computer, they think of that
rectangular or square device that projects images or
shows videos, or they think of a machine from which
anything can be searched. A computer however is not
a computer just because of its appearance but it is
because of the programs and soft wares that run it. A
computer would just be a useless thing if no program
or software run it.
There are two kinds of soft wares:
1. system software – this is the operating
system of the computer built in all computer
machines, and
2. applications software- a system that
commands a particular task or solves a
particular problem.
An application software by the way can be:
a. custom software – performs a
specific task for a specific company
or client, and
b. commercial software – for
personal computers performing
specific task.
Microsoft windows/Windows is the operating
environment between the user and the computer
operating system; this enables the computer to work.
This provides user convenience - a file or a program
is just a click away to run, 
a new look – fancy appearance of the computer
(borders, streamlined text),  computer should work. Windows uses a colorful
information center – windows puts all
communication activities and configures the
computer for Internet, and 
plug and play  - configures computer for sound and
video. An instructional software can be visited via
Internet or purchased via dealers or software shops.
Whenever people think about computers, they are
most likely thinking about the computer machine
such as the television-like monitor screen, the
keyboard to type on, and the computer housing called
“the box” which contains the electronics parts and
circuits (the central processing unit) that receives/
stores data and direct computer operations. The
computer machine or hardware is naturally an
attention-getter.
It’s more difficult to realize, however, that the
computer hardware can hardly be useful without the
program or system that tells what the computer
machine should do. This is also called the software.
There are two kinds if software:
1. The system software. at his is the operating
system that is found or bundle inside all
computer machines
2. The applications software. This contains the
system that commands the particular task or
solves a particular problem.
In turn the applications software may be:
1. a custom software that is made for specific
task often by large corporation, or
2. a commercial software packages for
personal computers that helps with variety
of task such as writing papers, calculating
numbers, drawing graphs, playing games,
and so much moire.
Microsoft Windows
Also referred to as a program, Microsoft Windows or
Windows for shot is an operating environment
between the user and the computer operating system.
All called a shell, it is slayer that creates the way the
graphics interface (called GUI- pronounce “gooey”)
that can be seen on the computer screen and monitor
whenever the computer is turn on.
EdTech 2
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The her can work in on-screen pictures (icons) and
suggestions (menus) to arrive at the desired software.
Windows 95 (now improve with Windows
2003,2007) is a software designed for Microsoft
Windows.
Actually, Windows is in itself a self-contained
operating system which provides :
User convenience – just click on the file name to
retrieve data or click from program to program as
easy as changing channels in your TV screen
A new look- fancy boarders , smooth and streamlined
text fonts
Information center- Windows put all communications
activities (e-mail, download etc. in a single screen
icon); adapts/configures the computer for the
internet .
Plug and play- configure the computer with added
components, such as for sound and video.
Instructional software
Instructional software can be visited on the Internet
or can be bought from software shops or dealers. The
teacher through his school should decide on the best
computer-based instructional (CBI) materials for the
school resource collection. But beware since CBIs
need much improvement, while web-based
educational resources are either extremely good or
what is complete garbage. In evaluating computer-
based educational materials, the following can serve
as guidelines:
 Be extremely cautious in using CBIs and
‘free’ Internet materials.
 Don’t be caught up by attractive graphics,
sound, animation, pictures, video clips and
music forgetting their instructional wort
  Teachers must evaluate these resources
using sound pedagogical principles.
 Among design and content elements to
evaluate are: the text legibility, effective use
of color schemes, attractive layout and
design, and easy navigation from section-to-
section (such as from game to tutorial to
drill-and-practice section).
  Observe clarity in the explanations and
illustrations of concepts and principles.
 Maintain  accuracy, coherence, logic of
information
 Are they being current since data/statistics
continually change?
  Are they relevant and effective in attaining
learning objectives?
 Observe absence of biased materials (e.g.
gender bias or racial bias).
Instructional software can be visited on the Internet
or can be bought from software shops or dealers. The
teacher through his school should decide on the best
computer-based instructional (CBI) materials for the
school resource collection.
Reflection:
There is a lot of software that can be use in
educational purposes. The use of computer and
software depends on the user if it uses in a nonsense
things software are just only a design on computers
but if it use in a good and with a purposeful activity
the software becomes a great part of computer and
man invention.
As a future teacher, I must practice using the software
in the computer because in the future most of my
visual aids will be printed and done using the
computers because digital age are more motivated to
learn if they see that the teacher has a creative way of
teaching and not in traditional that just only using
manila paper, chalk and chalkboard in teaching.
UNDERSTANDING
HYPERMEDIA
Multimedia:
     When we talk about multimedia, first things come
into mind are graphics, drawings, music and videos
and that is right. So, the definition of multimedia, is
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any kind of computer or other technological
information and material which can be presented
through images, graphics, drawings, videos, music or
animations. The multimedia or electronic devices
which are used to make this information useful are
monitor or display screen for graphics, images and
videos. While speaker or mp3 players are used for
music or audio. It can be in form of different contents
consists upon text, audio, animation, video, etc. There
are two kinds of multimedia, namely linear and non-
linear multimedia. When you watch a movie in a
cinema, it is kind of linear multimedia. You just
control the voice and on & off feature. While movie
run without any further navigation control. On the
other hand, video game is the kind of non-linear
multimedia, which is controlled through external
navigation. Game works according to your
instructions.
Hypermedia:
Hypermedia is a complex term than multimedia. A
little effort will be required to completely understand
its core concept. Hypermedia means converting
graphics, audios, videos, text, animation, hyperlinks,
drawings, etc. in hypertext form with the help of a
programming tool or software. Adobe Flash Player,
Adobe Reader, Adobe Director, Macromedia Flash
Player, Macromedia Author ware, Visual FoxPro and
FileMaker Developer are the tools, which are used
for hypermedia applications. There is a special
language for hypermedia, which is used to make
multimedia files to be capable of in operating sate.
Unlike multimedia, it has only one non linear
medium quality. If you are reading a document or
book on your computer, it allows you to navigate on
any part of the document. It is also the fundamental
and structural part of the World Wide Web.
activities are integrated in a virtual learning
environment. Most educational  IT applications are
hypermedia and these include:
   Tutorial software packages;
   Knowledge webpages;
   Simulation instructional games; and
   Learning project management, and others.
      The presentation of information -learning
activities in hypermedia is said to be sequenced in a
non-linear  manner, meaning that the learner may
follow his path of activities thus providing an
environment of the learner autonomy and thinking
skills.
The flight simulator used train pilots is an example of
a highly developed hypermedia program. Observe
that is simulates an environment  that allows student
pilots to practice authentic (as is needed to be done in
the real world) tasks while reducing the load of the
cognitive mode of learning.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPERMEDIA
APPLICATIONS
  There are two important features that are
outstanding among other features that characterize
the hypermedia software:
  1.Learner control.
      This means the learner makes his own decisions
on the path, flow or events of instructions. The
learner has control on such aspects as sequence, pace,
content, media, feedback,

               From the Educational Technology I course, etc. that he/she may encounter in the hypermedia
the student has already become aware of multimedia learning program.
or an audiovisual package that includes more than
one instructional media (means of knowing)such as
text, graphics, audio animation and video clips.

2.Learner wide range of navigation routes.

            Hypermedia is nothing, but multimedia, but     For the most part, the learner controls the sequence
this time packaged as an educational computer and pace of his path depending on his/her ability and
software  where information is presented and student
EdTech 2
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motivation. He/she has the option to repeat and
change speed ,if desired.
   The learner also has a wide  range of navigation
routes such as by working on concepts,
 he/she is already familiar with .He/she may follow a
linear or logical pate, even if the previous activity is
half-completed.
Variety of media.
    Hypermedia includes more than one media (text,
graphics, audio, animation, and video clip)but does
not necessarily use all types of media in one
presentation. Since only virtual learning activity takes
place, it is important from the standpoint of the
teacher to optimize the learning process of
identifying the characteristics of media application,
as well as the advantages and limitations of such an
application.
 Given all its capabilities,hypermedia still does not
replace life's experience and learning from nature and
life. This is the saying that information and
communication technology cannot replace the teacher
altogether. Note that even technologists admit that the
computer has an IQ of zero and depends on what man
can input of make of it. GIGO or "garbage-in,
garbage-out" is the very first principle that should be
remembered about the computer.
  In the use of hypermedia the following instructional
events will prove useful to the teacher.
 Get the learner's attention.
 Recall prior learning.
 Inform learners of lesson objectives.
 Introduce the software and its distinctive
features.
 Guide learning,eliciting performance.
 Provide feedback.
 Assess performance.
 Enhance retention and learning transfer
Reflection
            Hypermedia provides personalized learning
activities as it helps those slow and poor learners. It
gives activities suited to your learning objectives and
needs. It presents variety of media that will really
cater those fast and slow learners. Whereas in a
traditional teaching methods, the teacher would take
extra time, attention and effort to help the students
who are slow in understanding the lessons. With that
it gives teacher a hard time to develop new strategies
and objectives for both fast and slow learners. So, it
is really beneficial for the teacher to use hypermedia.
It is also then possible for a teacher to let his students
search, explore and discover in a traditional
classroom. But with that, you need to provide the
student an event to apply the learning, resources and
materials as well as much time since the teacher has
to take into consideration each one especially the
slow learners.
        Hypermedia is really helpful for both the learner
and the teacher but traditional learning does not mean
no improvement on the student. It is still the best way
for a nation which is not more particular or do not
find it a need with using computers and information
technology in boosting their economic status. Let us
remember, computers have limitations and
disadvantages too! As a teacher we should facilitate
them.
Application
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            Before the implementation of the hypermedia
in the class we should be prepared first and know our
capacity in handling this new innovation in order for
a good instruction to our students someday. Keeping
them in our guidance and also monitor them as we go
along every activity in the class. Hypermedia is an
aid in our instruction and it is a big help as a future
educator someday and to have a collaboration
between you and to your students.
            Keeping them in the right track and giving
them right instructions in every activity to avoid
misconception in the class. Hypermedia is one way to
make the class interactive and comprehensive.    it .Everyday,the net user population and the available
The Internet
and Education
The internet, also simply called the Net, is the largest
and far-flung network system of all
systems.Surprisingly, the internet is not really a
network but a loosely organized collection of about
25,000 networks accessed by computer on
the planet.It is astonishing  to know that no one owns
the internet. It has no central headquarters, no
centrally offers services,and no comprehensive online
index to tell users what information is available in the
system.
 How is everything coordinated through the internet?
This is done through a standardized protocol ( or set
of rules for exchanging data)
called TRANSMISSION CONTROL
PROTOCOL/INTERNET PROTOCOL
(TCP/IP). To gain access to the internet, the
computer must be equipped with as is called as server
which has a special software that uses the internet
protocol.Originally develops and still subsidized by
the  united States Government,the internet connects
not only commercial , industrial,scientific
establishment but all other sectors including
education and its libraries,campuses and computer
centers.
         The great atractions of the internet is one the
sign up fees Are paid, there are no extra
charges.Electronic mail,for example, is free
regardless of the amount
of use.In contrast,individuals using the internet on
their own personal computers must pay ungoing
monthly fees to whoever is their service provider.
GETTING AROUND THE NET
        The vast sea of information now in the internet,
including news and trivia,is an overwhealming
challenge to whom who wish to navigate
information,continue to grow , and new ways are
continuously being developed to tour the internet.
The most attractive way to move around the internet
is called browsing. Using a program called browser,
the user can use a mouse to point and click on screen
icons to surf the internet, particularly the World Wide
Web (the Web) , an Internet, s subset of text,images,
and sounds are linked together to allow users to
access data or information needed.
The future of the internet seems limitless. Already its
complexity has spawned and continue to spawn Net
sites including new demand for services to business,
indstries , science, government, and even homes.
Many eroert predict that the internet is destined to
become the centerpiece of all online communication
in the planet and in some future time in the solar
system using interpkanetary satellite communication
stations.
A view of educational uses of the Internet
Today, even elementary school paraders in
progressive countries like the United states are
corresponding via e-mail with pen pals in all 50
states. They ask probing questions like, “What is your
state’s most serious problem?,” or How much does a
pizza cost in your state? This educational activity
prodded by their schools are paying dividends for
increasing the pupil’s interest min Geography to a
greater understanding of how people live in large
cities and other places in the United States or the
world.
EdTech 2
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Educations software materials have also developed

both in sophistication and appeal. There is now a
wider choice from rote arithmetic or grammar lessons
to discovery and innovation projects. But the real
possibility today is connecting with the world outside
homes, classroom, and Internet cafes. Today schools
are gearing up to take advantage of the Internet
access, where they can plug into the library of
Congress, make virtual visits to famous museums in
the world, write to celebrities , and even send
questions to heads of states.

Reflection:

In the digital age, we can’t imagine ourselves without

internet. It seems that people nowadays depend their
selves with the use of internet. Students rely with the
use of internet because it become their partner in
study. Most of the students projects are done by the
use of internet. it is said that today schools are
gearing up to take advantage of internet access,
where they can plug into the library
of congress.Even the students on graders are engage
in the use of internet to do their projects
and assignments.The Internet changes the view of
education ,it makes the learning more accessible
anytime anywhere.

I salute those people who invented the internet

because they make the learning easy and accessible
yet blaming them for making some of the students to
become more dependent to the internet and
promote plagiarism.The students nowadays become
more relax in their studies because they believe that
that internet is just one click away to provide the
knowledge that they needed.