03 - Increase in Marine Risks

Course Agenda
Increase in Marine Risks

Purpose: To take a look at the root causes of Marine Casualties and the increase of Marine
Risks.
Objectives:
j The student will understand the reasons behind p
persisting
g marine casualties,,
despite emphasis on safety from various owners, operators and intergovernmental agencies.
Duration: 1 hr.
Learning Methods: Interactive lecture
© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 1
MEGA SHIPS
Congested Waterways
265,000 DWT Tankers

2 million barrels of oil
Thousands of
passengers
© ABB Group Billion Dollar Cargoes
MEGA TERMINALS
Singapore
Miami
Boston
© ABB Group
Maritime Challenges
MEGA SHIPS
+
MEGA PORTS
© ABB Group
MEGA PROBLEMS
D
Damage tto th
the E
Environment
i t
© ABB Group
Consequences
Potential Loss of Life

© ABB Group
Consequences
MEGA SHIPS
MEGA PORTS
MEGA PROBLEMS
. . . MEGA EXPECTATIONS
99.99% Success = Public Outrage
© ABB Group
Probability of Maritime Accidents
Exxon Valdez
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
DRIVERS
Larger Vessels
Smaller Crews
Inadequate maintenance
Poorly designed equipment
Lack of safety equipment (PPEs) or their incorrect
specifications
Increased Traffic
Restricted Waterways
Non compliance
p with safety/environmental
y regulations
g
Untrained personnel
Commercial pressures
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
© ABB Group
Consequences of Maritime Accidents
IMPACTS
Delay
y in cargo
g movements
Oil Spills
Disruption
p to movement of vessels
Equipment failure/damages
Break-down of p
power supply
pp y
Image-loss to customers
Loss of Life
© ABB Group
Consequences of Maritime Accidents
PREVENTION
D bl H
Double Hullll T
Tankers
k
Better lifesaving systems
Improved accidents response
Emergency preparedness
© ABB Group
For more than 50 years, the shipping industry
has focused on improving
p g ship
p structure and
the reliability of ship systems in order to
reduce casualties and increase efficiency and
productivity:
hull design
stability
bili systems
propulsion systems
navigational equipment
Today’s ship systems are technologically

advanced and highly
g y reliable.
© ABB Group
Yet, the maritime casualty rate is still high.

Why?
Why with all these improvements,
improvements we have not
significantly reduced the risk of accidents?
Ship structure and system reliability are a

small part of the safety equation.
equation
Maritime systems are PEOPLE systems
About 75-96% of marine casualties are
caused, at least in part, by some form of
human error (Oct. 2000).
© ABB Group
The Causes of Injury
Unsafe acts
Unsafe conditions
Unsafe
Conditions
4%
96%
Unsafe
Acts
Injuries in the workplace are caused primarily by

people and their behaviour
© ABB Group
Task Categories to Understand Unsafe Acts
High Risk, High Frequency

High Risk, Low Frequency
Low Risk, High Frequency
Low Risk, Low Frequency
Which of these categories is the one that most

injuries occur in?
Low Risk High Frequency

These injuries may be ok at your house or for the general public, but they are
unacceptable on the job
© ABB Group
Studies have shown that human error contributes to:
84 88% off ttanker
84-88% k accidents
id t
79% of towing vessel groundings
89-96% of collisions
75% of allisions
75% of fires and explosions
To reduce marine casualties

casualties, we must begin to focus on
the types of human errors that cause casualties by first
recognizing the difference between ‘human error’ and
‘operator error’.
© ABB Group
Human Factors
Human Errors
Human Violations
© ABB Group
Human Factors
Slips of Wrong
action @
action
Skill based time
errors
Lapses of Forget:Recall
F tR ll
memory vs recognition
E
Errors
Rule based Rule not
mistakes clear
Mistakes
Knowledge
b
basedd Use
experience
mistakes
© ABB Group
Human Factors
Routine Normal way

of working
Violations Situational Work

pressure
Do to
Exceptional
solve a
problem
© ABB Group
Human Factors Issues
Human factors areas needed to improve in order to
prevent casualties*:
casualties :
Fatigue
Inadequate Communications
Inadequate General Technical Knowledge
Inadequate Knowledge of Own Ships Systems
D i i
Decisions B
Based
d on IInadequate
d t IInformation
f ti
Faulty Standards, Policies or Practices
*USCG Prevention Through People: Quality Action Team Report (1995).
© ABB Group
How to Prevent Losses?
Loss Prevention Basics

What is Marine Casuality?
Characteristics of Marine Accidents
© ABB Group
Loss Prevention Basics

B f
Before you can learn
l tto perform
f risk
i k
assessments, you need to understand how
marine
i casualties
lti occur and dhhow th
they can b
be
prevented.
What is a Marine Casualty?

A marine
i casualty lt is
i any eventt associated
i t d with
ith
a marine system (vessel, terminal, port,
offshore
ff h platform,
l tf etc.)
t ) that
th t leads
l d tot adverse
d
effects on mariners, the public, property,
commerce, or the th environment.
i t
© ABB Group
Characteristics of Marine casualties

Unplanned
Involve human errors, equipment failures, or
external
t l events
t
Have an impact on the economy, safety and
health or the environment
health,
Underlying root causes that create error-likely
situations for people and conditions leading to
equipment failure
Frequently preceded by related events that can
be detected and corrected
y p
Always possible to be effectively
y managed
g
© ABB Group
The Loss Prevention Iceberg
© ABB Group
The Loss Prevention Iceberg
The loss prevention iceberg is an effective

model
d l ffor understanding
d t di marine i
casualties.
The following sections describe how

diff
different
t groups view
i the
th events
t that
th t make
k
up the iceberg.
© ABB Group
Iceberg structure
Top
Visible Remainder
Shallow Submerged
Deeper Submerged
Bottom
© ABB Group
Consequences
Different Views ofof Maritime
Loss Accidents
Prevention
© ABB Group
The Real Cost of an Accident is HIGH
Insurance Costs
• Direct Costs
• Remedial pay
$1 • Medical Costs
Uninsured Costs
> $5 • Schedulingg Delays
y
• Lost Productivity
• Retraining
• Equipment upgrades
• Investigation Reviews
• Legal Expenses
• Prosecutions
• Employee Morale
© ABB Group
Buoyancy principle as a guide for

loss prevention
Removing large portions of the

iceberg above the water causes the
iceberg to rise.
© ABB Group
Buoyancy
y ypprinciple
p as a guide
g for
loss prevention
Removing portions of the iceberg below

the water causes the iceberg to sink
© ABB Group
B
Buoyancy principle
i i l as a guide
id for
f loss
l
prevention
We cannot get rid of the entire iceberg!

Even if there are no visible problems,
danger still exists below the water
water.
Major events can also break off from the
i b
iceberg without
ith t warning.
i
© ABB Group
Buoyancy principle as a guide for

loss prevention
Our attention must certainly focus on

identifying and correcting the underlying
roott causes off our loss
l exposures as
represented by the portion of the iceberg
below the waterline.
© ABB Group
We cannot simply wait until types of

marine casualties become visible,
by actually causing loss, and then
taking actions to prevent
recurrence.
© ABB Group

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Course Agenda

Increase in Marine Risks

265,000 DWT Tankers

Potential Loss of Life

99.99% Success = Public Outrage

Today’s ship systems are technologically

Yet, the maritime casualty rate is still high.

 Ship structure and system reliability are a

Injuries in the workplace are caused primarily by

 High Risk, High Frequency

Which of these categories is the one that most

Low Risk High Frequency

To reduce marine casualties

Routine Normal way

Violations Situational Work

*USCG Prevention Through People: Quality Action Team Report (1995).

 Loss Prevention Basics

Loss Prevention Basics

What is a Marine Casualty?

Characteristics of Marine casualties

The Loss Prevention Iceberg

The loss prevention iceberg is an effective

The following sections describe how

Buoyancy principle as a guide for

Removing large portions of the

Removing portions of the iceberg below

We cannot get rid of the entire iceberg!

Buoyancy principle as a guide for

Our attention must certainly focus on

We cannot simply wait until types of

You might also like

Ship structure and system reliability are a

High Risk, High Frequency

Loss Prevention Basics