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L5-Power Flow Analysis
L5-Power Flow Analysis
BEE4033/EE419
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS
MS. KALAISELVI ARAMUGAM
kalaiselvi@ucsiuniversity.edu.my
OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• Bus Admittance Matrix
• Types of Buses
(a) (b)
Admittance Diagram for System (taken from, Saadat, H., (2010) Power
System Analysis, 3rd Edition, PSA Publishing)
• In Fig. (b) the circuit of Fig. (a) has been redrawn in terms of
admittances and the voltage sources have been replaced by
their equivalent current sources.
• Node 0, which is normally ground is taken as reference.
• Applying KCL to nodes 1 to 4, we get:
𝐼1 = 𝑦10 𝑉1 − 0 + 𝑦12 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + 𝑦13 𝑉1 − 𝑉3
𝐼2 = 𝑦20 𝑉2 − 0 + 𝑦21 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 + 𝑦23 𝑉2 − 𝑉3
0 = 𝑦31 𝑉3 − 𝑉1 + 𝑦32 𝑉3 − 𝑉2 + 𝑦34 𝑉3 − 𝑉4
0 = 𝑦43 𝑉4 − 𝑉3
• I.e.:
𝐈𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝐘𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝐕𝑏𝑢𝑠
• Ibus
– It is the vector of the injected bus currents (external current
sources)
– It is positive when current flows into the bus, and vice-
versa.
• Vbus
– It is the vector of bus voltages measured from the
reference node.
• Ybus
– It is the bus admittance matrix.
– The diagonal element of each node is the sum of
admittances connected to it and is known as self-
admittance or driving point admittance.
𝑌𝑖𝑖 = σ𝑛𝑗=0 𝑦𝑖𝑗 , 𝑗 ≠ 𝑖
– The off-diagonal element is equal to the negative of the
admittance between the nodes and is known as mutual
admittance or transfer admittance.
𝑌𝑖𝑗 = 𝑌𝑗𝑖 = −𝑦𝑖𝑗
• When the bus currents are known, the equation can be solved
for n bus voltages, using:
−1
𝐕𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 𝐘𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝐈𝑏𝑢𝑠
• The inverse of the bus admittance matrix is called the
impedance matrix, Zbus.
• The bus admittance matrix obtained with one of the buses as
reference is non-singular; otherwise it is singular.
• The bus admittance matrix is also symmetric along the leading
diagonal, thus necessitating the storage of the upper triangular
nodal admittance matrix only.
• Regulated buses
– Also known as the generator buses or voltage-
controlled buses or P-V buses.
– The voltage magnitude and real power are
specified.
– The voltage phase angle and reactive power are to
be determined.
• Gauss-Seidel Method
• Newton-Raphson Method
• Comparison between Gauss-Seidel and Newton-
Raphson Methods
Example 4.1
Use the Gauss-Seidel method to find a root of the
following equation,
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 4 = 0
Starting with an initial estimate of 𝑥 (0) = 2 using Eq. (1), the first iteration is
2 3 6 2 2 4
𝑔 2 =− + + = 2.2222
9 9 9
(1)
𝑥 =2+1.25[2.2222 - 2] = 2.2778
Example 4.3
Use the Newton-Raphson method to find a root of the equation
given in Example 4.1. Assume an initial estimate of 𝑥 (0) = 6.
0 0 3 2
∆𝑐 =𝑐−𝑓 𝑥 =0− 6 −6 6 + 9 6 − 4 = −50
𝑑𝑓 (0)
= 3(6)2 −12 6 + 9 = 45
𝑑𝑥
2.9981
𝑥 (3) = 𝑥 (2) + ∆𝑥 (2) = 4.2789 − = 4.0405
12.5797
0.3748
𝑥 (4) = 𝑥 (3) + ∆𝑥 (3) = 4.0405 − = 4.0011
9.4914
0.0095
𝑥 (5) = 𝑥 (4) + ∆𝑥 (4) = 4.0011 − = 4.0000
9.0126
• Gauss-Seidel Method
– Computer memory requirement is less.
– Computation time per iteration is less.
– It requires less number of arithmetic operations to complete
an iteration and ease in programming.
– No. of iterations are more for convergence and rate of
convergence is slow (linear convergence characteristic).
– No. of iterations increases with the increase of no. of
buses.
• Load flow studies are carried out for the following purposes:-
– They are necessary for planning, operation, economic
scheduling and exchange of power between utilities.
– They are necessary for transient stability analysis.
– They are necessary for contingency studies.
– They are necessary for future expansion of the power
system.
– They are necessary for determining equipment rating like
transformers, cables, protective switchgears etc.
• From the above equation, the mathematical formulation of the power flow
problem results in a system of algebraic non-linear equations which must
be solved by iterative techniques. L5-Power Flow Analysis
BEE4033/EE419 - Power Systems 33
LINE FLOWS AND LOSSES
L4-Fig. 4.3 : Transmission Line Model for Calculating Line Flows (taken from,
Saadat, H., (2010) Power System Analysis, 3rd Edition, PSA Publishing)
𝑄𝑖 (𝑘+1) = −𝐼𝑚{𝑉𝑖 ∗ 𝑘
[𝑉𝑖 (𝑘) 𝑦𝑖𝑗 − 𝑦𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 (𝑘) ]} 𝑗≠𝑖
𝑗=0 𝑗=1 Eq. 5.11
𝑃𝑖 (𝑘+1) = 𝑅𝑒{𝑉𝑖 ∗ 𝑘
[𝑉𝑖 𝑘
𝑌𝑖𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 (𝑘) ]} 𝑗≠𝑖 Eq. 5.13
𝑗=1
𝑗≠𝑖
𝑛
𝑄𝑖 (𝑘+1) = −𝐼𝑚{𝑉𝑖 ∗ 𝑘
[𝑉𝑖 𝑘
𝑌𝑖𝑖 + 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 (𝑘) ]} 𝑗≠𝑖 Eq. 5.14
𝑗=1
𝑗≠1