FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AS A FACTOR AFFECTING FINANCIAL

ACCOUNTABILITY OF STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS

IN TABACO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

A Research Paper

Presented to

The Faculty of the Tabaco National High School

Tabaco City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Subject

Practical Research 2

KAREN B. BIO

RYZZA MARIE B. OPEDA

JOANNA MARIE B. BO

JOHN MARC FIGUEROA

IVY JOY EBUENGA

KATHRINA CASANDRA P. BIGTAS

FEBRUARY 2023

i
 Republic of the Philippines
Tabaco National High School
Tabaco City

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL

This research paper hereto attached entitled, “FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AS

A FACTOR AFFECTING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF STUDENT

ORGANIZATIONS IN TABACO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL,” prepared and

submitted by KAREN BIO, RYZZA MARIE OPEDA, JOANNA MARIE BO, JOHN

MARC FIGUEROA, IVY JOY EBUENGA, KATHRINA CASANDRA BIGTAS in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical Research 2, is hereby

submitted to the Research Committee for consideration.

Ruby Rose Locsin

Practical Research 2 Teacher

ii
 RESEARCH COMMITTEE

This research paper hereto attached entitled, “FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AS

A FACTOR AFFECTING FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF STUDENT

ORGANIZATIONS IN TABACO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL,” prepared and

submitted by KAREN BIO, RYZZA MARIE OPEDA, JOANNA MARIE BO, JOHN

MARC FIGUEROA, IVY JOY EBUENGA, KATHRINA CASANDRA BIGTAS, in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical Research 2, is hereby

submitted to the Research Committee for oral examination.

Shenna T. Botalon

Chairman

Rose B. Lugo Maria Aiza L. Dolar

Member Member

iii
 Republic of the Philippines
Tabaco National High School
Tabaco City

RESULT OF THE ORAL EXAMINATION

Thesis: FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AS A FACTOR AFFECTING

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF STUDENT
ORGANIZATIONS IN TABACO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Place: Tabaco National High School, Tabaco City

Date: February 1, 2023

This is to certify that KAREN BIO, RYZZA MARIE OPEDA, JOANNA

MARIE BO, JOHN MARC FIGUEROA, IVY JOY EBUENGA, KATHRINA

CASANDRA BIGTAS passed the Oral Examination with a final rating of ____%.

Panel of Examiners Action Taken

Shenna T. Botalon
_________________
Chairman

Rose B. Lugo
_________________
Member

Maria Aiza L. Dolar _________________

iv
Member

iv
 Republic of the Philippines
Tabaco National High Schol
Tabaco City

APPROVAL SHEET

Upon recommendation of the Oral Examination Committee, this research paper

entitled “FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AS A FACTOR AFFECTING

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF STUDENT ORGANIZATIONS IN

TABACO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL,” prepared and submitted by KAREN BIO,

RYZZA MARIE OPEDA, JOANNA MARIE BO, JOHN MARC FIGUEROA, IVY

JOY EBUENGA, KATHRINA CASANDRA BIGTAS, is hereby approved in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Practical Research 2.

ALADINO BONAVENTE Ed. D.

Subject Head, Research Department

RENERIO I. BALINGBING
Assistant Principal, SHS

ELENA B. TASIC
Principal IV

v
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, the researchers would like to thank the Almighty God for His enduring

grace, guidance, and protection that He has bestowed upon us during this research

project.

The researchers would like to express their sincerest gratitude to their subject teacher,

Ruby Rose Locsin for her continuous support in their research, for her patience,

motivation, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped them throughout the writing

of their research paper.

To their parents who have continuously supported them financially to accomplish this

study and for their guidance, encouragement, and inspiration to them throughout their

lives, a very special thank you for your parental presence and constant guidance to them.

They would also like to thank their fellow classmates and friends for the stimulating

discussions, for the sleepless nights they were working together for deadlines, and for all

the fun they have had for the last five months.

They would also like to express their appreciation to their research panelists, Shenna

T. Botalon, Rose B. Lugo, Maria Aiza L. Dolar , for their trust, advice, and excellent

knowledge that help the researchers for the completion and accomplishment of the study.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i

RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION ii

RESULT OF ORAL DEFENSE iii

APPROVAL SHEET iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM 1

Introduction 1

Statement of the Problem 5

Scope and Delimitation 5

Significance of the study 6

Definition of Terms 7

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 10

Related Literature 10

Related Studies 12

Conceptual Framework 14

Theoretical Framework 17

CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21

Research Design 21

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Respondents of the Study 21

Sampling Technique 23

Research Instruments 24

Data Gathering Procedures 24

Data Analysis Plan 24

References 27
 Page
Table Title
54
1- Frequency Count of Respondents in Student Organizations of Tabaco
National High School

LIST OF TABLES

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1- Theoretical Paradigm 2

2- Conceptual Paradigm 31

3- Data Analysis Plan

x
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

We live in a world where wise and proper budget allocation is vital. In our daily lives,

funding is the least acknowledged but most significant thing we do. We make sure that

the money we spend is properly and effectively allocated. Even the money we have spent

on small purchases and made room for is tracked and broken down. However, this

attitude only applies when we are the ones spending and holding our money. We

frequently overlook the reality of how the money is spent once it is no longer in our

hands. This approach demands consideration and attention. Corruption affects more than

just politics; it also affects small businesses and institutions like schools. Unfortunately,

some student are not interested in how their collected funds and donations are collected

and being used for the “good of all”. This is the primary reason why we appear to be

unable to achieve good governance. We have the authority to choose and elect public

servants who will be held responsible for how the public’s money is handled. But we

often neglect our right to actually demand public transparency. Selecting leaders who will

lead us to use this funding for the benefit of the student body is only the first step we

need to accomplish. We must also acknowledge that the power to demand and anticipate

public transparency is now within our grasp. We, students, who are part of this young

generation, must recognize our ability to improve society and muster the resolve to

overcome the cycle of perpetual corruption and put our leaders in a position where they

are accountable for every decision they make on how to use our money.

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 A study was done about the effect of effectiveness, transparency, and

accountability of budget management on high school productivity in the regency of Bener

Meriah, Province of Aceh, Indonesia. The researchers found that there are four ways to

achieve the objectives of the education itself, the need to realize good governance and

cleanliness in general, and there are at least four things that must be considered in the use

of education funds, namely efficiency, effectiveness, transparency, and accountability.

First, efficient education funding means that the funds that schools have obtained are best

utilized by taking the needs of each school into account. This means that education funds

should not be misused and should be targeted according to the needs of the student or

school. Second, it means the effectiveness of the extent to which success is achieved from

the outcome of the first decision. And this effectiveness could mean an evaluation of a

pre-planned program. Third, transparency has a very important influence on the use of

education funds because if the school lacks transparency, the guardian side will also

protest the school. This is intended to reduce the level of abuse at the school. Fourth,

accountability means that the search for education funds must be justified morally in

accordance with applicable legislation. If the four things described above are done well,

then the education fund in the distribution will be on target.

Educational institutions are in the public sector, transparency and accountability are

important principles that must be reflected in their financial management. This

requirement is enshrined in the University Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 12 of

2012. The presentation of the organization’s financial report and accessibility to such

statements are two factors that can potentially influence transparency and accountability

2
in financial management. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of financial

report

2
presentation and accessibility to financial reports on the transparency and accountability

of a state university’s financial management in Malang City (Negara, 2019).

Transparency ensures that data that can be measured is accessible in the organization’s

operations and prevents any potential abuse of authority (Talikan, 2021). Transparency

allows the public to easily obtain information about the government’s activities. The

public can determine whether the government’s actions and decisions are in accordance

with the rule of law. Transparency as a principle has resulted in effective public

oversight, which will eventually result in an accountable government. Accountability can

be achieved if it is accompanied by transparency (RIGE 2021).

A study done In Ilocos Region, Philippines, about corporate transparency practices in

school management and the work engagement of employees found that there is no other

way to curb corruption except through the implementation of corporate governance, and

one of those practices is transparency. It demands that the management disclose to the

stockholders and other stakeholders any practices, activities, policies, and decisions that

affect them. To ensure the implementation of transparency in public offices, the

governments of different countries have created laws on transparency, under which

government officials must disclose to the public any activities, policies, and decisions

that affect the welfare of the public. While accountability refers to the management’s

responsibility for all activities and presenting a fair, balanced, and understandable

assessment of the organization’s position and prospects to stakeholders (Abun, 2020).

Lastly, transparency is openness or the process of being open, honest, and straightforward

about various company operations. It is also referring to the idea that there is nothing to

hide when it comes to records, transactions, or activities that affect the life or welfare of

3
the public. The management should be willing to open its books, records of transactions,

and other activities to the stakeholder (Abun, 2020).

The Executive Order No. 2 of 2016 states that operationalizing is in the executive

branch. The people’s constitutional right to information and the state policies to full

disclosure and transparency in the public service and providing guidelines whereas

pursuant to Section 28 of Article II of the 1987 Constitution, the State adopts and

implements a policy of full public disclosure of all its transactions involving public

interest, subject to reasonable conditions prescribed by law, whereas Section 7 of Article

III of the Constitution guarantees the right of the people to information on matters of

public concern, whereas, the incorporation of this right in the Constitution is a

recognition of the fundamental role of free and open exchange of information in a

democracy, meant to enhance transparency and accountability in government official

acts, transactions, or decisions, whereas, the Executive Branch recognizes the urgent need

to operationalize these constitutional provisions; this law supports the right of the people

to demand publicity and transparency of information from various branches of an

institution.

Reading the related studies, the author found no studies have been conducted yet

related to the implementation of corporate transparency in the school setting and its direct

effect on achieving financial accountability. The current study would like to focus on the

practice of transparency in the high school organization setting and determine the

advantages and direct effect of the implementation of financial transparency on its

engagement with the achievement of financial accountability towards school

organizations’ transparent and accountable governance.

4
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aims to determine financial transparency as a factor affecting the

achievement of financial accountability of student organizations in Tabaco National High

School Academic Year 2022-2023.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the practices exercised for financial transparency by the student

organizations in Tabaco National High School?

2. What are the benefits of having a financial transparency on the achievement for

financial accountability of student organizations in Tabaco National High School?

3. What are the challenges faced by the student organizations that hinder the

achievement of financial accountability?

4. What are the possible program that the school can generate to help student

organizations to learn more about financial transparency and its effect on the

achievement of their financial accountability?

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study aims to focus on determining financial transparency as a major factor that

affects the achievement of financial accountability of student organizations in Tabaco

National High School. The methods and practices used by the various student

organizations were assessed by their internal controls, monitoring, and established

adequate systems for recording and reporting financial transactions. The twenty six

respondents are the treasurers and auditors of each student organizations and club in

5
Tabaco National High School that are purposively selected. The study is conducted from

August to

5
December of Year 2022, the time period of the first semester of the school year.

Correlational Research Design is used in this quantitative research. A survey is admitted

by administering survey questionnaires to collect the necessary data for the study.

The researchers exclude the non-profit student organizations and non-student

organizations on the content of this study.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researchers believe that this study will not just yield data that will be helpful for

them, more so to the groups of following people:

The Student Organizations. In particular, the student organizations treasurers and

auditors of TNHS will be informed with how vital openness in an organization is. They

will be able to appreciate the importance of exercising caution and accountability while

practicing each financial transparency step. From generating project, to the financing and

budgeting of fund, to right dissemination of funds, to holding the receipts and documents,

to presentation of output, and last but not the least their display and presentation of

transparency on the public. Additionally, they will comprehend how their organization’s

public accountability is impacted by financial transparency. With all of that being said,

this study will help them generate effective and efficient solutions on the problems their

organization faces with the help of the recommendations of this research study will

generate.

6
Students. This study will inform them of the causes and purposes for which the

donations and contributions they have contributed have been allocated or used. In this

way, they will be able to appreciate the events and initiatives that the various

organizations will develop, which will lead to effective communication between the latter

and the former.

Guardians/Parents. Since they are the one that are sustaining the financial needs of the

students, this study will be beneficial to them because they will be able to keep track of

the funds of the school, which, some of these funds are from their own resource.

The School. TNHS school heads and administrators of TNHS in particular. This study

will give them knowledge of how they can help and create programs that will help the

various student organizations of TNHS to overcome their financial accountability issues.

The Future Researchers. Since the nature of this study is quantitative and can be

replicated, this study will be a credible source of data and facts that can be beneficial to

any study related to the topic of this study.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

To comprehend this study better, the following terms are conceptually and

operationally defined.

Correlation Research

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Conceptual: investigates relationships between variables without the researcher

controlling or manipulating any of them. (Scribbr, 2021).

7
Operational: the relationship of Financial Transparency as a factor to the achievement of

Financial Accountability of Student Organizations in TNHS.

Efficient Educational Funds

Conceptual: refers to the achievement of stated education objectives at the lowest

possible cost (OECD,2013).

Operational: identify how funds are efficiently and effectively utilized by the TNHS

school organizations.

Financial Accountability

Conceptual: responsibility for the way money is used and managed (Cambridge

Dictionary, 2021)

Operational: holding the TNHS school organizations accountable for effectively

performing a financial activity.

Financial Transparency

Conceptual: the quality of being done in an open way without secrets (Cambridge

Dictionary, 2022)

Operational: the openness of the transactions of student organizations in TNHS.

8
Good Governance

Conceptual: a subset of governance in which public resources and problems are

managed effectively, efficiently, and in response to society’s critical needs (American

University in Cairo, 2005)

Operational: the efficiency and effectivity of the student organizations in TNHS on how

they govern the student body.

Major Factor

Conceptual: more important, bigger, or more serious than others of the … (Cambridge,

2023).

Operational: the most influential factor that affects the achievement of Financial

Accountability of the Student Organizations in TNHS.

School

Conceptual: a place where children go to be educated (Oxford Dictionary, 2021)

Operational: it is the Tabaco National High School that will serve as the setting of the

study.

School Organization

Conceptual: any club, society, fraternity, sorority, or a group living together which has

students as its principal members (Law Insider, 2016)

Operational: it is the student organizations of Tabaco National High School that will be

the main focus of the study

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of different research and literature from local and foreign

researchers. This study’s literature is derived from books, journals, articles, and other

existing sources derived from different local and foreign research that are thought to be a

valuable in raising knowledge about the study.

Foreign

Abubakar, et al. (2017) state that the concept of financial accountability of public

organization is the extent to which the management of such public organization provides

explanation or justification on what it has managed or failed to do for the public or the

people within its jurisdiction. A management body that is entrusted with public funds

needs to manage such funds for the well-being of the community. As such, financial

accountability in this regard is the action of ensure that public funds are used

accountably. Financial accountability demands managers of public sector organization

ensure that public funds or resources are used wisely and supported by adequate record-

keeping methods and presented in the prescribed manner that would allow it to be

available to and accessible by the public and delivered in a timely manner to be

scrutinized by the public.

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 As stated by Ikhwan, Subroto and Ghofar (2016) that strong transparency and

accountability may have the effect in reducing the potential for corrupt practices. This

means that the potential for corruption increases when universities ignore the principles

of transparency and accountability.

According to RIGE (2021), transparency allows the public to easily obtain

information about the government’s activities. The public can determine whether the

government’s actions and decisions are in accordance with the rule of law. Transparency

as a principle has resulted in effective public oversight, which will eventually result in

accountable government. Accountability can be achieved if it is accompanied by

transparency.

In 2021, Arwati and Latif, emphasized the importance of the concepts of financial

transparency and accountability. Financial transparency means the disclosure of

information related to resource management carried out by the government. With this

financial transparency, it is hoped that the community will be able to supervise financial

management, so that the government can be accountable.

Local

According to Tan and Legaspi (2016), student organizations manage their own funds

and are given the autonomy and responsibility to spend these funds as the organization

sees fit within the confines of university policies. A healthy financial structure is an

important factor in student organization success and sustainability. Solid fiscal

management creates a framework that allows organizations to work proactively to

accomplish their goals and serve their communities with financially sustainable events

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and program. This study aimed at identifying the profile of the student organizations in

terms of type, registration, and functions and designations of officers and advisers, also

identify the financial practices of student organizations in terms of managing their

finances, as well the problems encountered by student organizations in terms of financial

management, and eventually come up with a student organization financial manual.

According to Talikan (2021), in order to promote good governance in education, the

school administrators, principals and office heads should be transparent and accountable

with the disbursement of financial resources of the school. The administration should be

aware of the expenditures to avoid leakages of funds.

According to Talikan (2021), transparency ensures that the data can be measured is

accessible in the organization’s operations and prevents any potential abuse of authority.

According to Gaspar et al. (2022), transparency and accountability are essential to the

operation of governments regardless of political systems. They are tools to prevent

corruption. Transparency and accountability are twin requirements in managing school

financial resources. Transparency as a requirement ensures that sound and efficient

utilization of resources is maintained while transparency makes opportunity for greater

accountability.

RELATED STUDIES

Foreign

According to Schauer (2014), transparency can indeed foster accountability and

prevent the misuse of funds and the abuse of power. But once we realize that in various

10
other contexts we celebrate the lack of transparency under the rubrics of privacy,

confidentiality, secrecy, and independence, among others, it becomes apparent that

transparency, including transparency in and about the financial services industry, has its

vices as well as its virtues.

According to Llores et al. (2018), accountability and transparency are components of

good governance. Accountability and transparency are two components that support and

complement each other. Public service accountability is intended as the ability of public

officials to provide explanations for the implementation of services for which they are

responsible. Transparency of public services is intended as the availability of access for

stakeholders to obtain information regarding the implementation of public services.

Then the same results were found by Felik Bi Kuantha Ginting et al. (2019), the

results of his research show that transparency in school administration, performance

standards, and community participation partially have a positive and significant effect on

school financial accountability. It was also found that transparency in school

administration, performance standards, and community participation simultaneously had

a positive and significant effect on school financial accountability.

As stated by Gusnardi, Riadi, and Hendripedes (2021), with regard to school financial

transparency, there were four questions/statements given to respondents regarding the

availability of access to information, openness of information delivery by schools,

communication of decision making, and media for information delivery. Specifically for

the statement of availability of access to information, all principal respondents stated that

access to information was adequate about school financial management.

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Local

According to Briones (2018) as cited by IIEP-UNESCO (2018) has pointed in her

speech at the IIEP-UNESCO conference that the Philippines is a very strong advocate of

freedom of information and in promoting transparency and accountability. In that forum,

Briones (2018) further pointed out that corruption is a total barrier to the quality of

education.

According to Cassano (2017), pointed out that transparency is one of the components

in improving the quality of education.

According to Abun, Macaspac, Magallanes, and Encanarcion (2020), there is no other

way to curb corruption except through the implementation of corporate governance and

one of them is transparency. It demands that the management must disclose to the

stockholders and stakeholders any practices, activities, policies, and decisions that affect

them. To ensure the implementation of transparency in the public office, the government

in different countries have created laws transparency in which government officials must

disclose to the public any activities, policies, and decisions that affect the welfare of the

public.

Stated by Abun et al. (2020), transparency naturally will boost the integrity of those

who run the school. The lack of integrity and unethical behavior of those who run the

school are contradictory to the main purpose of school as a training ground for social and

moral values.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

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 This illustrates the expected relationship between the variables. It defines the relevant

objectives for the research process and maps out how they come together to draw

coherent conclusions.

The study’s respondents are student organizations from Tabaco National High School.

These respondents were chosen because they will be the one to decide and plan how the

events will be conducted. The main target respondents are the auditors and treasurers

because they are in charge of how the money that they have gathered from the students

are managed. Furthermore, questionnaires were developed by the researchers by

determining which factors will be necessary for the data collection of the research.

Because of this, questions were based from the statement of the problem to know where

the study will revolve. Questions were limited and arranged properly in such a way that

the respondents understand the objective of the questions. Moreover, the questionnaires

were validated to ensure that the questions will answer the data needed for the purpose of

the research. It is with utmost importance that the questions are valid and with adequate

reliability.

Additionally, data collection was administered through the means of survey with the

chosen respondents from student organizations. Their responses were recorded and were

organized and analyzed to assess the data collected that are needed for the study. The data

were assessed with the use of correlational analysis.

The transparency of every transaction of the student organizations should be ratified.

The openness of the transactions must be strictly implemented so that the student body

and the parents will be assured that there is no occurrence of misused funds. When it

comes to public money handling, there should be no secrecy and confidentiality as to

10
how the money is spent to ensure those concerned that their hard-earned resource is used

with integrity.

INPUT PROCESS

OUTPUT

•Data collections

through survey of the

chosen representatives Formulation and

•Position of the
of the respective implementation of the
respondents in the
student organizations possible training
organization
programs to achieve

•Organization and in- financial

•Development of
text analysis of the accountability through
questionnaires to be
responses of the financial transparency
used for the survey
chosen respondents •Training

•Seminar
•Validation of the
•Statistical analysis •Webinar
questionnaire by

expert and representation of

the data

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 FIGURE 1. CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A foundational review of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for developing the

arguments that will be used in the study.

According to the Signaling Theory (Spence,1973), the relationship between signal

theory and firm value is CSR disclosure carried out by the company will further expand

disclosure in annual report. This is a positive signal given by the company to investors.

The wider the disclosure made by the company will add to the information received by

investors. The wider the information received by investors will increase the level of

investor confidence in the company. With a high level of confidence, investors will

certainly provide a positive response to the company in the form of price movements

stocks that tend to rise. Thus, the level of disclosure that carried out by the company will

affect the movement of stock prices tends to rise which in turn will also affect the volume

of traded. With stock price movements that tend to increase will certainly affect the

increase in the company’s stock return.

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 According to the Window Theory (Matheus & Janssen, 2020), governments should

provide a data as to how public funds are utilized. There were expected effects of

transparency, namely: accountability, transparency is expected to encourage governments

to account better for their actions; trust and accountability, transparency can result in

more trust, trustworthiness, credibility, and legitimacy; civic engagement and

participation, transparency should result in civic engagement as government should

enable citizens to engage and participate by providing information; efficiency,

transparency can help reduce cost, for example, the improvement of public procurement,

allocation of budget, and healthcare; governance and political turn out, transparency

would lead to a better government; overcoming information asymmetry, transparency

should result in overcoming information asymmetry, however, some data might be

inaccurate or manipulated; lastly, anti corruption and fraud, transparency should result to

less corruption by reducing bias and the misuse of political power and public funds.

The Legitimacy Theory (Dowling & Pfeffer, 1975), is a mechanism that supports

organizations in implementing and developing voluntary social and environmental

disclosures in order to fulfil their social contract that enables the recognition of their

objectives and the survival in a jumpy and turbulent environment. The social perceptions

of the organization’s activities are reported to the expectation of the society. In the

situation when the organization’s activities do not respect the moral values, the

organization is severely sanctioned by the society; these sanctions may even lead to the

failure of the organization. The organization has to justify its existence through legitimate

economical and social actions that do not jeopardize the existence of the society in which

it carries on, nor the environment.

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 The researchers developed a theory and named it the Master’s Example Theory. The

theory implies that in order for school organizations to achieve financial accountability

through financial transparency, the school heads, school principals, and school

administrator must have the implementation of mandatory programs like seminar,

webinar, and training especially those who are new in the organization. These three types

of programs were chosen by the researchers as the most suitable type of training to be

implemented because they complement the nature of accounting. The researchers believe

that these three trainings are best for students to really learn and understand what is being

taught to them by the lecturer and/or speaker. On the other hand, the researchers observed

that students tend to learn more when it is visually displayed on them, or in other words,

one of the key ways for the student organizations to learn is when they see that financial

transparency and accountability is being practiced by the school officials themselves.

That’s the reason why this theory is called “Master’s Example Theory”, the researchers

believe that no training program can equal the impact of setting an example for the

student organizations to learn to. This theory fundamentally promotes the practice of

school officials on not just administering physical programs to promote the skills and

knowledge and enhance the competencies of students organizations in the exercise of

financial transparency for the achievement of financial accountability, but also setting a

good example and being a live testimony. In this way, it won’t be hard for them to make

it understood for the students the benefits and advantages of financial transparency and

accountability in the achievement of good governance. If the school is performing and

practicing accountability and transparency at its best, then everything else will follow.

Example is the greatest leader.

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10
Signaling theory is useful for describing behavior
when two parties (individuals or organizations)
have access to different information.
Signaling Theory
Michael Spence, 1973

The theory that was

developed implies that
Government should be more open as to how public school heads and school
funds are utilized and handled. principals should set as an
Window Theory example for the student
Ricardo Matheus & Marijn Janssen, 2020 organizations regarding
financial transparency.

The Master’s Example

Theory

Legitimacy theory states that organizations

continuously try to ensure that they carry out
activities in accordance with societal boundaries
and norms.
Legitimacy Theory
Dowling & Pfeffer, 1975)

FIGURE 2. THEORETICAL PARADIGM

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 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter reveals the methods of research to be employed by the researcher in

conducting the study which includes the research design, population of the study,

research instrument and its development establishing its validity and reliability, data

gathering procedures, and the appropriate statistical treatment of data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will use the quantitative methods in the analysis of data. The quantitative

data will be gathered from school organization’s evaluation tools on financial

accountability. Quantitative Research refers to data present in numeric form. When

collected using a primary method, it use statistical data collected by means of

questionnaire (Apuke,2017). The purpose of quantitative research is to emphasize the

collection of objective data in order to assess a social phenomenon. The quantitative data

will be gathered from the survey questionnaire on the auditors and treasurers that will

represent their corresponding school organizations. Questionnaire is the most commonly

used tool to collect data from the respondents ( Glasious, M. 2018). This study will cover

academic year 2022-2023.

RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

Purposive sampling is used in this study. Purposive sampling refers to the intentional

selection of individuals and sites by a researcher in order to learn about or understand the

essential phenomenon (Cresswell, 2012). The twenty six respondents to this study are the

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treasurers and auditors of each student organization and club at Tabaco National High

School. The respondents were purposefully chosen since they are in charge of managing

the money that they have gathered from the students.

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 Student
No. Treasurer Auditor Total
Organization

Student Supreme
1 1 1 2
Government

Special Program in
2 1 1 2
Arts Club

3 SOLAR 1 1 2

4 SAMAFIL 1 1 2

5 MHAPLE 1 1 2

YES-O 1 1 2

7 FCCO 1 1 2

Seniors’ English
8 1 1 2
Guild

TNHS MATH CLUB

9 “LALIGA 1 1 2

MATEMATIKA”

HUMANISTA
10 1 1 2
CLUB

11 TNHS ABMath Club 1 1 2

Youth Commission

12 on Elections and 1 1 2

Appointments

13 Ang Tanod 1 1 2
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 Table 1. Frequency Count of Respondents in Student Organizations of Tabaco National

High School

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The researchers didn’t use any sampling techniques because the population size was

only twenty six. Using purposive sampling, every school organization will be represented

by two representative in this way each organization has a chance to be selected. It is the

most practical since this study is a Quantitative Research and there are only thirteen

school organizations in Tabaco National High School.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument used in this study is a survey questionnaire about financial

transparency as a factor for achieving financial accountability of student organizations in

Tabaco National High School. A survey questionnaire consists of a series of questions for

respondents. The most commonly employed research tool is survey questionnaires

(Canals, 2017). The survey questionnaires will be divided into two parts. The first part

will include the respondent’s profile, whereas the second part will consist of the research

question itself.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

After establishing the validity and reliability on how gather data, formulating

questions appropriate for the study and doing all necessary modification to the chosen

respondent. The twenty six copies of questionnaires distributed will be successfully

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completed and returned. Thus, their corresponding answer to the question are kept in

accordance with the agreement of the respondents and the researchers. The data gathered

will be organized and tabulated according to the result of the statistical treatment done. In

this stage, the service of a statistical consultant was needed.

DATA ANALYSIS PLAN

The data analysis plan is a roadmap for how the researchers are going to organize and

analyze the survey data.

Before conducting the data collection, research instrument must be prepared. The

research instrument must be designed as to how the data is to be collected. In this study,

survey is to be used for the data collection. The questions were developed and was

verified to ensure that the data that will be collected will properly and accurately measure

the information and data.

After having the research instrument verified, the data collection will be administered.

The respondents of the study are the treasurers and auditors of the student organizations.

They will be asked to fill-out questionnaires that contains the questions to be answered by

them and give us our needed data for the study.

The final process will be the analysis of data. It is where the researchers will interpret

the results garnered from the administered survey. The results of the data will be

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analyzed in order to supply the information that is needed and to support the intended

purpose of the study.

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 Prepare Research Instrument

Collect the Data

Analyze the Collected Data

FIGURE 3. DATA ANALYSIS PLAN

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