i

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE OF CALINAN

CALINAN, DAVAO CITY

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GRADE 11 STEM STUDENTS ABOUT THE

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

Malaque, Rucyl Janyz

Omaña, Renzy
Ramirez, Zyra Angelika
Lumpas, Rana Mae
Jose, Lhoreneil
Hibino, Ayumi
Lampano, Nikko

January 2023
 ii

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GRADE 11 STEM STUDENTS ABOUT THE

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

_____________________________________

A Mini Research Paper

Presented to Holy Cross College of Calinan, Inc.
Basic Education Department

__________________________________

By:

Malaque, Rucyl Janyz L.

Omaña, Renzy C.
Ramirez, Zyra Angelika L.
Lumpas, Rana Mae C.
Jose, Lhoreneil I.
Hibino, Ayumi T.
Lampano, Nikko L.

January 2023
 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Title Page i

Table of Contents iii

List of Tables iv

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem 1

Theoretical Framework 1

Chapter 2: METHODS

Research Questionnaire 5

Chapter 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Research Problem 1 7

Research Problem 2 8

Research Problem 3 9

Chapter 4: CONCLUSION

Conclusion 12

References 13

Appendices
 iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 6

2 The Frequency Distribution of Students According to Age 7

3 The Frequency Distribution of Students According to their Stanine 8

4 Predictions Made About the Movements of Plates 9

 v

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to assess the level of understanding of the respondents about the

Continental Drift theory, and to gather pieces of evidence that predicts the future of the

continents. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the students in terms of :

a. age;

b. gender; and

2. What is the level of understanding of the respondents about the continental drift theory?

3. What predictions are made about the movement of the continents?

Theoretical Framework

The theory that revolutionized our understanding of how continents move over the

surface of the Earth was called continental drift. Wegener's continental drift theory in geoscience

was the first to talk about moving continents. This made it clear how fossilized plants and

animals and related rock formations could live on different continents. As Wegener suggested,

this ancient supercontinent, called Pangaea, did exist until it broke up about 200 million years

ago (Oskin, 2021). This enormous land mass eventually split into seven smaller land masses,

which are today's recognizable continents. Even though these continents are constantly shifting,
 vi

we rarely see them. Wegener must have provided a justification for making this decision (Jalan,

2022).

The scientist Alfred Wegener is most closely connected with the concept of continental

drift. Wegener wrote a paper outlining his notion that the continents were "drifting" across the

Earth, occasionally crashing through oceans and into one another, in the early 20th century. He

referred to it as continental drift (National Geographic, 2022). A geologist has shown that there

was once a single large landmass on the surface of the earth, and that it broke up into smaller

pieces that drifted away. In a few cases, the drifting pieces ran into each other, stuck together,

and made bigger landmasses again (Chander, 1999).

Wegener found that the rock layers on the east coast of South America and the west coast

of Africa "fit" just as plainly as pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. There were more continents with

similar geology besides South America and Africa (National Geographic, 2022). Some of the

continents on an Earth map may appear to fit together, if you look at one. Francis Bacon, who

saw the similarities between the Atlantic coasts of Africa, North and South America, and Europe

in the 17th century, was the first to make mention of this occurrence. The fact that the continents

were originally linked and have since drifted away, or "continental drift," accounts for the

apparent fit (Earle, 2019).

Wegener was aware that fossilized plants and animals could be found on several

continents, including Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile that was restricted to South America and

Africa during the Permian epoch. Additionally, he put the rock formations on either side of the

Atlantic Ocean together similar to a puzzle.For example, the rocks of Santa Catarina, which are

located in Brazil, and the Karoo layers, which are located in South Africa, both fit together. The
 vii

Appalachian Mountains, which are located in the United States of America, and the Caledonian

Mountains, which are located in Scotland, also fit together. According to National Geographic,

plates pressing together built the Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world, and the

mountains are constantly growing as a result (Oskin, 2014). The fossil record is one sort of

evidence that has been used to support the Theory of Continental Drift. In rocks with a similar

age, scientists have discovered fossils of related plant and animal species. The coastlines of many

continents were home to these rocks. The continents may have formerly been connected,

according to this. For instance, freshwater reptile Mesosaurus fossils have been discovered in

both Brazil and western Africa. Lystrosaurus fossils have also been discovered in Antarctica,

India, and Africa (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2022).

The North and South Poles, which are roughly parallel to the axis of rotation, determine

the Earth's magnetic field. In the Northern Hemisphere, the lines of magnetic force flow into

Earth, and in the Southern Hemisphere, they flow out of Earth. The magnetic force trends at

various angles to the surface in various locations as a result of the shape of the field lines. The

force is vertical at the North and South Poles. The magnetic force is horizontal everywhere along

the equator, and it is at an oblique angle to the surface everywhere else. The minerals that make

up magma are flexible in their fluid state and can travel in any plane. However, movement stops

and the location and orientation of the minerals are set as the lava cools and solidifies. Similar to

how a compass needle aligns with the magnetic field to point north, the magnetization

orientation of the mineral magnetite (Fe3O4) as it crystallizes from magma is parallel to that of

the Earth's magnetic field at that time. We refer to this magnetic record in the rock as residual

magnetism. Basalt is particularly prone to this kind of magnetization because it cools from a high

temperature and typically has relatively high amounts of magnetite, although sedimentary rocks
 viii

and other types of rocks can also be magnetized if they have a high concentration of magnetite

(Webb, 2020). According to Encyclopedia, the study of magnetism in prehistoric rocks is known

as paleomagnetism. Achilles Delesse (1817–1881), a French physicist, made the initial discovery

of the phenomena in 1849 when he noticed that some magnetic minerals in rocks were aligned

parallel to the Earth's magnetic field. The French scientist Bernard Brunhes (1867–1910) made

an analogous finding in 1906. Brunhes noticed that some rocks' magnetic minerals are orientated

exactly the opposite way from what would be anticipated if they were functioning as simple

compasses. In other words, some of these minerals had their north poles pointing towards the

north magnetic pole of Earth and their south poles pointing at the south magnetic pole of Earth

(Newton, 2004).
 ix

Chapter 2
METHODS
Survey Questionnaire

HOLY CROSS COLLEGE OF CALINAN

Davao- Bukidnon Highway, Calinan Poblacion, Davao City

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE GRADE 11 STEM STUDENTS ABOUT THE

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

We are carrying out an evaluation on the knowledge of Grade 11 STEM Students about
Continental Drift Theory. Your response to this survey is crucial in providing the necessary
information. If you have any query about the questionnaire, please do not hesitate to approach
the researchers. Your honest and sincere response and time given to answer the evaluation is
greatly appreciated.

Thank you very much for your cooperation.

Instruction: Please check or supply the information needed in the space provided.

Name ( Optional ) ______________

Part I: Demographic Profile (align to SOP #1)

1. Age

[ ] 15 and below [ ] 16 [ ] 17 and above

2. Sex

[ ] Male [ ] Female
 x

Part II: Students understanding about Continental Drift Theory

Evaluate the following statements about Continental Drift Theory. Check the box of the
of the response that best describe your evaluation with the following scales:

1= very poor 2= poor 3= average 4= good 5= excellent

Concept of Continental Drift Theory

1 2 3 4 5

I understand …

1 how the continents drift away.

2 that the shapes of continents fit each other.

3 that similar fossils are found in different locations.

4 that South America and Africa were said to be connected because of the
similarities in rocks and mountains.

5 that the Earth’s magnetic pole has an influence on patterns in rocks.

6 that all continents were said to be one continent.

Part III : Student’s prediction on the theory.

1. What will happen to the continents if the plates continue to move?
________________________________________________________________________
 xi

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data.

Presentation of the results, interpretations and discussions will be arranged according to the order

of the research questions in Chapter 1.

Research Question #1:What are the demographic profile of the students in terms of

age and sex?

Table 2. The Frequency Distribution of Students According to Age and Sex

AGE

Frequency Percentage

15 years old and below 2 10%

16 years old 12 60%

17 years old and above 6 30%

TOTAL 20 100%

SEX

Frequency Percentage

Male 9 45%

Female 11 55%

Table 2 presents the overall frequency count and the percentage of the data according to

age and sex. In terms of age, most of the students are within the age range of 16 years old.

Additionally, it can be seen from the table that there are more female students than male students

in terms of percentage.
 xii

Research Question #2: What is the level of understanding of the respondents about the

Continental Drift Theory?

Table 3. Frequency Distribution of Students According to their Stanine

Concepts of the Continental Drift Theory Mean Description

1 I understand how the continents drift 4 Good

away.

2 I understand that the shapes of 5 Excellent

continents fit each other.

3 I understand that similar fossils are 4 Good

found in different locations.

4 I understand that South America and 4 Good

Africa were said to be connected
because of the similarities in rocks and
mountains.

5 I understand that the Earth’s magnetic 4 Good

pole has an influence on patterns in
rocks.

6 I understand that all continents were said 4 Good

to be one continent.

Based on the table above, most of the respondents understand that the shapes of

continents fit each other. Respondents may still have some questions about the rest of the pieces

of evidence of the continental drift theory as 5/6 questions have been marked as good when it

comes to their understanding. According to the result shown at this table, the respondents may

still spread their knowledge about the theory.

Research Question #3: What predictions are made about the movement of the continents?

Table 4. Predictions Made About the Movements of Plates

 xiii

Major Themes Statement

Amasia -The supercontinent known as Amasia is

believed to form at the top of the world if all
the continents were to fuse together (Harris,
2012).

-The Pacific Ocean could also be connected to

the Atlantic and Indian Oceans when America
collides with Asia. Australia is also expected
to play a role in this important Earth event and
the resulting supercontinent is called Amasia
(Curtin University, 2022).

-Given that Pangaea's peak probably occurred

300 million years ago, Mitchell noted that
Amasia's time would be 300 million years
from today. But it might start to form as soon
as 200 million years (Woodward, 2022).

-Several of the tectonic plates are currently

moving north, including both Africa and
Australia,because of this northern drift, one
can imagine a scenario where the continents,
except Antarctica, keep drifting north.
This means that they would eventually gather
around the North Pole in a supercontinent
called Amasia (Bangor University, 2018).

Pangea Ultima -It's like "deja vu all over again" as Earth's

landmasses converge to form Pangea Ultima
(Barry, 2000).

-The two small arcs of subduction in the

Atlantic could potentially spread all along the
East Coast of the U.S., creating a new
supercontinent called Pangea Ultima (Green
et. al. , 2018).

-Pangea Ultima is projected as the next

supercontinent 250 million years from now.
The landmass itself would extend 13,000
miles with one superocean covering two-
thirds of Earth (Earthhow, 2022).

Pangea Proxima - Earth's continents will likely again be joined

together in about 250 million years.
 xiv

It can be seen above the 4 predictions of what might happen in the future if the plates

continue to move. Further, most of the authors state the possible name of the future

supercontinent and also the continents or countries that will collide or merge after a billion years

from now. The supercontinents are named as Amasia, Ultima, Pangea Proxima, and

Novopangea. Furthermore, it can also be seen in the table the possible reasons for the movement

and what the continents will look like.

Chapter 4

CONCLUSION

This chapter delineates the conclusions or the insights of the researchers from conducting

the study. In addition, it shall also elaborate the recommendations or suggestions of the

researchers based on the results presented in chapter 3.

Conclusion

The researchers came to the conclusion that the majority of the students who responded

to the questionnaire are primarily male and that the majority of them are between the ages of 16

years old after collecting data on the demographic profile of the students.

Further, the results in the form of stanine showed that most of the students have the scale

4 and 5 with a quality index of good and very good respectively. The researchers concluded that
 xv

most of the students were performing significantly well in their studies . Furthermore, there were

few students who answered on the scale of 2 and 3 which is poor and average . Moreover, there

are also predictions made that after years if the plates continue to move it will be one again.

These supercontinents are Amasia, Pangea Ultima, Pangea Proxima, and Novopangea.

Finally, after the computation and analysis the researchers concluded that the students’

understood the theory well. And predictions of being one of the continents again someday may

be true but this is all just a prediction there is still no concrete evidence that this phenomenon

might happen.

REFERENCES

Bangor University (2018). What planet Earth might look like when the next Supercontinent forms

Four scenarios. Retrieved from https://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/archive/what-

planet-eart h-might-look-like-when-the-next-supercontinent-forms-four-scenarios-

38900

Barry, P. L. (2000). Continents in collision: Pangea Ultima | Science mission directorate.

Retrieved from https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast06oct_1

Chander, R. (1999). Wegener and his Theory of Continental Drift. Retrieved from https://link.spr

inger.com/article/10.1007/BF02839011
 xvi

Chwastyk, M. W. (2018). Meet Supercontinent Pangaea Proxima—in 250 million years.

Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/explore-atlas-

future-earth-supercontinent-pangaea-proxima

Curtin University (2022). Behold! The world's next Supercontinent, Amasia. Retrieved from htt

https://scitechdaily.com/behold-the-worlds-next-supercontinent-amasia/

Earle, S. (2019). 4.1 Alfred Wegener and the Theory of Plate Tectonics. Retrieved from https://r

wu.pressbooks.pub/webboceanography/chapter/4-1-alfred-wegener-and-the-

theory-of-pla te-tectonics/

Earthhow (2022). Pangea Ultima: Meet Earth’s next Supercontinent. Retrieved from

https://earthhow.com/pangea-ultima/

Encyclopedia Britannica, (2022). Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics. Retrieved from

https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/continental-drift-and-

plate-tectonics https://scitechdaily.com/behold-the-worlds-next-

supercontinent-amasia/

Feerick, J. (2020). The next Pangea: What Earth’s future Supercontinent will look like.

Retrieved from https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/the-next- pangea-

what-earths-futu re-supercontinent-will-look-like

Green, M. , et. al. (2018). In the future, Earth will have just one Continent. It might look like

this. Retrieved from https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-think-earth-s-next-

supercontinent-might-look-like-one-of-these/amp
 xvii

Harris, R. (2012). “Amasia”: The next Supercontinent? Retrieved from

https://www.npr.org/2012/02/08/146572456/amasia-the-next-supercontinent

Houser, K. (2018). Experts predict what Earth’s next Supercontinent will look like.

Retrieved from https://futurism.com/the-byte/supercontinent-earth

Jacobs, F. (2022). What the world will look like in the year 250,002,018. Retrieved from

https://www.freethink.com/energy/pangaea-proxima?amp=1

Jalan, M. (2022). What is the Continental Drift Theory and how is it related to Plate

Tectonics?. Retrieved from https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/wegener-continental-

drift-theory-definition-how-different-plate-tectonics.html?

fbclid=IwAR1BO7OY2KgCaUt1-J0uXyrzXVt1djwFd221iITOiqIgqvu0Or970dBstC4

Maxwell, A. (2020). Pangaea Theory has Earth’s surface on the move. Retrieved from

https://now.northropgrumman.com/pangaea-theory-has-earths-surface-on-the-move/

National Geographic, (2022). Continental drift. Retrieved from

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/continental-drift/

National Geographic Society, (2022). Continental Drift versus Plate Tectonics | National

Geographic Society. Retrieved from

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/continental-drift-versus-plate-tectonics/

Newton, D. E. (2004). Paleomagnetism. Retrieved from

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/

paleomagnetism-0

Oskin, B. (2014). Tectonic puzzle: Why West Africa didn’t follow South America. Retrieved
 xviii

from livescience.com.https://www.livescience.com/44011-rifting-gondwana-africa-

south-ameri ca- explained.html

Oskin, B. (2021). Continental Drift: The groundbreaking theory of moving continents.

Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/37529-continental-drift.html?

fbclid=IwAR1O48gfyYkp7wDaEzdqkKkyNcZYGviqwUrrzfZ6eI9fTeaSBA79wPGwAe

Strange Maps (2021). Four scenarios for the next supercontinent. Retrieved from https://bigthin

k.com/strange-maps/next-supercontinent/

Webb, P. (2020). 4.2: Paleomagnetic evidence for Plate Tectonics. Geosciences LibreTexts.

Retrieved from

https://geo.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Oceanography/Book:_Introduction

_to_Oceanography_(Webb)/04:_Plate_Tectonics_and_Marine_Geology/4.02:_Paleomagn

etic_Evidence_for_Plate_Tectonicsy

Woodward, A. (2022). Will there ever be another Pangaea?. Retrieved from https://www.
Lives cience.com/63753-will-there-be-another-pangea.html
 xix

Appendix : Raw Data

Appendix 1- Respondents’ Profile

Statement of the Problem
#1
Respondent Number Age Sex Strand
1 16 Male STEM
2 17 and above Female STEM
3 16 Female STEM
4 17 and above Female STEM
5 16 Female STEM
6 16 Female STEM
7 17 and above Female STEM
8 15 and below Male STEM
 xx

9 15 and below Male STEM

10 16 Male STEM
11 16 Female STEM
12 16 Male STEM
13 16 Male STEM
14 17 and above Male STEM
15 17 and above Female STEM
16 16 Male STEM
17 16 Female STEM
18 16 Female STEM
19 16 Female STEM
20 17 and above Male STEM

Appendix 2- Level of Knowledge about Continental Drift Theory (Crop Evolution)

 xxi

Concepts of the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 12 13 14 1 1 17 18 19 2 Mean

Continental Drift Theory 0 1 5 6 0
1 I understand how the 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 3 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 4 3 5 4
continents drift away.

2 I understand that the 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 4 5 4 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 5

shapes of continents fit
each other.
3 I understand that similar 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 4
fossils are found in
different locations..
4 I understand that South 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 4 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 4 5 4
America and Africa were
said to be connected
because of the
similarities in rocks and
mountains.
5 I understand that the 4 4 4 5 5 3 5 4 2 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 4 3 5 4
Earth’s magnetic pole has
an influence on patterns
in rocks.
6 I understand that all 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 4 5 4
continents were said to be
one continent.

Appendix 3
Thematic Analysis for SOP #3
Statement of the Question Significant Statements Grouping of Themes
Problem (#3) Significant
Statement
 xxii

What will happen to "Think about closing the Red- New Super Amasia
3.What predictions are the continents if the
Caribbean Sea — you have now Continent Amasia
made about the plates continue to
fused North and South America,"
movement of the move?
Mitchell says. "And then by fusing
continents?
the Arctic Ocean, you would
suture the Americas with Eurasia".
That would create a supercontinent
called Amasia that would form at
the top of the Earth. Eventually it
would slump south toward the
equator. And under this scenario,
Antarctica might remain isolated
at the bottom of the world (Harris,
2012).Ramirez*

The resulting new supercontinent

has already been named Amasia
because some believe that the
Pacific Ocean will close (as
opposed to the Atlantic and Indian
oceans) when America collides
with Asia. Australia is also
expected to play a role in this
important Earth event, first
colliding with Asia and then
connecting America and Asia once
the Pacific Ocean closes (Curtin
University,2022).Malaque*
 xxiii

Several of the tectonic plates are

currently moving north, including
both Africa and Australia. This
drift is believed to be driven by
anomalies left by Pangea, deep in
the Earth’s interior, in the part
called the mantle. Because of this
northern drift, one can envisage a
scenario where the continents,
except Antarctica, keep drifting
north. This means that they would
eventually gather around the North
Pole in a supercontinent called
Amasia. In this scenario, both the
Atlantic and the Pacific would
mostly remain open (Bangor
University, 2018).Lampano*

According to Mitchell, a new

supercontinent forms every 600
million years or so, but that cycle
might be speeding up. This
suggests that the next Pangaea,
dubbed Amasia, would form
sooner than we expect. Mitchell
thinks the cycle is speeding up
because the Earth’s internal heat
— hoarded in the planet's core
since the time of its formation —
is dissipating, meaning that
convection is happening faster
(Woodward, 2022).Hibino*
 xxiv

Two hundred and fifty million Blue- The Final Ultima

years ago the landmasses of Earth Pangea: Pangea
were clustered into one Ultima
supercontinent dubbed Pangea. As
Yogi Berra might say, it looks like
"deja vu all over again" as the
present-day continents slowly
converge during the next 250
million years to form another
mega-continent: Pangea Ultima
(Barry, 2000).Omaña*
If you could fast-forward into the
future, continents will reconnect
into another supercontinent.
Pangea Ultima is projected as the
next supercontinent 250 million
years.
If you incorporate the velocities
and trajectories of current plate
movement, then you can model
how continents will evolve. The
landmass itself would extend
13,000 miles with one superocean
covering two-thirds of Earth
(Earthhow,2022). Jose*
The Atlantic opening may,
however, slow down and actually
start closing in the future. The two
small arcs of subduction in the
Atlantic could potentially spread
all along the east coasts of the
Americas, leading to a reforming
of Pangea as the Americas, Europe
and Africa are brought back
together into a supercontinent
called Pangea Ultima. This new
supercontinent would be
surrounded by a super Pacific
Ocean (Green et. al. ,
2018).Malaque and Lumpas*
 xxv

By running computer simulations Purple- Future Pangea

of how Earth’s tectonic plates are continental Proxima
moving, researchers can estimate configuration
where the planet's continents will Pangea Proxima
likely be in the future. Because
tectonic plates move very slowly
—only a few centimeters per year,
on average—it takes a long time to
observe changes. Scientists have
found that the planet’s continents
will likely again be joined together
in about 250 million years.
Researchers have dubbed this
future continental configuration
“Pangaea Proxima.” (National
Geographic Society,
2022).Hibino*
The continents are in constant
motion: Tectonic plates crash
together and break apart, creating
new crust while old crust is pulled
below the surface. The process
shrinks and widens oceans, uplifts
mountain ranges, and rearranges
landmasses. In about 250 million
years a new supercontinent,
Pangaea Proxima, will form
(Chwastyk, 2018).Lumpas*
 xxvi

In 1982, American geologist

Christopher Scotese posited
Pangea Proxima — literally “the
next Pangea.” (Scotese originally
called his hypothesis Pangea
Ultima, meaning "the final
Pangea,” before, finally, hedging
his bets.) From his study of the
formation of previous
supercontinents, Scotese imagines
a ring-shaped landmass. In his
scenario, the Americas butt against
Africa, which tilts eastward to
dock with Eurasia; the latter has
flipped perpendicular. South
America and India form the
coastline of an inland sea (Feerick,
2020).Malaque*

For at least a few times already, all

of our planet’s dry bits have come
together to form a single, giant
island in a single, giant sea.
Roughly 200 million years ago,
Pangaea was the last iteration of
this recurring supercontinent. That
deep history will repeat itself. In
another 250 million years, we’ll
have the next supercontinent.
We’ve already got the name:
Pangaea Proxima (Jacobs, 2022).
Lumpas*
 xxvii

To figure out what the next Orange- The rise Novopan

supercontinent might look like, the of Novopangea gea
researchers analyzed the history of as a continent
Earth's plate tectonics and the
tectonic activity currently taking
place.The researchers believe
Novopangea is the most likely
scenario, as it would be the
outcome of today's conditions
persisting — the three remaining
scenarios would only play out as
the result of a major change in the
Earth's plate tectonics, such as the
influence of some anomaly in the
planet's interior that has yet to
develop (Houser, 2018).Lampano*
If we assume that present day
conditions persist, so that the
Atlantic continues to open and the
Pacific keeps closing, we have a
scenario where the next
supercontinent forms in the
antipodes of Pangea.The Americas
would collide with the northward
drifting Antarctica, and then into
the already collided Africa-
Eurasia.The supercontinent that
would then form has been named
Novopangea, or Novopangaea
(Green,et.al., 2018).Jose*
The tectonic plates are still moving
at a rate of a few centimeters per
year, according to The
Conversation. This also means that
with enough time, another
supercontinent could form.
Novopangea is one proposal,
where the continents merge again
as the Atlantic Ocean continues to
open and the Pacific closes
(Maxwell, 2020).Ramirez*
 xxviii

A ‘classic’ extroversion scenario

leads to the closure of the Pacific
Ocean, and to a ‘new’ Pangea –
not just a re-forming of the old
one. The East African Rift keeps
growing, developing into a new
ocean, replacing the Indian one.
East Africa gets stuck against
India’s west coast (Big Think,
2021). .Omaña*

Appendix 4
 xxix

NAMES TASK GIVEN REMARKS

Malaque,Rucyl Janyz L. ● Search for Theoretical

Framework
● Search for Literature
for SOP #3
● Help with the
discussion
● Chapter 3: Thematic
Analysis
● Chapter 4

Omaña, Renzy ● Search for Theoretical ● Well Done

Framework
● Search for Literature ● Done
for SOP #3
● Encode results of ● Done
sop#1 in the mini
research
● Help with the ● Done
discussion

Ramirez, Zyra Angelika ● Search for Theoretical ● Done

Framework
● Search for Literature ● Well Done
for SOP #3
● Encode Results in ● Done
appendix 1
● Help with the ● Well Done
discussion

Lumpas, Rana Mae ● Search for Theoretical ● Done

Framework
● Search for Literature ● Well Done
for SOP #3
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appendix 2 from no.
1-5
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Jose, Lhoreniel ● Search for Theoretical ● Done

Framework
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