ARTICLES

THE
1) Specific (Person or thing)
2) Singular or Plural
3) Consonants (b to z)
4) The Ganga / The Ganges, The Mother Teresa.
5) The best boy in the school is Mst. Aayushman Khurrana.

A
1) Indefinite (General Person or thing)
2) Singular
3) Consonants (b to z)
4) A lion, A boy.
5) We saw a dolphin.
6) I am a builder and an architecture.

An
1) Indefinite (General person or thing)
2) Singular
3) Vowels (A, E, I, O & U)
4) An apple, An ant, An umbrella.
5) We have an incredible number of stories woven around birds.

Exercise
1) Mom then washed her face with _a_ 3 in 1 cleanser.
2) I stared at __the__ giant wheel.
3) They plan to set up a small shop in Shimla.
4) I saw __a___ shooting star in _the____ sky.
5) I have _an__ idea!
6) __A___ girl was found wandering in __the___ streets.
7) There is __a__ beautiful garden behind __the___ house.
8) __The___ Mother and _The__ Daughter almost looks ___the_ same.
9) I decided to give him __a___ chance.
10) The____ Ganga merge with __the____ Yamuna at Allahabad.

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

 CLAUSES
A part of the sentence which has its own subject and predicate is known as a clause.
He is sad because he failed in the exam.
There are two parts of Clause: Main Clause (M.C.)/ Independent Clause &
Subordinate Clause (S.C.)/ Dependent Clause
There are three types of Clauses: Noun, Adjective & Adverb Clauses.
4 Elements: Subject+ Auxiliary+ Verb+ Object
Noun Clauses
A Noun Clause does the function of a noun or a pronoun in a sentence.
Keyword: That/Who/What/Why
Ask question (What) to the Main Clause – S.C.

Q) (I don’t know) (why the manager wants to meet you.)

A) I don’t know – Main Clause
why the manager wants to meet you - Subordinate Noun Clause object of the verb
‘know’ in the Main Clause.

1) Why he resigned is a mystery?

(It) is a mystery – Main Clause
Why he resigned - Subordinate Noun Clause subject of the Auxiliary verb ‘is’ in the Main Clause.
2) They were arguing about who should do it.
They were arguing about – Main Clause
who should do it – Subordinate Noun Clause object of the Preposition ‘about’ in the Main Clause.
3) My belief is that she is innocent.
My belief is – Main Clause
that she is innocent – Subordinate Noun Clause object of the Auxiliary verb ‘is’ in the Main Clause.
4) It is evident that she does not intend paying the money.
It is evident – Main Clause
that she does not intend paying the money – Subordinate Noun Clause object of the verb ‘evident’
in the Main Clause.
5) They agreed that one of them would work.
They agreed – Main Clause
that one of them would work – Subordinate Noun Clause object of the verb ‘agreed’ in the Main
Clause.

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause does the work of an adjective i.e. it qualifies a noun or a pronoun in the Main Clause.
Keyword: That/Why/Which
Ask Which (Question) to the M.C. – To get the S.C.

Q) The fox ate the grapes which hung over the garden wall.

A) The fox ate the grapes – Main Clause

which hung over the garden wall – Subordinate Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘The Grapes’ in the
main Clause.

Q) I forgot to tell you the date when I shall return.

A) I forgot to tell you the date – Main Clause
when I shall return – Subordinate Adjective Clause qualifying the noun ‘The date’ in the main Clause.

1) (Do you know the woman) who is wearing a blue sari?

2) The dog that bites does not bark.
The dog does not bark – Main Clause
that bites – SAC
3) (I remember the house) (where I was born.)
4) The reason, why he failed, is obvious.
5) (He owns the house), (which looks like a boat.)

Adverb Clauses
An Adverb Clause does the work of an Adverb. It modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
He walks slowly.
He walks very slowly.
There are 9 types of Adverb Clauses.

Qty Type Qts Subordinators Example

1 A.C. of Time When When, Whenever, Till, Until, Since, She left (after giving her vote.)
After, Before
2 A.C. of Place Where Where, Wherever He makes friends (wherever he
goes.)
3 A.C. of Manner How As, as if It happened (as you told.)
4 A.C. of Purpose Why So that, such that We eat (so that we can live.)
5 A.C. of Reason - As, since, because I shall agree (since you say so.)
6 A.C. of - Though, Although, Eventhough (Though he has cheated me), I
Concession will trust him.
7 A.C. of - If, unless, whether (Unless you study), you won’t
Condition pass.
8 A.C. of Result - So….that, such….that He was so happy (that he
So (M.C.) adjective that(S.C.) jumped with joy.)
9 A.C. of - As….as, so….as (…. – Adjective) He is not so rich (as he shows.)
Comparison (Positive Degree) He is richer (than he shows.)
Than (Comparative Degree)

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

 1) If can’t help, you need help.
2) Though the sun was bright, the cool wind was making us shiver.
3) The forest department is planning to wall the periphery of SGNP so that animals stay inside.
4) We need to choose our friends with care because we become like them.
5) As I was fixing supper, there was knock on the door.
6) It was a celebration because school was over.
7) We rejoiced in that freedom eventhough clouds surround us.
8) Open the mouth wide and see if you can blow out a paper match.
9) Only those women who do not raise uncomfortable question are being brought into the
panchayats.

Synthesis of Sentences

Simple

Finite Non-Finite

Gerund (Verb +
Makes complete Makes tense of Infinitive (to +
ing) (Subject /
sense the sentence Verb)
Object Position)

Participle (Verb
+ ing)

She read Anne’s diary and was moved to write to Sam. (Cm)

On reading Anne’s diary, she was moved to write to Sam. (S)

As soon as she read Anne’s diary, she was moved to write to Sam. (Cx)

No sooner did (Auxiliary) she read Anne’s diary than she was moved to write to Sam.

Compound Sentence: This is made up of two or more coordinate clauses joined with a co-ordinator.

Co-ordinators (FAN – BOYS – NEAT)

F – For B – But N – Neither _____ nor
A – And O – Or E – Either ____ or
N – Not only _____ But also Y – Yet A – As well as
S – So T – Therefore

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH

Complex Sentence: It has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses which starts with a
subordinator.
S – I saw a beautiful house.
Cm – I saw a house and it was beautiful.
Cx – I saw a house which was beautiful.

Subordinators (10W’s – 4T’s – BASH – UAUA – I)

10W’s – What, When, Where, Why, Which, Who, Whom, Whose, Wherever & Whenever.
4T’s – Till, Than, That, Though
B – Because
A – As
S – Since
H – How
U – Until
A – After
U – Unless
A – Although
I – If
So that, As soon as, No sooner ____ than

1) You can make friends in 2 months by becoming interested in other people. (S)
You can become interested in other people and make them friends in just 2 months. (Cm)
You can make friends in 2 months when you become interested in other people. (Cx)
2) I stared at the stooped, shrivelled body.

3) The thief saw the Policeman. He ran away.

No sooner did the thief see the policeman than he ran away. (Cx)
On seeing the policeman, the thief ran away. (S)
The thief saw the policeman and he ran away. (Cm)
4) School was over. It was a celebration.
End of school was a celebration.
School being over was a celebration.
5) We ran into her in the charming little town of Mandu.
6) We watched the setting sun paint the sky with a flourish of gold and red.
7) We all respect him but cannot express that in public.
8) The turning point is past and history begins anew for us.
9) We have an incredible number of stories woven around birds.
10) We were both watching the tape for the first time so I didn’t anticipate the commentator’s story.

Mitesh Sir English Notes TSPH