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In this chapter, we will talk about pressure of solids, liquids and gas.
From the definition, pressure has the units of force(N) and area(m2).
Therefore pressure is measured in Newton/metre2 (N/m2). The unit N/m2 has
a special name: Pascal (Pa). 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 Multiples of Pascal are used to
express higher pressures. 1000 Pa is called 1 kilopascal (KPa).
1 kPa = 1000 Pa
Pressure increases if the area in contact with a force decreases.
We can observe this when a rectangular block is placed on a piece of sponge
in its upright position as shown in Figure 5.2.a. Since the weight of the
rectangle acts over a small area, the pressure is greater and it sinks into the
sponge. If you lay it down horizontally as shown in Figure 5.2.b, it sinks
less, because the same weight acts over a larger area, so it applies less
pressure.
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Q / Why A duck has webbed feet therefore it does not sink into
soft snow, but a rooster of the same weight will sink?
because the area of its feet is smaller than that of the duck’s
Study the pictures below. In which position does the man sink into the snow
deeply, in which position does
he sink less? Explain why?
Pressure in use:-
Sometimes we want to produce
a great pressure using a given
force.
We can apply a greater pressure when the area over which the force acts is
small.
Example: we use the sharp edge of a knife to cut, why? Because the force
acts over a much smaller area than the blunt end ...In the same way nails,
pins, drills and needles have sharp points, so they can go into materials
easily. Sometimes we need low pressure therefore we enlarge the contact
area. Skies and snowshoes have large areas; they help us to move on snow
without sinking in.
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Some examples of the use of pressure by living things If we take a careful
look at the environment, we see that animals are created with different
features and can use the principles of pressure
Big animals, such as elephants, bears and camels have large feet, thus, they
apply less pressure on the ground.
Animals have sharp teeth to break food into pieces.
Woodpeckers have sharp beaks to make holes in the trees.
Dogs, cats and birds have sharp claws to help them to easily grasp things.
The pointed beaks of birds help them to cut through the air when they fly.
Example 5.1
A book weighing 18 N has a 0.06 m2 cover surface and lies on a table.
Calculate the pressure of the book on the table? If we place an encyclopedia
of 42N on the book, what will the final pressure
be?
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Exercise 5.1
A 400 N girl whose total shoe area is 0.05 m2 stands on the floor. What is the
pressure exerted by the girl on the floor?
Ans :8000 Pa
Example 5.2
Find the pressure exerted on the table by a 48 N box for the two different
positions shown in the figur es.
Exercise 5.3
Find the pressure of the block in Example 5.2 when it lies on its third side.
Ans :600 Pa
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Example 5.4
A loaf of bread of width 10 cm is to be cut with a knife. The force applied is
10 N and the blunt edge has a thickness of 2 mm and the sharp edge 0.1mm.
Compare the pressures exerted on the bread when,
a)It is cut with the blunt edge of the knife.
b)It is cut with the sharp edge of the knife.
Exercise 5.4
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Pressure and Transmission of Force by Solids
Solids transmit forces only in one direction: In the
direction of application without changing its
magnitude
For example, while hammering a nail, only the force
is transmitted, however the ends of the nail have
different surface are as, so the pressures at the two
ends are different . As you remember, the smaller
the area the
Example 5.5
The force applied on a nail by a hammer is 20 N. The ends of the nail are 1
cm2 and 0.1 cm2. What is the pressure at the tip of nail?
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Exercise 5.5
You are pushing a needle into paper with a force of 0.02 N. If the areas of
the ends of the needle are 1 mm2 and 0.1mm2 find the pressures at both ends.
Ans :20 kPa and 200 kPa
Fish and divers at the bottom of the sea feel greater pressure
which is due to the weight of water above them.
The water presses in all directions on the bodies or objects.
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Calculation of Liquid Pressure::
As we saw before, pressure is the perpendicular force acting on unit area Now,
we will derive a new equation for liquid pressure.
A
B
C
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Example 2: Compare the pressure
at the bottom of the containers.
a) If d1= d2= d3 d1 d2 d3 h
b) If d3> d2> d1
Example 3: Find the liquid pressure of water at the bottom of a swimming pool which
has 3 m depth.(density of water=1000 kg/m3)
Example 4: If pressure of the liquid is 80kpa and its density is 0.4 g/cm3, What is the
height of the liquid?
Example 5: Find tea pressure at the bottom of a glass cup with 10 cm height.
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5.3 GAS PRESSURE
Do you know that we are always supporting a weight of about 200 000 N
acting on our bodies?
Why do some people’s noses bleed when they climb to high attitudes?
The answers to these questions depend on air pressure.
a) Gas Pressure: Like liquids
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Atmospheric pressure at sea level is about the same as a weight of 1 kg mass
per cm2 area.
3- Syringe: When the piston is pulled up, the atmospheric pressure inside
the cylinder will decrease. The atmospheric pressure outside pushes the
liquid up into the syringe
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BUOYANCY:
* When you swim or lie in the bath you can feel the up thrust force from
the water.
Archimedes’ Principle:
Look at the stone in Figure 5.18. It weighs 12 N in air and 8 N in water. This
difference in weight comes from the upthrust of water. The amount of
upthrust on the block is 4 N.
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While floating, density of object can be smaller or
equal to density of the liquid.
While sinking, density of object is bigger than density of
the liquid.
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CHAPTER QUESTIONS:
2. While talking about pressure in solids, if we increase contact area, the pressure
……………….
4. While talking about liquid pressure, we calculate liquid pressure from ………………. of
the liquid to ……………….. of the liquid.
7. If density of object that floats in liquid smaller than density of liquid, volume of
displaced liquid is ………………………. volume of immersed part of the object.
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