Course Agenda

Basic Concepts of of Electricity

Purpose: To introduce participants with fundamentals of electricity those are important for technical
personnel from practical point of view.
Objectives: To introduce the participants with basic rules of electricity, different types of grounding
systems in distribution networks
networks, faults in LV networks on
on-board,
board different types of powers and their
significance in overall control of power plant, and power quality issues.
Duration: 45 min.
Learning Methods: Lecture and discussion

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 1
 Fundamentals of Electricity
ƒ Current and voltage
ƒ Conductor and insulator
ƒ Resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads
ƒ Earth Fault and short-circuit
ƒ Power and power factor
ƒ Real Power
ƒ Apparent Power
ƒ Reactive Power
ƒ PQ and Harmonics

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 2
 Do you still remember?

…the
the journey of electrons

-
-

Electron
Proton - -
+ +
+ +
+ +

Neutron
- -

Free electrons are attracted where there is electron missingg and will fill the
space just vacated by the first free electron. When this condition occurs
continuously, the movement of electrons becomes the basics for the flow of
electrical energy, what we call current.

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 3
 Direct Current (DC)

ƒ Electrons in metal wire and

through the light bulb filament are
pushed around the circuit.
ƒ One ampere = One coulomb
per second
ƒ The battery pushes electrons
in one direction only
ƒ Voltage differential makes the
current flow in a closed system

© ABB Group
- +
February 26, 2010 | Slide 4
 Electromagnetic Fields

Electrical Fields (due to voltage)

+
Magnetic Fields (due to current)
=
Electromagnetic Fields (emitted by equipments when energized)

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 5
 Faraday's Law

Alternating Voltage Sources

(How AC is generated by electromagnetic induction)

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 6
 Different Types of Loads on-board

Resistive Load
ƒ Generally measured in Ohms (Ω)
Generally,
ƒ Example of low resistive load is slip rings
ƒ E
Example
l off hi
high
h resistive
i ti lload
d iis lilighting
hti lload
d
ƒ Example of high resistance of insulating material
Inductive Load
ƒ Generally, measured in Henries (H)
ƒ Examples of inductive load are motor and transformer
Capacitive Load
ƒ Generally, measured in Farads (F)
ƒ Examples of capacitive load are capacitor bank and power cables

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 7
 Every Electrician Knows!

Ohm’s Law
V = IxR

Georg Simon Ohm

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 8
 Series and Parallel Circuits
Series Circuits
ƒ Voltage across each component is divided
ƒ Current flowing remains constant
ƒ Example is string of old Christmas lights
Parallel Circuits
ƒ Voltage across each component is constant
ƒ Current flowing is divided in each element
ƒ Example is on-board connected components in LV
network

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 9
 Grounding Systems in Distribution Networks

In General
ƒ Solidly grounded
ƒ Reactance grounding
ƒ Resistance grounded (low or high resistance)
ƒ Ungrounded
On-board
ƒ High resistance grounded (MV Generators)
ƒ Ungrounded (LV networks)

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 10
 Characteristics of Different Grounding Systems
Characteristics Solid Ungrounded High
resistance

High ground fault current Yes No No

Possibility of multi-phase fault High Low Low
Arc flash hazard risk level High Very low Very low
Relative safety level (equipment and Low High Very high
Personnel)
Fault location Yes No Yes
Continuty of service No Yes Yes
P
Possible
ibl selective
l ti ttripping
i i Y
Yes N
No Y
Yes
Alarming without tripping No Yes Yes
Cable insulation level 1.0 1.73 1.73
Surge protection level 1.0 1.73 1.73
Transient overvoltage level 2.5X >6X 2.7X

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 11
 Faults in LV Distribution Networks

Earth Fault: Caused by loss of insulation (breakdown, wear,

cuts, etc) allowing the conductor to touch the
”earth” (i.e. hull of the ship). Normally carries
veryy small currents,, veryy difficult to detect.

Short-Circuit:
Short Circuit: Caused by double break loss of insulation,
allowing two conductors to touch each other, such
that large amounts of current bypass or ‘short-
circuits’ the load.
circuits load Typical of earthed systems.
systems

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 12
 Effect of Network Frequency

What happens
pp if yyou apply
pp y 50 Hz
power to a 60 Hz motor ?

ƒ Motor speed reduces to 83%

ƒ Motor becomes overheated because
of extra current taken

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 13
 ELECTRIC POWER

In DC systems
y
Power = current x voltage
(Watts = amperes x volts )

In AC systems James Watt

(1736-1819)
Power = current x voltage x power factor
(Watts = amperes x volts )

For Resistors (heating and lighting loads), P.F=1

Inductors (motors/reactors), P.F is lagging
C
Capacitors
it ((cables/capacitor
bl / it b bank),
k) PP.F
F is
i lleading
di

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 14
POWER FACTOR (Unity)

Purely Resistive
Load

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 15
POWER FACTOR (lagging)

Purely Reactive
Load

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 16
POWER FACTOR (Lagging)

Mixed Load

A Typical
yp Industrial
Load

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 17
Different Forms of Electric Power

Active Reactive Apparent

True Inductive Total

Real
Capacitive
Watts VAR VA

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 18
Different Forms of Electric Power

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 19
The Power Triangle
TOTAL POWER

TOTAL POWER = (REAL POWER)2 + (REACTIVE POWER)2

Reactive Power
(Q) measured in
Var
POWER FACTOR
Impedance
Phase
Real Power
Angle ( Φ) cos Φ =
Apparent Power

Active Power (P)

measured in Watts

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 20
The Power Triangle

Inducttive (lagging)
Reactive Power
(Q) measured in Var
Impedance
Phase Angle

ve (leading)
Active Power
((P)) measured
easu ed in Watts
a s
Capacitiv

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 21
What is Power Quality (PQ)?

Power Q Quality
y refers to a wide varietyy of electromagnetic
g
phenomena that characterize the voltage and current at a
given time and at a given location on the power system.
ƒ Network harmonics are generated by power electronic
equipments. Low order harmonics up to the 40th
harmonic can cause undesirable effects
effects.
ƒ Nonlinear loads draw harmonic currents from the power
system even if the power system voltage is a perfect sine
system,
wave. These currents produce harmonic voltage drops by
way of the network impedances.

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 22
IEEE 519 Guidelines for PQ

ƒ Sources of harmonics (converters, arc furnaces etc.)

ƒ Effects
Eff t off harmonics
h i on various
i equipment
i t (motors,
( t
generators, transformers, relays etc.)
ƒ Harmonic control (reactive power compensation
compensation, control of
harmonic currents)
ƒ Analysis Methods (calculation and modeling guidelines)
ƒ Measurements (instrument requirements, guidelines for
presentation of data)
ƒ Recommended practices for individual consumers and
utilities

© ABB Group
February 26, 2010 | Slide 23