STRUCTURING

YOUR PAPER
Dr. Eng. Beta Paramita
Architecture Study Program - Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

betaparamita@upi.edu
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Beta-Paramita

Bandung, 16 August 2022 - "Journal Preparation and Publication Workshop" - A Collaboration between Telkom Univ and UPI
PAPER STRUCTURE
01 INTRODUCTION
What, Why, Where, When, Who + How

02 MATERIAL AND METHODS

data – tool

03 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

output study – discussion

04 CONCLUSION
emphasizing the result - recommendation

05 ABSTRACT
resume from 01 - 04
PAPER STRUCTURE
Papers that report experimental work are often structured chronologically in five sections
❑ The Introduction section → clarifies the motivation for the work presented and
prepares readers for the structure of the paper.
❑ The Materials and Methods section → provides sufficient detail for other scientists to
reproduce the experiments presented in the paper. In some journals, this information is
placed in an appendix, because it is not what most readers want to know first.
❑ The Results and Discussion sections → present and discuss the research results,
respectively. They are often usefully combined into one section, however, because
readers can seldom make sense of results alone without accompanying interpretation
— they need to be told what the results mean.
❑ The Conclusion section → presents the outcome of the work by interpreting the
findings at a higher level of abstraction than the Discussion and by relating these
findings to the motivation stated in the Introduction.
❑ Abstact → Although it is always placed at the beginning of article, making an abstract
preferably at the end of writing
01. INTRODUCTION
PRESENTING YOUR INTRODUCTION
In the Introduction section, state the motivation for the work presented in your
paper and prepare readers for the structure of the paper. Write four components,
probably (but not necessarily) in four paragraphs: context, need, task, and object
of the article.
▪ First, provide some context to orient those readers who are less familiar with
your topic and to establish the importance of your work.
▪ Second, state the need for your work, as an opposition between what the
scientific community currently has and what it wants.
▪ Third, indicate what you have done in an effort to address the need (this is
the task).
▪ Finally, preview the remainder of the paper to mentally prepare readers for its
structure, in the objective of the article.
Context dan Need → URGENCY - why you
write this article
At the beginning of the Introduction, context and needs have to show up

It is written starting from the macro (broad) then progressively narrowing to the
problems discussed in the article. The goal is to spark interest among your audiences.

REMEMBER !!! The fact that a phenomenon APPOINTED IN YOUR ARTICLE has
never been studied before does not, by itself, constitute an urgency that needs to
be discussed as a study in the article.
WHAT NEEDS TO WRITE
❑ Only write or cite references DIRECTLY ABOUT the problem in the article
→state the actual situation (what we have) as a direct continuation of the
context
❑ Maximum sentence length is 12-14 words, DON'T be WORDY
❑ To sharpen the context →need to POSITIONING YOUR STUDY →through
citations of similar studies, combine studies that are similar in location, time,
or topic →emphasize what is the difference with your studies
❑ Consider associating context in time →use phrase: recently; in the past of
twenty years; since 2000’s
❑ Give the unique of geographic location / site advantages
❑ Emphasize the contrast between actual and desired situations → state GAP
with words such as somehow; despite of; however
HOW TO WRITE "URGENCY" - A NOVELTY
One way of expressing part of a study need → urgency is to combine the
INTENDED OBJECTIVES in an integrated sentences.
This sentence, first, expresses the goal, then the actions taken to achieve this
goal, thereby creating a strong relationship between the need and the purpose
of the study.
Here are three examples of such combinations:

❑ To confirm this assumption, we studied the effects of a range of inhibitors of

connexin channels . . . on . . .
❑ To assess whether such multiple-coil sensors perform better than single-signal
ones, we tested two of them — the DuoPXK and the GEMM3 — in a field where.
❑ To form a better view of the global distribution and infectiousness of this
pathogen, we examined 1645 postmetamorphic and adult amphibians collected
from 27 countries between 1984 and 2006 for the presence of . . .
Objective dan object of study
WHAT NEEDS TO WRITE
❑ The contribution of your previous studies to the current study.
❑ If it is not available, then from the existing studies what would you like to continue?

WRITING EXAMPLES:
❑ This paper clarifies the role of CxHc on calcium oscillations in neonatal cardiac
myocytes and calcium transients induced by ATP in HL-cells originated from cardiac
atrium and in HeLa cells expressing connexin 43 or 26.
❑ This paper presents the flow effects induced by increasing the hepatic-artery pressure
and by obstructing the vena cava inferior.
❑ This paper discusses the theory behind oblivious hashing and shows how this approach
can be applied for local software tamper resistance and remote code authentication.
OTHER EXAMPLES
The list below provides examples of verbs that express communication actions:
clarify This paper clarifies the role of soils in . . .
describe This paper describes the mechanism by which . . .
detail This paper details the algorithm used for . . .

discuss This paper discusses the influence of acidity on . . .

explain This paper explains how the new encoding scheme . . .

offer This paper offers four recommendations for . . .

present This paper presents the results of . . .
proposes This paper proposes a set of guidelines for . . .

provide This paper provides the complete framework and . . .

report This paper reports on our progress so far . . .
summarize This paper summarizes our results for 27 patients with . . .
02. MATERIAL AND METHODS
WRITING MATERIALS AND METHODS
❑ Expressing the main idea in one paragraph → the reader
immediately understand → what are the existing writings /
studies about
❑ Avoid the mistake of copy-paste from literature study!
❑ Before write this session → create the framework of thinking /
study paradigm / study roadmap → Then the framework is
described in a sentence plot that explains the theory
❑ Material can be a breakdown of the framework earlier
❑ Highlight what is special about the steps / methods you do
HOW TO WRITE MATERIAL

Breakdown materi menjadi

1. Urban Morphology Resilience
2. Urban Microclimate Resilience
3. Synthesis of The Urban Form and Microclimate
HOW TO WRITE METHODS
03. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
WRITE RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
❑ Give important highlights of your study results
→ if the study results are statistical results, give a clear
explanation, what is the meaning of the numbers listed
❑ Remember the reference in chapter 2. materials and methods
→results and discussion can be answered by sub-chapter like
chapter 2.
❑ Expressing with the result what is the lowest or what is the
highest
❑ Do the results of the study have implications / correlate to other
variables?
❑ Make a synthesis of the results and discussion
WRITE RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Multivariate correlation model that shown at figure 7 describes that
decreasing the value of BCR for High BCR’s cities contributes to
increase RH value, which later decrease the value of PET (r= -27).
Decreasing value of BCR also increasing the v value, and later
significantly decrease the value of PET (r= -0.65). In the
meteorological variable, only Ta max contribute to increase the value of
PET (r= 0.54). Increasing the value of BCR in area of High BCR also
found contribute to increase PET (r= 0.27). For High BCR, there is no
correlation between the value of BCR to Ta max, this confirms previous
studies that High BCR creates high shadowing area thereby reducing Ta
max. Such as the study in Singapore and Hongkong where the high
density urban morphology beneficial for city in tropical city, if it is well
planned or designed (Xue et al., 2017). Apparently, high value of RH in
a hot and humid country becomes the beneficial to reduce PET which
shown in the 656 data. This happens because humidity and
temperature have an inverse relationship, when the temperature value
Fig. 7. Multivariate Correlation for high BCR
increases, the humidity will decrease, and vice versa. That's why
statistically it appears that high humidity will reduce the value of PET
EXAMPLE ON WRITE THE RESULTS (1)
EXAMPLE ON WRITE THE RESULTS (2)
04. CONCLUSION
WRITE A CONCLUSION
❑ State the most important results of your study. Don't just summarize the
points made in the results and discussion — interpret your findings instead
❑ Indicate whether, or to what extent, you have successfully met the context
and need stated in the Introduction.
❑ DO NOT REPEAT THE SENTENCES IN THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
❑ consider incorporating perspectives — that is, ideas about what could or
still need to be done with respect to the issues discussed in your article
→recommendations
❑ If you include perspective, clarify whether you are referring to a firm plan
for yourself and your colleagues ("In the coming months, we will ...") or an
invitation to readers ("One question remaining is...").
05. ABSTRAK
WRITE AN ABSTRACT
❑ Abstract is a summary of writing, especially those contained in
the introduction → briefly able to provide information on context
and needs, objectives and study objects, methods, and
hypotheses/conclusions of the study
❑ Effective abstracts stand alone — fully understandable even when
available without a full paper. For this purpose, avoid referring to
pictures or bibliography in the abstract. Also, introduce any
acronyms the first time you use them in the abstract (if
necessary), and do so again in the full paper
❑ Re-emphasize at the end of the abstract, novelty or significant
findings
HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT
Reference
Mack, Chris A. "How to write a good scientific paper: title, abstract, and keywords." Journal of
Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 11.2 (2012): 020101.

Mack, C. A. (2018). How to write a good scientific paper. SPIE.

Borja, A. (2005). 11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously. Электронный
ресурс].–URL: https://www. elsevier. com/connect/11-steps-to-structuring-a-science-paper-editors-
will-take-seriously.

Ecarnot, F., Seronde, M. F., Chopard, R., Schiele, F., & Meneveau, N. (2015). Writing a scientific
article: A step-by-step guide for beginners. European Geriatric Medicine, 6(6), 573-579.
TERIMA KASIH