September 01, 2015

By the end of today's lesson you should

· know what enthalpy is

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· understand the difference between a molar enthalpy value and an
enthalpy change
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· be able to use a formula to calculate an enthalpy change
 September 01, 2015

Thermal energy is released or absorbed by chemical

reactions

Endothermic Reactions
· more energy is required to break bonds than is released
by bond formation

Exothermic Reactions
· more energy is released in bond formation that is required
to break bonds
September 01, 2015
 September 01, 2015

Each chemical reaction has its own enthalpy change

∆H depends on:
-the reaction (products and reactants)
-the coefficients of the balanced equation

Example

N2(g) + 3 H2(g) --> 2 NH3(g) ∆H = -90 kJ

2 N2(g) + 6 H2(g) --> 4 NH3(g) ∆H =

September 01, 2015
 September 01, 2015

Example: The combustion of ethane (C2H6(g))

2 C2H6(g) + 5 O2(g) ---> 2 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(g) ∆H =-3122 kJ

What is the molar enthalpy of reaction for ethane?

What is the molar enthalpy of reaction for water?

An Analogy....

A family of four wants to take a plane ride from Edmonton to

Vancouver. Each ticket costs $200. The total cost of the
trip for the family will be $800.

In this analogy what would be the

chemical reaction

molar enthalpy of reaction

enthalpy change
 September 01, 2015
Converting  from  an  enthalpy  change  to  a  molar  
enthalpy  value

Example  2
Example  1
2  NaOH(s)  +  2  Al(s)+  2  H2O(l)  -­‐-­‐>  2NaAlO2(aq)  +  3  H2(g)            
2  KCl  +  2  H SO    -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>  2  HCl  +  K SO          ∆H  =  -­‐850  kJ
(s) 2 4(l) (g) 2 4(s)
∆H  =  +  41.0  kJ What  is  the  molar  enthalpy  of  reaction  for  hydrogen?  
What  is  the  molar  enthalpy  change  for  HCl (g) ?

Converting  from  a  molar  enthalpy  to  an  enthalpy  

change
 September 01, 2015
Converting  from  a  molar  enthalpy  to  an  enthalpy  
change
∆H = n ∆rH
Example1 Example  2
2  ZnS (s)  +  3  O 2(g)  -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>  2  ZnO(s)+  2  SO 2(g)           SO 2(g)   +  2  H 2 S(s)  -­‐-­‐>  3  S(l)    +  2  H2 O (g)        
∆rH  (ZnS)  =    -­‐  439.1  kJ/mol ∆rH  (S)  =  -­‐31.0  kJ/mol
What  is  the  enthalpy  change  for  the  reaction? What  is  the  enthalpy  change  for  this  reaction?

∆H = n∆rH

∆H = 3 mol S x -31.0 kJ/mol

∆H = -93.0 kJ

Converting  from  one  molar  enthalpy  value  to  another  

given  a  balanced  equation
 September 01, 2015

Converting  from  one  molar  enthalpy  value  to  another  

given  a  balanced  equation
step 1: Find the enthalpy change for the reaction
step 2: Find the new molar enthalpy value

Example  1 Example  2
SO 2(g)   +  2  H 2 S(s)  -­‐-­‐>  3  S(l)    +  2  H2 O (g)         2  ZnS  +  3  O  -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>  2  ZnO +  2  SO          
(s) 2(g) (s) 2(g)
∆rH  (S)  =  -­‐31.0  kJ/mol ∆rH  (ZnS)  =    -­‐  439.1  kJ/mol
What  is  the  molar  enthalpy  of  reaction  for  H2 S(g) ? What  is  the  molar  enthalpy  of  reaction  for  O2(g) ?

Step 1: ∆H = n∆rH
∆H = 2 mol ZnS x -439.1 kJ/mol
∆H = -878.2 kJ

Step 2: ∆rH = ∆H /n
∆rH (O2) = -878.2 kJ / 3 mol O2
∆rH (o2) = -292.7 kJ

Stoichiometry  and  Enthalpy  Changes

The  amount  of  energy  released  from  a  chemical  reaction  

is  affected  to  the  number  of  moles  of  reactant  or  product.    

If  given  the  mass  of  reactant  or  product,  the  enthalpy    

change  (∆H  in  kJ)  can  be  determined  from  the  molar  
enthalpy  value  for  the  reactant  or  product.
 September 01, 2015
Example  1 Example  2
C12H22O11(s)  +  12  O2(g)  -­‐-­‐-­‐>  12  CO2(g)  +  11  H2O(l)   SO 2(g)   +  2  H 2 S(s)  -­‐-­‐>  3  S(l)    +  2  H2 O (g)        
∆rH(S)  =  -­‐  31.0  kJ/mol
 ∆rH  (C12H22O11)  =  -­‐5640.3  kJ/mol What    is    the  enthalpy  change  for  the  reaction  of  100  g  of  S(s)  ?

What  is  the  enthalpy  change  for  the  reaction  of  20.0  g  
of  sucrose  (C12H22O11)?

Calculating  an  enthalpy  change  for  a  given  mass  of  reactant  or  
product  given  a  balanced  equation  with  an  enthalpy  change
step 1: Find the molar enthalpy for the substance you are given the mass of
step 2: Find the ∆H = n ∆rH, where n=m/M

Example  1 Example  2
2  NaOH(s)  +  2  Al(s)+  2  H2O(l)  -­‐-­‐>  2NaAlO2(aq)  +  3  H2(g)             2  KCl(s)  +  2  H2SO4(l)    -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>  2  HCl(g)  +  K 2SO4(s)        
 ∆H  =  -­‐850  kJ ∆H  =  +  41.0  kJ
How  much  energy  is  released  when  250  grams  of   How  much  energy  is  required  to  produce  40.0  grams  of  
aluminum  reacts?
K2 SO 4 ?
Step 1: ∆rH = ∆H/n
∆H = +41.0 kJ/ 1 mol K2SO4
∆H = +41.0 kJ/mol

Step 2: ∆H = n ∆r H
= 40.0 g/174.27 g/mol x +41.0 kJ/mol
∆H = +9.41 kJ

-3.94 x 103 kJ
 September 01, 2015
Determining  moles  of  reactant  or  product  given  an  enthalpy  
change

Example  1   Example  2
C 12 H22 O 11(s)  +  12  O 2(g)  -­‐-­‐-­‐>  12  CO 2(g)  +  11  H 2 O (l)     2  KCl (s)  +  2  H 2 SO 4(l)    -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐>  2  HCl(g)  +  K2 SO 4(s)        
   ∆rH  (C 12 H22 O 11 )  =  -­‐5640.3  kJ/mol ∆H  =  +  41.0  kJ
If  10  000  kJ  of  energy  is  released,  what  mass  of  sucrose  reacted?    
If    300  kJ  of  energy  is  absorbed,  how  much  KCl(s)  reacted?

Step 1: Find ∆rH for KCl

∆rH = ∆H/n = +41.0 kJ/ 2 mol KCl
∆rH = +20.5 kJ/mol

n = ∆H / ∆rH

n = + 300 kJ / + 20.5 kJ/mol

n= 14.6 mol
m = 14.6 mol x 74.55 g/mol = 1076 g
m = 1.09 kg