CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a

female under the age of 20. Teenage pregnancy has negative effects in the body and in

everyday life. Mostly of the females who has this kind of situation become a single

mother and their babies become abnormal because the mother was too young and hasn’t

that been developed.

Although teenage pregnancy rates have declined considerably over the past few

decades in the United States and in the most of the 20 countries with complete statistics,

the teen pregnancy rate is still highest in the United State (57 per 1,000 15-9-year-old),

followed by New Zealand (51) and England and Wales (47). The lowest rate was in

Switzerland (8 per 1,000), followed by the Netherlands (14), Slovenia (14), and

Singapore (14). The rates were higher than the highest rates mention above in some

former soviet countries with incomplete statistics and in developing countries in Sub-

Saharan Africa and Latin America for which estimates could be made. In the Philippines,

one in every ten young Filipino women ages 15-19 has begun childbearing. There 8

percent are already mothers and another 2 percent are pregnant with their first child

according to the results of the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2013).

The study also looked at pregnancy, birth and abortion rates among 10-14-years-old and

found that they are far lower than those among 15-19-years-old. Among countries with

1
reliable evidence, the highest pregnancy rates among 10-14-years-old were in Hungary

and the United States, while the lowest was in Switzerland.

Adolescent pregnancy is a worldwide problem. The increasing number of girls is

becoming mothers at a very young age. According to World Health Organization (WHO),

approximately 15-15 million teenage girls and young women become mothers every year

and this accounts for more than 10% of births worldwide (WHO, 2006). Teenage

pregnancy is a result of early unprotected sexual experience, this however, not only

predisposes them to early pregnancy but also putting adolescents at risk of abortion and

sexually transmitted disease especially Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Human Papillomavirus

(HPV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that has negative impact in their

lives. In Carmen National High School – Senior High School, the teenage pregnancy is a

very big problem among the girl students, it can lead them to school dropout, status,

contraceptive, and sexual habits, attitudes towards pregnancy and environmental

influences were studied in 50 teenagers who chose abortion. These young women were

matched for age and parity with a control group of 50 who elected to carry their

pregnancies.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance disadvantage of pregnancy for adolescent women is usually

related to unconscious motivations. Some teenagers faced with the problem choose to

abort, and other’s do not. The results point to significant differences between the 2

groups, particularly as to the meaning of pregnancy and the decision-making process. The

2
teenagers who chose to carry their pregnancies to term appeared more submissive and

less capable of integrating various elements of reality into their decision-making. Their

choices seemed strongly influenced by the partner, family, and friends. Because of these

outside influences, the patient may perceive her decision to be externally determined,

leaving her more susceptible to guilt feelings and allowing her to avoid full consideration

of the implications of immediate child-bearing.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to assess the awareness of learners about the

prevention of early pregnancy through a sexuality education program. The study intended

to find out whether teenagers are aware of the different pregnancy preventative measures

to educate the young women not to involve in the situation to reduce unplanned

pregnancies.

It is also promoting equal responsibility for pregnancy and the use of

contraception among female and it is important for them to understand the sexual nature

of their bodies. This is to avoid very significant role in the prevention of Human

Immunodeficiency Virus and/or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

3
 RESEARCH QUESTION

People wonder if what are the possible feelings, thoughts, and thinking of teenage

moms. To answer their curiosity, here are some questions for some teenage mothers.

i. What are the factors in predisposing girls to teenage pregnancy?

ii. What are some of the struggles that teenage mothers face?

vi. What possible options needed to prevent early pregnancy?

OBJECTIVE

Disadvantage of teenage pregnancy among Carmen National High School – Senior High

School

1. To determine the impact of early teenage pregnancy to the learners of Carmen

National High School – Senior High School.

2. To identify reasons of early pregnancy and its effect to early parenthood

3. To provide alternative solution to help prevent the early pregnancy

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The scope area where are study happen is in the rural area specifically in Carmen

North Cotabato among the students at the school of Carmen National High School –

Senior High School. The study is conduct by preparing the questions properly. The main

focus is to identify the rates of teenage pregnancy burden to young women. These are

4
teenagers who got pregnant and pursued their studies despite of the hassle of having in

the school and having a child to rear. There are also teenagers who got pregnant tried to

go to school and earned a vocation plus degree.

The study we conduct is limited only to those young women who are

experiencing early pregnancy. Young woman who delay their first birth until the age of

20 or older teen mothers complete less school are more likely to be single parent. There

are also teenagers especially out-of-school youth who never have the chance to go to

school after pregnancy.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related studies and important concepts gleamed for

literature that has been found useful in the conceptualization of the present study. These

related studies and literature offered assessment and enrichment in the conduct of this

research work on teenage pregnancy.

Teenage pregnancy had been a worldwide issue, and has raised large numbers of

campaigns and awareness or lessens its occurrence. In a study conducted by the National

Demographic and Health Survey (2013) one out of every young Filipino women age 15-

19 is already a mother or pregnant with a first child. The issue of child brides and

mothers is damaging to not only women themselves but also to poverty on a National

Scale. According to World Health Organization (WHO) reports, pregnancy at an early

age is risky for both mother and babies. The force most concerns are the health

complications. In the Philippines, however, teenage pregnancy is most limitation and due

to a variety of different reasons. Drug, and alcohol, law Socio-Economic Status, Media

Influence, Family and Peer Support, and Knowledge (National Demographic and Health

Survey, 2013).

The Adolescent is faced with many decisions and needs accurate information on

topics such as body changes, sexual activity, and emotional responses within intimate

sexual relationships, Sexual Transmitted Disease (STD), and pregnancy. In England, 25%

of adolescents have sexual intercourse by the age of 18 and above (Kenney, et al, 2017).

A substance all numbers of these teenagers does not protect them from pregnancy. The

6
dynamics of sexual risk eating are not fully understood, but numerous studies have found

correlations between alcohol use sexual abuse, and unsafe sex. Adolescence tends to have

a sense of being invulnerable. Believing that unwanted pregnancy; Sexual Transmitted

Disease, and other negative outcomes of sexual behavior are not likely to happen to them

(Keller et al, 2019).

Between 1960 and 1990, there was more than five told increase in teen births,

from 91, 700 to 500,000. These births cost the federal government over 21 billion

annually in foods stamps, aid to Dependent Children, medical and other social service

offerings (Chicago Tribune, 1990). One in six children of teenage mothers has a low birth

weight and is more likely to experience physical and cognitive problems. In addition,

teen mothers are half as likely to graduate from high school as the rest of the teen

population, and, if they are married, they are 3 times more likely to be divorced or

separated than couples who married in their 20’s.

The biological point of view, among the consequences of pregnancy in

adolescence are the high rates of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, anemia, and

gestational diabetes, delivery complications, determining an increase in maternal and

fetal mortality. And among women of an advanced age, a strong association was found

between pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. This is one of the most common reasons why

teenage girls end up being born as result of repeat teen pregnancy are even more likely to

be.

Parenting as adolescent increases the teenagers stress level, especially if that

pregnancy is unwanted or unintended. Research has shown that being a teen parent can

be stressful due to education disruptions, being unprepared for parenthood, disruption in

7
their life plans, sudden monetary burden, and realization that the teen will have a lifelong

connection with the other parent or ending the relationship with the other partner (East,

et. al, 2012). “Consequences of adolescents’ pregnancy intentions, and regret for their

and their children’s well-being” (Cranford, 2012). The results of their study indicated that

the adolescent young women who adjusted best to parenting were those who self-reported

their pregnancy as “highly wanted and intended” (Cranford, 2012). They also found that

“adolescents who evaluated their pregnancies as highly unintended and unwanted

appeared to experience an initial problematic adaption to parenting” (Cranford, 2012).

These findings are similar to adult mothers.

The difference between adults and teenagers is how their attitude changes during

the pregnancy and post childbirth. Teen mothers tend to show a decrease in their self-

reported desire of a pregnancy. In East, et.al.(2012), the 76% of adolescents indicated that

they wanted to become pregnant.

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 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

The study is a qualitative research design. It uses the phenomenological approach.

Research design is defined as a framework of methods and techniques chosen by a

researcher to combine various components of research in a reasonably logical manner so

that the research problem is efficiently handled. It provides insights about “how” to

conduct research using a particular methodology. Every researcher has a list of research

questions which need to be assessed – this can be done with research design. The sketch

of how research should be conducted can be prepared using research design. Hence, the

market research study will be carried out on the basis of research design. The qualitative

research is implemented in cases where a relationship between collected data and

observation is established on the basis of mathematical calculations. Theories related to a

naturally existing phenomenon can be proved or disproved using mathematical

calculations. Researchers rely on qualitative research design where they are expected to

conclude “why” a particular theory exists along with “what” respondents have to say

about it.

9
 ROLE OF THE RESEARCHER

The researcher attempts to access the though its and findings of study participants

(teenage mothers). Also the researcher will gather data for his/her research, a primary

responsibility of the researcher is to safeguard participants and their data. The research is

considered an instrument of data collection (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). This means that

data are mediated through his human instrument, rather than through inventories

questionnaires or machines. In qualitative research it should also explain their role. These

could be a great deal of variations in between-sometimes a researcher starts as an outsider

as an outside and then becomes a member of the group. A good qualitative researcher

asks probing questions, then listen, then think, and then asks more probing questions to

get to deeper levels of the conversation. An effective qualitative researcher seeks to build

a picture using ideas and theories from a wide of source.

DATA ANALYSIS

Adolescence pregnancies are a global problem, but occur most often in poorer and

marginalized communities. Many girls face considerable pressure to marry early and

became mothers while they are still students. Teenage pregnancy increases when girls are

denied the right to make decisions about their sexual and reproductive health and well-

being. The coding, collating and consolidation of the data gathered are the task in the

analyzing the data.

10
 The coding is “how you define what the data you are analyzing are about”.

Coding is a process of identifying a passage in the text or other data items (photograph,

image), searching and identifying concepts and finding relations between them.

Therefore, coding is not just labeling; it is linking of data to the research idea and back to

other data. The codes which are applied enable you to organize data so you can examine

and analyze them in a structured way, it may be examining relationships between codes.

In collating, it is expected that the researcher would use methods and data types,

which are within the research proposal. It is also expected that the researcher is able to

propose and agree modifications to data collection, which are fit for purpose, remain

within the research brief and do not compromise research results. Data may relate to a

single hypothesis, single researcher programmed or to a larger scale research activity.

The last one is data consolidation or consolidating refers to the collection and

integration of data from multiple sources into a single destination. During process,

different data sources are put together, or consolidated into a single data store.

SAMPLING

Maxwell (2005) stated that sampling is making decision about where to conduct

one’s research and to whom. The main advantage of sampling was that gathering data

from the sample was less time-consuming and that it was less costly. In statistics, a

simple random sample is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a

population). Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance, such that each

individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during the sampling

11
process, and each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the

sample as any other subset of k individuals. This process and technique is known as

simple random sampling, and should not be confused with systematic random sampling.

A simple random sample is an unbiased surveying technique.

Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling, since it can be a component

of other more complex sampling methods. The principle of simple random sampling is

that every object has the same probability of being chosen. For example, suppose N

college students want to get a ticket for a basketball game, but there are only X < N

tickets for them, so they decide to have a fair way to see who gets to go. Then, everybody

is given a number in the range from 0 to N-1, and random numbers are generated, either

electronically or from a table of random numbers. Numbers outside the range from 0 to

N-1 are ignored, as are any numbers previously selected. The first X numbers would

identify the lucky ticket winners.

PARTICIPANTS

The researcher will use three participants from Carmen National High School -

Senior High School. One female learner from three different sections will be interviewed,

a total of three learners from our school.

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 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The data collection procedure utilizes the discussion for an interviews,

observation and focus group discussion. The interview shall define the control

conversations that the interviewer uses to obtain data required from the respondent by

means of asking serious question questions verbally. Interviews are a key qualitative data

collection method for social research. There are many reasons to use interviews for

collecting data and using it as a research instrument. They are mainly useful in cases

where there is need to attain highly personalized data, as well as in cases where there are

opportunities for probing to get underlying factors. An observation is data collection

method, by which you gather knowledge of the researched phenomenon through making

observations of the phenomena, as and when it occurs. You should aim to focus your

observations on human behavior, the use of the phenomenon and human interactions

related to the phenomenon. You can also make observations on verbal and nonverbal

expressions. In making and documenting observations, you need to clearly differentiate

your own observations from the observation provided to you by other people. The focus

group discussion involves gathering people from similar backgrounds or experiences

together to discuss a specific topic of interest. It is a form of qualitative research where

questions are asked about their perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas.

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 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

For any research investigation involving human subjects, there must be careful

consideration of ethical issues that may arise in the planning, conduct, and reporting of

the study. With very few exceptions, such research is not permitted unless the study has

been approved by at least one formal ethics review committee (ERC). All research

funding agencies require approval of the research by the appropriate ERC(s) before they

will confirm an award for an intervention study. Often ethical review will be required

from more than one such committee, for example, by both an institutional and a national

ethics review committee, and/or in each of the countries involved in a trial. The ethics

committee(s) will not only review the study protocol but usually will require full details

of the study plan and procedures and will usually have specific application forms that

must be completed. They may require payment of an administration fee for considering

an application, irrespective of the outcome of the application. The committee will pay

particular attention to informed consent documents and how consent to take part in the

research will be obtained from potential study participants. Any significant changes in the

study plan, either before it starts or during the conduct of the study, such as adding new

objectives, extending the trial catchment area, or adding/removing inclusion or exclusion

criteria, require approval by the ERC.

It is important that the ethical aspects of a research study are considered from its

inception; for that reason, this chapter is placed early in the book. An underlying

philosophy in this chapter is that it is difficult, and often inappropriate, to lay down

ethical rules that apply to all studies in all places; each study should be judged in the

14
context of the circumstances in which it will be conducted. A study judged unethical in

one place might be considered ethical in another, and both of these might be ‘correct’

judgments.

Most ethical issues arise from conflicts between competing sets of values. For

example, the medical practitioner is dedicated to the provision of the best medical care

for an individual who is his or her patient. However, this dedication may be in direct

conflict with that of the public health professional whose goal is to achieve maximum

health benefits in a community with the limited resources available, which may entail

restricting resources available to any one patient.

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 CHAPTER IV

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Time management is seen as the common obstacle for these student mothers.

Because the live double lives as a mother and as a student, they struggle to split their time

to accommodate all their responsibilities. And here’s the result of consolidation data.

Experience

The experiences of respondent number 1 are morning sickness, dizziness and

vomiting. The respondent number 2 have experienced difficulty during her pregnancy.

The respondent number 3 have experienced morning headaches, cramps, and judgments.

Techniques

The techniques of respondent number 1 are ignoring judgmental people, and

proving herself. The technique of respondent number 2 is motivating herself. The

technique of respondent number 3 is to ignore people.

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Feelings

The feelings of respondent number 1 are difficult, ashamed, and blessed. The

feelings of respondent number 2 are sad at the same time joy. The feelings of respondent

number 3 are embarrassed, happy, and loved.

Procedures

The procedures of respondent number 1 are having faith and listening to advice.

The procedures of respondent number 2 are going to hospital and taking care of self.

The procedure of respondent number 3 is to take care of her baby.

Opinion

The opinion of respondent number 1 is pregnancy is difficult. The opinions of

respondent number 2 are do not lose hope, be positive, and ignore people’s judgments.

The opinions of respondent number 3 are having faith, trust yourself, and it is hard.

Target

The target of respondent number 1 are continue to study and become successful.

The targets of respondent number 2 are study hard and graduate in college. The targets of

respondent number are finish studies and find a good job.

17
Management

The respondent number 1 manages to pray, face the consequences, and listen to

advices. The respondent number 2 manage her time management. The respondent

number 3 manage her time management.

Problem

The problems of respondent number 1 that have encountered are being hurt and

gossips. The problem of respondent number 2 is discrimination. The problem of

respondent number 3 is judgment.

Solution

The solutions of respondent number 1 are facing the problem and continue life.

The solution of respondent number 2 is to ignore people. The solutions of respondent

number 3 are acceptance and apologies.

Plan

The plans of the respondent number 1 are to Raise the child and help the family.

The plan of the respondent number 2 is to have a beautiful future. The plan of respondent

number 3 is to become successful.

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 Time management is the biggest obstacle of being a student mother as you need to

divide your time between school and caring for the child. As for the coping strategy it is

seen that the having a positive outlook is effective in handling different situations as a

student mother.

Table I - CONSOLIDATION
INDICATOR RESPONDENT 1 RESPONDENT 2 RESPONDENT 3
1. Experience Morning sickness, Difficulty of Morning headaches,
dizziness, and pregnancy cramps, and
vomiting judgments.
2. Techniques Ignoring judgmental Motivating self Ignore people
people, and proving
her self
3. Feelings Difficult, ashamed, Sad and joy Embarrassed,
and blessed happy, andloved.
4. Procedures Having faith and Go to hospital and Taking care of baby
listening to advice taking care of self
5. Opinion difficult Do not lose hope, be Have faith, trust
positive, and ignore yourself, and hard
6. Target Continue to study Study hard and Finish studies and
and become graduate in college find a good job
successful
7. Management Praying, face the Time management Time management
consequences, and
listen
8. Problem Hurt and Gossips Discrimination Judgments
9. Solution Facing the problem Ignore Acceptance and
and continue life apologies
10. Plan Raise the child and Beautiful future To become
help the family successful

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 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Early pregnancy is not that easy. Some of them will become a single mother,

some of them will experience hardship in life, and some of them will be into depression.

As a citizen, we can be able to appreciate and lend our understanding to them like how

we understand our friends or love ones. For now, we can help them by giving our

recommendation and advice to them.

CONCLUSION

Teen pregnancy is a crisis that concerns the baby, parents, other members of the

family, as well as resources of the community. Every year, approximately 750,000

women aged 15 to 19 become pregnant every year.

Nevertheless, despite the numerous elements that can influence teen pregnancy,

for many teenagers, the lack of safe sex education from schools, parents, or otherwise is

the root cause of teenage pregnancy. Generally, teenagers are not taught regarding the

means of birth control and how to respond with friends who compel them into having

sexual intercourse before they are prepared.

Teen pregnancies carry additional risk equally to the health of the infant and the

mother. On the average, teen pregnancies are more expected to result in low-birth-weight

babies and premature births. This is because pregnant teenagers often do not obtain the

timely prenatal care required. In addition, the aforesaid teenagers have a higher risk of

20
high blood pressures associated to their pregnancy and other related complications.

Further, teenage mothers are less expected than other women to complete or attend

college, and divorce is more expected to result from their early marriage. Abortion is

another effect of teenage pregnancy.

RECOMMENDATION

Teenage pregnancy is a situation which involves female adolescents. A teenage

female is a female between 13-19 years of age. But sometimes preteens (people under 13)

can become pregnant as well, there are many different ways to prevent a teenage girl

from becoming pregnant, the only one that is absolutely effective is sexual abstinence.

Our recommendation, we were going to create a teen pregnancy awareness

symposium. Our goal here is to lessen the incidence for early pregnancy and repeated

pregnancy among young people. And also by teaching them on how to use contraceptives

in a proper way to young men and women.

For them to control their selves and lessen the case of early pregnancy, and for the

awareness of Teenagers. To protect themselves in this kind of situations and not only to

teenagers but also for those families that has big family members.

21
 REFERENCE

World Health Organization (2006, August 5). Pregnant Adolescents. McIntyre, P. ed.
Retrieved from WHO | Pregnant Adolescents: http://www.who.int

National demographic and health survey (2014, August 28). One in Ten Young Filipino
Women Age 15 to 19 Is Already A Mother or Pregnant With First Child (Final
Results from the 2013 National Demographic and Health Survey) . Recide, R. ed.
Retrieved from Philippine statistics authority: http://psa.gov.ph

Kenney, et al. (2018, June 13). Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy. Retrieved from
Hypertension: http://www.ahajournals.org

Dr., Keller .et al... (2019, February 20). Dr. Keller’s dental health tips for during
pregnancy and early childhood. Retrieved from Daily Hampshire Gazette:
http://www.gazettenet.com

Chicago Tribune (1990, October 2). Teen Pregnancy Rate Grows. Stein, S. ed. Retrieved
from Chicago Tribune: https://www.chicagotribune.com

NDHS (2013). National Demographic and Health Survey (2013) September 27, 2013
Retrieved from https://dhsprogram.com

Denzin, Lincoln (2003). Why do women stop smoking during pregnancy? Cigarettes
taste smell bad. Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com.ph

Maxwell, J.A et at… (2005). Teen Pregnancy Rate Grows. Retrieved from ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate.com

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 Disadvantage of Teenage Pregnancy among Senior High School Students

QUESTIONNAIRE

Name: ___________________________________________________ Age:_______

Grade & Section: ________________________

Address: _________________________________________________

Questions:

1. What are your experiences during your pregnancy?

2. What are your ways to surpass the challenges that you’ve faced during your

pregnancy?

3. What is your feeling for being a teenage mother?

4. What are the procedures have you done throughout your pregnancy?

5. What is your opinion about Teenage Pregnancy?

6. What is your goal/aim after being pregnant? Do you want to go back to school or do

you want to be pregnant again?

7. How did you handle your situation?

8. What are the challenges you’ve encountered during your pregnancy and after giving

birth?

9. What did you do to solve the problem?

10. What are your plans for you and for your child?

23