OBE/(MHEHA MTAAMS VM EBPOIA - TPOBAEMK HA HAGAAHATA MHTETPAIMA (1871-1875) Cumeon Cumeono6 Summary: The article tackles the problems of the Italian Foreign Policy during the period of the first years after the Union (1870). The right-winged governments adopt the principle of “always independent, never isolated” and consider it underlying of their European behaviour. During the first part of the so-called "Armed peace”, imposed by the policy of Germany, this principle, however, turns out 10 be inadequate and hinders the intentions of Rome to defend their interests in the days of the Eastern crisis (1875~ 1878). Key words: Italian Foreign Policy, Emilio Visconti Venosta, Otto von Bis- ‘marck, the principle of “always independent, never isolated”, Eastern crisis (1875-1878), "Armed peace”. KM Hasevepuero Ha roammata Visrouna xpusa (1875-1878) speunata n0- sutuka Ha Kpancrso Masia cnenpa sa ce pasruexila B KOHTeKCTa Ha jIpeTe riaBHH Hampapienns, XapaKtepHH 3a Kypca 10 1870 r. Timpaoro OF TAX, OKASBALIIO B HSKITIO- NMTemHa CTENeH BIHAHHE MH BLPXY BLTPeLIHONOMMTHHECKOTO pasBHTHE, © 3ABbPUIBA- neTo Ha oGenmHMTeNHHA Mpouec. Cre MpHCbeAMHABaHETO Ha oGsIacTHTe BeHeTo (1866) s Hanno (1870) enmuicraoto € ocbiecTReHO B OOUIM AHHH, HO, HpH BCE He Ykpenba s(ppXaBHaTa HesaBHCHMOCT, TO3H POMC He csH3A OT DHEBHUA, pen Ha vanusra, OT esta crpaiia, OcTaBa OTKpHT BNPOCET 3a HTaMaHeKHtTe 3eMH, HaMHpa- UNM ce Bce OL OA aBCTPHiicka BMaCT; a OT Apyra, MpeBseManeTo Ha Pum uM T.Hap. “Saxon 3a rapannmute”, permaMenTHpallt OTHOIeHHETO MEY HraTHaHcKaTa JEP wxana u Cseriia npecTox, He paspeulaar “PuMcKHs BbrIpoc”, a nopasBuBaT Mpob- JleMHHTe My XapakTepHCTHKH B HOBHTe YCuIOBHA'. Tesu pa “ocrarbunu” acnekra Ha OGesHHeHHeTO Ca B IIpsika BPL3Ka C BOpoTO THapHo HanpaBseHMe Ha WTaMAHCKATa BLHLINOTONMTHYeCKa MporpaMa — BKTON- BaHeTO Ha CTpavata B KOHTHHeHTaIHaTa sbpxkapHa CHCTEMA, C OCHOBHA TexecT Ha YeusiTa BHPXY OCHTYpsBAHeTO Ha TapanUNH 3a JanasBaHe M yTBEpAaBate Ha Hauwonamiara usiocr. MIpasutencreara ua Jecnuuata, ynpapasasn Kpasicroro 6e3 npexecpane 0 1876 ©, MpaBaT BCHYKO NO cHIMTe cH, 3a a MpencrapsT “Ha cBera HoBaTa JHpxkapa KaTO (bakTOP Ha CTaSMIHOCTTa H KOHCEpBATH3Ma, MPOTHBO- crosu 1a pesomounara™, B cutyaunata cnen bpencxo-npyckata noiitia 3a Vranas Ha TipeyleH TIAN H3HMKBa 3aruiaxaTa OT MONMTHYECKA HIOMALWs HOPAsM CKECBAHETO c pannus, oBseno 10 HoBa axa Ha “PuMCKHA BbIpOC” H, B TASH HAcoKa — 10 onactioTo HICTAHMMpaHe Ha WEA KATOAMNECKH CBT OT MsIatoTO KpasicTBO. 352B crpemexa, noposen or ropHata 3amuiaxa, fa ce yTBbPAM KaTO cTOxKep Ha Mupa Ha Gaslancmpanata, esHakBo JoOpoxkenatemHa KbM BCHYKH eBponelicKH Ha- UMM TonuTHKa, PHM ce ONMTBa fla HaTOxM KOpeKTHB Ha MorbUlOTO TPHBTHYAHE, koero crpy orkbm Bepsuu, Taka ce cObeKpaMe ¢ Havas (beHOMeH, peasHo “oncmounn” patie na Vanna KbM HeIaGexHaTa HSOTALWA: MOSHsITA, He © BLS- MOXHO Ja ce rpaiH MoBeLeHHe, OCHOBaHO Ha TIpHHLWIa “BHHarM — He3aBHCHMH, HuKora ~ W30qMpann”, nocTysIMpaH B AateuHaTa 1863 Fr. OT MOYTH HECMeHsEMHs 10 Kpaa Ha “sicHoTo” ynpapseHHe BbHLeH MuNUcTEp Emumo Buckout Benocra‘. Voxuoven nepHoja Ha nosypacastia 3apHcumoct oT Tlapwx mpes 60-re roauHn, ‘To3it NPHHIWAN ce Mpespbilla BEB BOsIetIa MaKCHMa 3a HTAIMAHCKATA AMILTOMALN Torapa, KoraTo KoncomMMparieTo Ha Bropyst repMaHickH paiix € OCHOBHA rpwka 3a neropu Kanwiep Oro ou Bucmapx, a nosMmTHKaTa My Ha OOBEpsBane — cMucmoBa 6a3a 3a TAKyBane Ha BowKa “He3aBHCHMa” TOSHUMs KATO BparKneOHa. H He B TeCHHs, AHTHPepMAHCKH KOHTEKCT, a B OGULOeBPONTeHiCKHs, BLANPHeT H OT PUM 3a OMpertensAL IPH W3rparxkaHeTO Ha HeroBOTo “HeaHraxkupaHo” mopereHHe. 2Kenanneto va BicmapK 1a spaneve Viranua B repMancKata op6uta upes cbI03 Ha aHTHMpericka OcHoBa, Ce ApryMeHTUpa MpeuM BCHYKO OT sicHATA NOsMUA na Tlapyxk B nomkpenia Ha manata. Vanectio e, 4e B HaYasioTo Ha 70-re rosMHH Haii- Beve pans MposBsBa TOTOBHOCT sla TON UIpKa npereHMMTe Ha CBETHA MIpecTos He Kpue CMMnaTHHTe cH KbM [Tui IX. Tasn AeMOHcTpaTHBHa MOSHUMA € HonKpentena ¢ peamin gelicrens: or nstroro Ha 1870 0 ecettra Ha 1874 r. B npHcTaHMUteTo Ha Pum Unpurasekus cTou KaTO rapanT Ha MafickaTa HenpHkKOcHoBeHocT (ppeHcKHsT BoeHieH Kopad “Openiox”. B cienpauutre rommHH noxoGHa posts urpae Apyr Kopa6, Ho Beye OT sUCTAHUMA — cule “CTORIAHETO” Ha peHcKO-WTaNMAHCKHTe OTHOUICHHA mpes 1874 r. “rapanrbr” € 3akoTBeH BbB dpexcKn Tepuropuastin BonH’. TosnuuaTa Ha Ppanuua ¢ nouKpentena u or kiepukaHuTe Kpbrose B Barus, Mcnanus a Mipsan- AWA, HHSTO BPAKIeOHOCT Ha MOMeHTH eckaTMpa 0 CoMMMApHa W3ABA Ha arpecHBHH HamepeHua KbM Vitasma u HeiinaTa TepHTopHasa usuiocT’. Virasmanickoro npabutesctso oTka3Ba sa THpCH pemlenMe Ha “PuMoKna BEmpoc” upe3 OSuoeBporeiicKa AUCKYCHs HOpasH NMpHTECHeHUsA OT eReHTyaNHH neraTHBHH nocnenMUH. Taka, OcTaHat Ges MeXxAyHapOsHA CAHKUMS, “3aKOHbT 3a TapaHunure” ce pespbila B AOCTbIIHO cpesIeTBO 3a JUTLTOMaTAYeCKa Gop6a cpelly msianoro Kpanerao — o6crostencrso, no6pe pasvereno oF repManckua KaHutep Ip cyMupasie Ha akrupure 3a Heropata “wranmancKa” noaMTHKa. Kaxto canye- ‘TeuICTBa TIMcMoTO Ha BHcKOHTH BeHocta slo WrasiMaHcKns nocsaHuK B Bepnii Enoap- 0 ne Jlone (7.3.1871), ynpasassaunte B Pum cpio pas6upat nope cepHosHocrra Ha nlocneactsusra 3a Vira or “PaMckHa BbIpoc”, BHyUIaBaMl “HeyBepeHocT 3a HeiiMoTO GreMe”, MOCTARSI AOPH To 3aIIAXA HALHOHANHOTO it CbitecTByBAH’. Ero 3aliio, 34 1a ce rapaltTHpa CTpaliata OT Bb3MOXKHHTE BHUIHM ONACHOCTH, BLH- UIHMsTT MHHHCTEP He OCTaBa NYKAL Ha WulesITa Ja ce TBpeH cOsMKeHHe ¢ Tepmanus’. 3a Ta3H HacoKa Ha pa3BHTHe B repMaHO-HTaNMaHCKHTe OTHOMIeHHs 6s1aro- Mpustcrea u ocrpata Gop6a, KoaTo BucmapK npemmpuema cpemly KaTommueckaTa 353uppxea 8 Paiixa npes mait 1872 r. — Konnnxr, ocTarian B MCTopuaTa NO Ha3BaHHeTo “Kystypxamnd”. TIpouecbt uma cBoa ppeHcKa MpoeKUMs, HOKONKOTO HaMupa OTpaxKeHHe B YCIOKHEHMETO Ha OTHOUIeHMATa Mexny Bepsun u Tapyk 10 Benpocn Of BBTPeMIHONONMTHYECKO ecrecTBO’. B ucTopHorpahuaTa cbutecTByBa MHeHHe, Ye cxoHHocrTa fla ce paGoTH 3a cbIOS ¢ HrasMaHtcKH HpHOpHTeT, Nopasit KOeTO repMart- ckaTa, a 110-KbCHO M aBCTpHiickaTa CTpalia ce pasMoslarar B NOSMUMsTA Aa MpenaBABAT yenopus. Taka Hanpumep, repMaHCKHsIT KAHLUIep OOBLP3Ba Mpoekra 3a cHlopasyMeHHe ¢ Mranust cbc 3atbiDkMTeNHOTO IPHCECTBHE B Hero H Ha Buena, a aBcrpo-yHrapcKHstT BEHUeH MunMcrbp JL. Anapauim mpesara npes 1874 r. cbrnacueto cu ma He noBaAra “Pumckus BBnpoc” cpelly cborseTHHA OTKa3 Ha Manna or nperenumH cnpaMo HeocBoGomeHuTe Bce oUte 3emn"”. B Memoapue Ha panyecko Kpucnm ce TaLpaM, ¥e MaeATa 3a “TeceH BIOS” e no-ckopo “enepruno xenanne” Ha Anapaum u Bucmapk, cpeuly Koero oGeuapat Ha Mranua nomuTHka Ha Je3aByMpaHe Ha MancKuTe mperenunu''. ConjaxuTe ca OCBIECTBEHH TO BpeMe Ha O*PHUMAAHUTe BUSHTH, KOMTO MIpaBH MTaNMaHCKMAT Kpast Buxrop Emanyua I, cbnposoxksan or Mapxo Munrera (npemuep) 1 BuckouTH Beriocra npes cerrremapu 1873, cborerHo sts Buerta m Bepaun. Cropem Memoapute na Kpucnu, apamata MHHHCTpH ce “AMCTaHUMpaT OT KaKBOTO H Ja € MpesIoKeHHe 3a CBIO3 Mi ce 3aBpbulaT B Mrasnua cbc 3a6nymata, Ye MoraT, 6e3 a NoemaT peasIHH anraxuMeHTH, a pasunrat wa TepManua n Ancrpus, 3ana3palixn B CbLLOTO BpeMe 6naropasnostoxermero H Ha panna”, Pas6upa ce, Tapyok He ocrapa GespasineHt KbM NO3HUMaTA Ha PUM HB 3HaK Ha 2o6pa Bons H3Terna “OpeHox” or Unputaperna. Tipuxmoupaiixn c aas3a cu Bypxy Tos enu3og, Jbx. Kangenopo soctura 0 Moxe 6M Haii-afleKBaTHOTO — OT rlesHa TO“Ka Ha KOHUeNUMsTa, AMKTYBallla HTasIMaHCKOTO BBHIIHOMOJHTHYECKO MOBEeHHe TO TOBA BpeMe — 3aKJIIOYHHE 34 MOTHBMTE Ha Buckontm Benocra: “Munucropt cuntan, nue Toit, 4e apyx6ata c Tepmanua ne 6u cnenBasio sa HOBENe 10 Bparkia c Pparuna, KOATO Ma 3aNWIGOMN HeTpARsHEHOTO cu oTHomenne KoM Mirasus, a na ce ThaKyBa OF (bpanuy3uTe KaTO mpemynpexseHne M CibpxKatl, MoMeHT, 6e3 np ToBa Urasma na e Moena onacHH npeABapuTenHH anraxkumexTH”?. Hama cbMHeHHe, Ye B XKeNAHHETO CH sla BOA NONHTHKa Ha BE3IKEpxKAHe CPA Mo (bpeHckaTa arpecuBHOcT, HTanHaHcKHAT KaOHHeT ce ONMpa Ha MOMENI, H3LL1I0 MpoTMBopeyalll Ha Mofea, MpesMounTaH or BucmapK. CrpemexbT Ha KaHiviepa fla orpagM M Heyrpasm3npa peBaHiM3Ma Ha 3anasHHs CbCey M3MCKBa He “pa3nan”, KaKBaTO € HTaJIMaHCkaTa Hariaca, a “akyMysalMA” Ha aHraxKMMeHTHTE 3a NOCTHTaHe Ha ena pedarsupna cucTema B ycayra Ha usta Espona. COnbcEKBT Ha Te3Ht pa MOsXOfa HaMMpa OTPaxkeHHe M MPH CHemBallaTa CTBMKa, NpespHeta or Bepsny MO MOCOKa Ha THpceHHit WTaNHAHCKH MHOC B pamKure Ha KyntypKamnda. TIpe3 apr 1875 r. Bucmapk ce onHTBa sla IpuBTeve Ha cBoA CTpaHa MpaBMTesICTBOTO OT Ancuwuute B Gop6arTa c Mui IX. Moon ca axTHKnepuKasHnTe 3aKOHH, BLBETCHH B Tepmanus. B orrosop Ha narickata eHUMKNHKa KbM TepMaHCkHTe KaTONMUM ¢ are fa He Ce MO/MMHABAT Ha 3aKOHOBATe NpOUeAYpH, KAHIVIepbT HacToABa Mpes HTa- 354AMavickus KaGHHer 2a panukanuaupa one noseue “3axona 3a rapaHyMnte” B yurep6 Ha larickata MHCTHTYLMs. ANTHppeHCKOTO OCTpHe Ha ToBa HckaHe He OcTaBa Hesa- Gens3anio or Buckoutn Benocta v Toi ce npotuponoctapa KaTeropu4no', He B YenoxkHenueTo Ha OTHOUIeHHATA c anata (pecreKTHBHO c Tapwx) BIKA MHHMCT- pT rionesnara 3a Masa nepcnexrupa, a B HeoOxoguMocrTa ma ce OGesneuH 110- ckopo ¢ MexyynaponuH rapanumn BialeeHeTo Ha Pum. Heulo, KoeTo Gu ce noctur- Halo "pes OT/eEMHH jOTOBOpeHOcTH Che BauHTepecoBaHHtTe eBportelicKH sHprKaBH's. Tosemute pesepau, Kouro Beye ce Tpynar 8 Bepsun no oTHomenne Ha Wra- sMavicKoTO Tlopesenne, CTHraT KPHTHYEH MaKCHMYM TIpe3 mposierra Ha cbutaTa 1875 r. Ouesusuio He Ges susstelicranero Ha HeraTuBHara cnpamo Viranma warsiaca, 8 cTaTHa na “Kponnmue naitryur” or 5 anpyt ce nossa ceH3auMOHHOTO TeDpyeHHe, Ye Ha Gasara Ha Beposten (ppertcKo-aBcrpo-WramMaricKH cL103 pans ce rorBHt 3a Bolla c Tepmanns. Ha 9 anpwt apyr, Konrposmpan or Kaxuyiepa BecTimK, “Tlocr”, onpo- nepraga choGitenueto Ha “Kbosmume airy” 3a Henosmoctra Ha Ascrpo-Yura- Pus, HO TOTBLPKNaBa HamBAHO cBeseHHATTA 3a 3aruIaxa cupsMo Paiixa’s. Ha mpax- ‘Tuka Ce pasrapa Tap. BOcHHa TpeBora, KOATO 3aBIAaABA Npe3 aNpHI H Mali eBpo- HeiickHTe OOULecTReHH HacTpoeHHA C KYsIMMHMpalata 3a MOpeseH ITbT OcTpoTa BB ()peHcKo-repMancKure oTHoUeHH, Cuen HaMecata Ha JlouqoH # Terep6ypr 1a e HeyTpanwaupania 6bp30, HO B MpoeKnMsTa “WrasMaHO-repMalickH TpoTHBOpeYHA” HeiiHMAT Tepett ce OKA3Ba LOCTATDYHO pedsleKcuBeH 3a OTKPOeHaTa KpaiiHia basa Ha Kantuleponara BparkiteGuoct. Oule Honexe, KraTO Hapesl c ITbpBHTe LATLIOMATH Ha cum Kato Pycus # ANTIMS, H HTAsIMANCKHsIT BLHIIeH MHHMCTSp 3aeMa TIO3HLtHsTA Ha MMporsopel, oTmpansiixn B Bepsui wiuWpekrHH OGBHHEHHA 3a HOATOTOBKA Ha BoenHa arpecns cpeuly panna. B Ta3H Bpb3ka e CbBCeM O6sCHUMO pellIeHHeTO na BHCMapk fa OTXBLP.IM HAKOJIKO Mecella 10-KbCHO TloKaHaTa 3a BHaHTa B Mra, B paMKHTe Ha BHCONAMiINeTO NoceleHHe Ha HMNepatop BuzxesaM 1. Jloxonko a6crpaktia u smulena oF nepcrieKTuBa e HTaMaHcKaTa BDHUIHa TouMTHKa, BomeHA OT MpaBuTerctBata Ha JlecHMaTa, MMMM OT CboOpaxkeHHsTa Ha Buckontn Bexocta, cnoseen B NHCMO 10 MocanHKa BB Buena rpac) Hakone mt Po6wiant. B Hero Toi passicHsaBa MOTHBHTE Ha akTyamHaTa MpaBuTemcTBeHa TOJMTHKa 110 BbHLIAHTe BBIPOCH Taxa: "A3 CbM YOesleH, Ye AKO cera Geme H36yxHasA nosa Boiina Mexay Pepmanna 1 pannus, HeliNHsT W3xOM1, KaKbBTO H ja € TOM, 6H 6un onacen u nary6en 3a Mranua. B cayyaii wa (percKa noGema, KoeTo © Mano neposrHo, Mrasua sennara OH ce oKa3as1a B OMacHO H HeoMpestesieHO TonoxKeHHe. B cayyaii Ha Mlopropen yelex 3a TepManus, KoeTO MeXKILY JApyTOTO € H3BbH BCsIKAKBO CbMHeHHe, Ha Hes 6H it Ce HaOKHO na MpesMpHeMe TakMBa MepKH, KOHTO sla HaKapaT BOHUKH sla MloBApBaT, ve c panuna e MpHKMOveHO 3aBMHarH. B pesysrrat Ha ToBa 64 BB3HHKHasa eqHa Espona, YATO 3amanHa YacT We NpHHaWexH Ha Tepmanus, a wsTounara — wa Pycus. Ero 3aio a3 CbM sbsI60Ko y6enen, 4e Mrania © exHa OT OHESH CTPaHH, KOHTO Morar Jla 3aeMaT TIOO6ABALIIO MAICTO H Ja CTPOsTT CBOETO Gpreure camo B TaKaBa Eppona, B KosTO CbuLecTByBa onpeseseHO papHoBecue”"*, 355Bescnopiio e, ue 3a “pasiopecnata” cxema Ha XesIaHOTO KOHTHHEHTANHO HOsIH- TH4ecko status quo, BuckonTn Bevocta pusnara nopede HamexIM Ha KoseKTHBHATA BONA Ha CHIMTe, B MpOTHBOREC Ha O10KOBaTa KOMOuHaTOpHKa. OT rienua TouKa Ha o6crostesicrBata 10 HeyTpasH3Mpane Ha KpH3aTa, a H Ha ycTaHoBHsata ce TeHeHIMA B eBpoOnelicKHTe OTHOMIEHHs, HONOOHA Harsiaca He e sIMINeHa OT OcHOBaHMe: 3ama3- BaHeTO Ha Mpaniua KATO 3aNbHKHTEEH KONTPANyHKT Ha TepMaHcKaTa MoM € sora egponelicka rpwka. Ho cbuyespemenHio u nlepuMerep 3a Koamupane Ha uHTepeci, KoiiTo, B HepcneKTHBaTa Ha MlosxpanBane H 3atbNGOUaBaHe Ha (peHcKo- TepMatickara BpaxmeOHOCT, Ou Mpesmonaras He OTCTBILIEHHe, a JMHAMHYHO BIOTOU- BaHe B AMMIOMaTHYecKaTa urpa, KbueTO H Bepaun, 1 Tlapwx ocrapat ocHoBHH urpagn. Taka, np nomoxKexne, ve cen 1870 r. rnaBHaTa Wen Ha WrasMancKaTa BBHINHa NOAMTHKa Ce CTpeMM “ga O60"KK MomeHta, Korato Mranua ule nocTurHe TOBA, 3a HeA Ja Ce TOBOPH BL3MOXKHO MO-MasIKO”, M3HCKBAHETO 3a AKTUBHOCT TlocTa- ba Pum B CHTYALLMA Ha JaTeHTHa HeonpenesieHoct M espontelicKn nucKomdoprT. Muaye Ka3aHo, B HaBevepuero Ha Vsrounara Kpw3a KonuenumaTa Ha Jlecunuara 3a “ccpe- sOTOYABaHe B ceOe CH” Ypes ONMTHKa Ha “UHCTHTe PELE” (OTKa3 OT aHTaxKUMeHTH), sanppxa Utanua 8 posta Ha aGcrpaxteH MUpeH rapaHT, KoiiTO e NMUeH OT BIMOXKHOCTTa la pearHpa aslekBaTHO Ha 3asaBalMTe Ce IIPeLM3BUKATENICTBA. Ha ona Ha Ta3n HeOnaronpusrHa TeHeHUNA, 10-GU3KHTe OTHOLICHHS, KOHTO Pum yenspa fa ycratiopn c Brietia, ca KaTO Ye JH eNIMHCTBeHATA BLIMOXKHOCT, OTKPHIA ce Mpel HTamMalckaTa BHHUIHA NONHTHKa, 3a 3aMa3zBaHe Ha MOA3OTBOPeH HOCTBH Jo epponeiickata nonuTH4ecka cueHa. VMnmunaTueara npHnasieku Ha Kpa Buxrop Emanynut II, 8 aero Hamepenue sa ykpen nepconamiute cH BPL3KH c HMMepaTop pan Mocud, nposupar axtyas3ipan MOTHBH 3a HaMeca Ha “MoHapxM4eckaTa COMMMAPHOCT” KATO eteKTHBHO CpesCTBO 3a OTBOIOBAHE Ha BbHIMHOMOMTHYECKK aBTOpHTeT. Yuactuero na Buxtop EmManyun B wrasMaickata BBHLIHA TomMTuKa crem 1870 r. e 1O-MasIkO HHTeH3HBHO B cpaBHeHHe c repHoma 10 npessemaHero Ha Pum”, Tlo Toba Bpeme BbnpocbT 3a BL3MOXKHHTe (it 2KerIaHH) NapTHLOpH B TaliHaTa jMHaC- THYHA TOJMTHKA Ce H3IIPaBA C WLTATA CH CHOKHOCT Mpes BCe TAKA M3KYUICHHA OT TUMIOMaLMsTA HTaNMaHcKH MoHapx. OpneHTaturta KbM Bepsiu e noniauasio sH- uieHia oF nlepcnexripa. OTHoUIeHUsTa © MpycKHs [BOP Ca KOPEKTHH, HO HUINIO TOBE ye: B TepManina e Hepb3MoxkHo fa uMa HaKaxpa “Talia” nommTHKa Ha XOxeHuO- Jepuitte, pasaMuna oT ouNMamHata, Mpu ToMoxeHMe, He “KeNesHHAT KaHTIep” AbpKH WBLYUIO YIpaBseHHETO B CBO pbIle. Ero 3aiu(0 OTHOUIeHHsTTA, BLPXY KOUTO HTAMMAHCKMAT KPa Moxes1aBa sla OKaxKe AMPEKTHO BIMSHHE, “XBLPIMIKH Ha Be3HUTe CBOA ABTOPUTeT H aHraxKupaitKn mepco- HasIHo cBosta yma”, ca Tes c Apcrpo-Yurapus, O6croatencrsoro, ¥e Xa6c6ypr- ckaTa HMIMpHa € HCTOpH4ecKHAT Bpar Ha HTatHaHUMTe, cen 1866 Fr. BIH3A B EO TO-TosHTHBHO 3a ABYCTPAHHUTe BpE3KH THikyBane. MsxKuBaHata or ABCTPHsA TeKKa BbTPelHOMONMTHYECKa KpH3a, OBea Monapxuata JO TpaHcipopMallA B ByeIHH- 356HMA Mose, KaKTO M OTCTpanapaneTo it oT FepMatickara oGutHocT, mpoBoKHpasto HeOOXOAMMOCTTA Ha Ce HAGeeKAT HOBH BLHLIHOMONMTHYECKH OPHeHTHPH H Iles, ce npespbular B ecTecTBeHa npeMocTapka 3a HOpMasMGHpane Ha OTHOUeHHATA Cc Pum. Buaronpustunst 3a Masui neyrpasen anraxuMenT Ha Buena 10 “PumcKus BbIIpoc” € ITbPBHAT 3HAYHM HM KATO Ye JIM HATOKHTeeH NOBOM 3a yNpaBIABALATE OT Monyoctpopa sa NPOABAT CKIOHHOCT KbM 3a6paBa Ha MHHaIOTO. Ome nloBe¥e — MpH eaHa HeoOwyaiiHa, H3Us0 HeNosHaTa HM HeageKBaTHa 3a UTanMaHcKata 06- llecTBeHO-NosMTHYeCKa HHepuua, eBponeiicka curyauus. Ua6yanara or 3anan BpaxkneOHoct Ha dpanuysue He GH Mora sa nosBosM 3a KpascrBoro syKca M Ha Bropa BpaxkseOHocT: “ABcrpus, Tu1acH emHO McTOpHorpadcKo 3aKMoNeHHE, MOE aa Ope Henpuarer Ha Viranus, camo ako mocaemHaTa Ma no ce6e cu pannus; NloaBaTa Ha HempusTenH OT WBe CTpaHH e HesonycTHMo””, Hapeg c Tos oG6eKTHBeH, BLHIIMOMOTUTHYECKH MOTHB 3a COMWKEHHE C JIpyenumnata Monapxna, Buxtop EMaiyit 13Be%kua H BTOpH, M3110 OGBHp3aH C amOnunure My 1a 6bile cyBepeH H Ha MTUIOMaTHYECKOTO HOMpHUte. Cure TazaHeTo na Hanoeou Il Xa6cyprirre ocrabat eqMHCTBeHaTa BNACTBalIla AHHACTHA, C KOTO CaxolickusaT OM nogepxkKa Tech pogHMtcKH BpE3KH. OTTYK M BLSMOXHOCTTA a ce riela Ha TAX KATO Ha y106eH MapTHBOp B OHA3M TONHTHKA, KOATO ce HePpUHUpa OOuKHOBeHO B CTHIa “KpasicKa Talia”: MTATMAHCKHAT AbprKaBeH Taba OTCTORBA yOexuenneTo, ¥e BbB BueHa BbHLIHATA MONMTHKa H BOeHHHTe BEMpOCK ocTaBaT TIpHopuTer Ha HMMepaTopa H HeroBHTe CbBeTHHIA — HHae Ka3aHO, WSBbH KOHTPOsIA Ha TapsaMenTHTe H HaTHcKa Ha OGuIecTReHOTO MHeHHe. Criopes Hero oF sBaMaTa, KOuTO 6Xa MOruIM ja My CTaHaT HapTHBOpH B AMCKYTHpaHHs npes 1868-1869 r. Tpoex cH103, Hanne e emuHcTBeHo pam Mocud 1 Toi €, O6ulo B3eTO, MOHapXET, © KOFOTO € BLSMOKHO ja Ce NOLHOBAT NepCOHAHHTe BPLIKH — He3aBHCHMO H Hast Te3M Mey MMHMCTpHTe M MpaBuTencTBata”. Cpemata Mexjly BaMata MoHapcH ce ocbulecTBABa Mes ampwst 1875 r. BB Bexeuus. Tloceutenuero Ha umnepatopa e B OTroBOp Ha BU3HTaTa, Hanpasena oT UTAIMAHCKHA KPa H HeTOBUTe MUHHCTPH BB BueHa npes anpus 1873, Korato, noxanenn u B Bepsmn, rocrute or AnenunuTe OTXBEPJST MpesuloxKeHMeTO 3a TAH cbi03 c Bete UMTepun. B Ta3H BPBIKA € HEODXOMHMO a Ce MPHTIOMHH, Ye TIpH 10- CeTHeUIHOTO pa3sBHTHe Ha jByCTPAHAHTe KOHTAKTH, aBcTpHiicKuAT KAGMHET peutaBa ga noctasn 6narocknonnata cH MOSHI To “PHMCKH BEIIpoC” B 3aBHCHMOCT OT WragmanickaTa MomMTHKa no Tap. “HenaKynent 3emH”. CraHopuurero Ha Buena ¢ ¢bucupato sicHo B HoTata Ha rpad) Aumpaumn or 24 maii 1874 r.: “Hue He Moxem a orerbimm Ha Maina cpomiio Mo esnk HaceneHne, Ges MpH Towa sla MpenwsBHKaMe WSKYCTBEHO LeHTPOGEKHO ABHXKeHMe Ha pyro HacesIeHHe, HaMMpALlO ce Ha Haua ‘TepuTOpHA, KEM GpaTcKH HALMH OTB TpAHMUMTe Ha UMMepusTa. ToqO6HO sBHKe- nue 6 HM TOCTaBHIO Mpen atTepHaTHBaTa, WIM sa Ce MPUMUpHM cbc sary6aTa, WIM, CeABAHIKH HALMOHAHH NPHHUMN, Na BKOYHM B cbcTaBa Ha Monapxusra HM ccemute crpann”, Horata e cBenleHia 10 3HaliMeTO Ha Kpasia H BucxonTn Beriocta, KOMTO M3pa34BaT CIVache C MpescTaBenuTe B Hed apryMeHTH™. 357Coutecysa Muenne, ve w36opET Ha Bereuns, a He Ha Pum (npe3 oxromapH Bunxenm I ue orcene 8 Mutano), KaTo MsicTo 3a Bucouaiiuata cpemta, e nopenent yap “nox kpbeta” 3a WranvancKna MexjyHapomeH mpectwx". Ho ako cBeyeM x%enaHMeTo Ha Dpany Mocu na noceTH HMeHHO “nepnata Ha AnpwaTuKa” (keneTo B MHOro Hlo-TosiaMa creneH 6H ce YyBCTBAM y OMA CH — BCe TIaK, caMo lo penn 9 ronan Beneuna ¢ 6ywia 8 aBcrpHiickH rpaHMUH) Lo ymoBmeTBOpaBaHe Ha BapHartT, Mpwer ¢ oxoTa H oT caMua Buxtop Emanynn, Hettata Morar 1 clemBa na ce unTep- Upeupar B Aya Ha ThpceHata M OT MBeTe Crpat MOHApxHYecKa ToseparrTHocT. Toba mpoamuasa or ecrecrsoto Ha mponeneHute pasrosopu. Upe3 criosenenoTo B aTmochepa Ha B3aNMHa AOGpoxkenaTesHOCT, KPAIT Napa sICeH 3HAK 3a TOBA, Ye HMeHHO Toit Abp-kU “IO3NHTe” HW ChOTBETHO HOCH OTTOBOpHOCTTa 3a HTaNMaHCKHs AGLI B pasBUTHETO Ha AByCTPaHHUTe OTHOUIeHHA. BACOKOTO 3HaYeHHe, KOeTO jOMa- KMHbT OTHaBa Ha TIpHsTecTBOTO ¢ BueHa, e OTKPOeHO B AHTAXKHMEHTA sa “cHOKW Nenen” BEpxy TepHTopHanHuTe BEMpocH Mexay Virama u Asctpo-Yurapus, noer mpe rocture. A c eserantuata peruiuka, ormpasena Kem Auyipaum: “S? il arrive quelque chose qu’ il soit important que je sache, diriges vous a celui la! (“Ako w3HUKHe HeUlO BAKHO, 3aopstaiiTe Ha To3M TyK !" — oT dp., 6m. C. C.), BusupaiiKu ce6e cu, Buxrop Emanyn rapautupa wenoxnarumocrra Ha Kpasickata syma’”. Umnepatop pain Hocu> ce conmnapuaupa c npustTeuickuTe WyBcTBa Ha MOGe3HMs AOMAKHH H OTBpbila Ha KecTa C MoLOGaBaMl 3asBeHMe: MO OTHOMIeHHe Ha WrasMaHcKHTe TPaHHUH, choses Toll, 10 ce OTHAcs 10 Tpuect, BbMpOCET e He cao aBcrpuiicKn, HO H TepMavicku, opasi KoeTO caMo eslHO OGIMO pelIeHHe MOXKE sa TO OTAAMe Ha Vrranns; m0 ce ornaca no pyr paiiow Ha rpanuuata, Hanpamep TpertHno (FOxen Tupos, xo1MHaTa Ha p. H30HH0 ~ 6.M.C.C), € BESMOKHO sa AOFie MoMeHT KoraTo ABCIpHs, 10 IPHYHHa Ha pasilIMpsBAHe Ha BaseHHsITa CH B Apyra MocoKa, a Gose B CbCTOSHHE Ja FO OTCTBIM B 3HAK Ha OOpa Bona’, He 6x Moro s1a ce u3GerHe 3aKONeHHeTO, Ye TPH MO-TIporTbIKHTeNHO 3ana3- BaHe Ha KOHTHHeHTAIHOTO status qUO, Tex BHCONAMIIN AeKNapanMM OHxa Mors fa HOUpHHecar 3a yxperiBake Ha OTHOUIeHHsTa Mexay Viranua u Apcrpo-Yurapua. Heuto noseve, Te Guxa ce oKa3amH HeOGxonUMata CTbmKa KbM MOCTaBsHeTO H Ha TepMaHO-WTasiMaHCKHTe OTHOUICHHA Ha ea 10-craGwtHa OcHoBa. B ycnopuaTa Ha CbBCeM CKOPO Bb3HMKHastaTa KpH3a OGa¥e, TOBA Ce OKA3BA_HeBLIMOXHa asTepHa- ‘Tua: KPAICKATA AMIUIOMANHMA Ha TOOpHTe GxaronoxKeanna 6Ep30 OTcTEMBa Npest AMKTaTa Ha HaNHOHATHMTe HITTepecH, KOTO eCTeCTBeHO H BIACTHO BESTPOHSBEXx AT MCTOpHMeckaTa JOrMKa Ha B3aMMHaTa HeTspmuMoct. B roguuute na Msrounata kpH3a Ho Bpeme Ha Bepnurickus KOHTpec apcrpo-wTamMancKuTe OTHOMIEHHA ce oOtarat noTOMKOBa, Ye “HesaBHcHMaTa” O3HINA Ha PUM ce oKa3Ba de facto nosMUN Ha camonsonanns. 358BEJEKKH ' Cren o6spapanero a PaM 3a cronuua Ha o6eqHHeHa Mranus, npapuTencrsoro Mipvema T.Hap. “3aKoH 3a rapaHuMitTe”, YPeEAMALL OTHOUIEHKATA MEKAY bpKABA H IbPKBA, Ha nanara ce npenocrasa mbsita caoGona B AyXoBHaTa cibepa, MUHOCTTA My € OGsBeHa 3a HenPHKOCHOBeHa HM MY € Ja/eHO MPaBOTO Ha MOMLEPAA AMILIOMATHYECKH OTHOUIEHHH ¢ Apyra apxapy. Ho Cuerusr mpecton ce smilaba 3aBHHArH OT CBeTCKATa BacT Had PHM 1 Tlanckara o6nacr, ¢ wskmovenne Ha BaruxancKna u JlarepancKns qBopuu, Mioutana Ha Kannenapusra 8 Pum m xacten Pasmtombo 8 oxonnoctra. Tai IX orxmppas “3aKona 3a TapaHUMHTe”, a NPaBHTECTBOTO FO JIMLABa OT 3AKOHHO EMHTMpaHaTa My exerouHa AOTALMs. Koudbixrsr crura spBxHata cH TOKa ¢ aflea Ha Manara KbM KaTOsMYeCTBOTO ja HoBeTe Gop6a 3a BESCTAHOBABAHe NpawaTa Ha HerowaTa MepcoHa, caMOOGABHNA ce MEKIYBPEMeHHO 3a “Barukaricxu sarsopxuk” ~ Bx. Cepona, O. B. “Punckuii ponpoc” u BHeUIHeNONHTHYECKHit xype Mans » xonne XIX 8. — B: HpoGmemr wtambsuickou Hcropmu (1982), M., 1983, c. 200. ? Kanenopo, Jbx. Hcropus cospementoi Manan. T. VI. M., 1973, c. 129, B reppute ReceTusmeTHA Ha enMHHa rasa NONMTHYECKUAT KHBOT © NOMMHMPAH He OT napTHiiHM CTPYKTYpH, a OT NapnaMenrapHn rpynMposKH, OGeAHHABAMLM CbOTBETHO TOCseOBATEAH Ha yMepeHo-sGepanHata NomMTHKa Ha rpad Kamuno Ben3o Kanyp (Jecuuua) 4 Ha Haumonast-nemoxpara Jbxysene Manunn (Jleputa) - 6.a. * Tlo nonpo6uo wx. Cuporkun, B. E “Pumcxuit sonpoc” p 1870 r. no qoHeceHHaM PYCKHX sUTUIOMaToB. - B: O6eawnenun Viraniu. Cro net GoppGst 3a HesaBHcHMocTs i nemoxparuto. M., 1963 . + Kanteaopo, Ja. Llwr. cb4., c. 130. * Storia d'Italia, vol. 1V (Da Cavour alla fine della prima guerra mondiale), Torino, 1965, p. 374. * Ibidem. 7 | documenti diplomatici italiani, seconda serie (1871-1896), vol. 2, Roma, 1966 (10- nararex DDI), p. 246 , Visconti Venosta ~ de Lone, Roma, 7,03.1871. ature » usctenpaneto ca Mpeacrasenn (uM JonbNHHTeIHO CBriacyBaHH) cope esponelickara xpoHosornuna cucTema, Te, B Hop crit ~ 6.8. * Cataluceio, F. La politica estera di E. Visconti Venosta. Firenze, 1940, p. 68. * Kanenopo, Jia. Llur. cbs. ¢. 136. " Torre, A. La politica estera dell’ Italia dal 1870 al 1896. Bologna, 1959, p. 107. "' Crispi, F Politica estera. Memorie e documenti, Milano, 1912, p. 2. ” Ibidem, p. 3. ? Kannexopo, Jx. User. cb4., c. 137. ' Craga ppmpoc 3a nico Ha Buckoxtn Bentocra no Je Jone or 21 map 1875 r., B KOCTO ABTOPbT pasKPHBA NONpOGHO apryMeHTHTe B MONA Ha chomTA HomHTHKA. ~ Bx. Salata, F, Per la storia diplomatica della Questione Romana, I, “Da Cavour alla Triplice Alleanza”, Milano, 1929, pp. 273-278. © Ceposa, O. B. Lr. cbu., c. 203, Crempa na ce orGenexu, 4¥e aBTopKaTa THIKyBa HTaNMaHCKOTO MOBEMEHHE B TACHATA BHTPeLIHOMOAMTHYECKAa 3aBHCHMOCT “AbpxKaBa- uppxsa”, Ges 2a npexsEpsa mpoGsema KbM (ppeHcKara “BpbIKA” KATO ACTIEKT, KOiTO OHe- BHAIHO CTOH B OcHOBaTa Ha BUCMapKoBHA 3aMHCBH B yuLpO Ha HeMOHCTpHpanata (ppeHcKo- wrammasicxa Gausoct. A OT TYK H HeqOCTaTBYHMsT pecype B npenmpHeTata oT PaM stMHHA — none mo ce oTHaca No o¥aKBaHHTa 3a MonKpena or Bepaun 1 Buena, 359'* Xnocros, B. M. Victopus na aumiomauusta, Tom II (Janiomannsta B HOBO Bpeme 1971-1914). C., 1965, ¢. 51. " Kannenopo, ox. Unt. cou., c. 138, " Salvemini, G. La politica estera della Destra (1871-1876). — In: “Rivista d'Italia”, 1925, pp. 193-194. " Lurarst € or peu wa Buckouru Benocta » Tupano npen HerosH u36uparesm (25.10.1874). - Bx. Chabod, F. Storia della politica estera italiana dal 1870 al 1896. Bari, 1962, p. 531. 3a nommTuxara Ha cbutMA MuHHCTHp BX. Salvemini, G. L’Italia nella politica internazionale della era bismarchiana. ~ In: Rivista storica italiana, XL, 1923, p. 129. ® OGuononMTHvecKHTe TeHAEHHMK H OCOGeHMTe, XapakTepomOrHYHH acrleKTH Ha KP&ICKHTe AHTwAUMCHTH Ha MeXIYHApONeH TepeH MOraT sa Ce MpocHenAT no-noLpOGHO B Chabod, F. Op. cit., p. 657; Mack Smith, D. Vittorio Emanuele e suoi primi ministry. - In: Rassegna storica del Risorgimento, 1954, No 2-3, pp. 412-418. 2! Chabod, F. Op. cit., p. 663. ® Salvemini, G. La politica estera della Destra .. p. 368. ® Chabod, F. Op. cit., pp. 663-664. Bunpocer 3a Tpolits cb103 mpes 1868 r. cron B KOHTeKcTa Ha peHcKo-npycKoTO Hanpexenwe M OnUTHTe Ha Dpanuna na cH MOCHTYpH cpiosnun, MIpes 1867 r. axraxkupans cbc sammrara Ha nana Tait IX penckn yacta pas6u- BaT MlopeaHHA excnenMuMOHeH orpat Ha Jb. PapuOann 8 Gurka 3a Pam. AurapencKute nactpoenus sanupar Mass, Ho Topa He cnupa Hanoneon II p xkesaHMeTo My 2a mpHpaeye Buxrop Emanys II 3a cuiosnux. Hacppyeno or oGcrostescrsoro, 4e mperopopute Mexay Tlapwx u Buena Gyxcysat, HTanaHcKoTO MpaBHTeNcTBO aBa CBOETO CbrnacHe, HO MPH yenonne Pum 2a Gone npenanen Ha Manus. Hanoneon HI orkasa 4 ¢ Toma mpoeKTsT 3a Tpoen cui03 Mexay pannus, Ascrpo-Yurapus n Mramus, nacoven cpeuy Tpycua u Cenep- HorepMaticKHa cBI03 ¢ MKBHAupaH. IIo noxpoGHo wx. Morbom«nn, B. TI. 4 KosexTHB. cropus Ha aunsomanusra, Tom I. C., 1961, c. 778-779. * Sandona, A. L’ irredentismo nelle lotte politiche e nelle contese diplomatiche italo- austriache. Bologna, 1932, p. 113. Tekcrat Ha TosH AOKyMeHT e e/KH OT Hali-KoMeHTHpaHuTe B McTopHorpadbasra no MpoGReMuTe Ha MTasMAHCKaTa BHUIHA NOMMTHKA OT Kpas Ha XIX nex. OrpesteHo My 3HaeHHeTO Ha KOHUeITYaseH 3HaMeHaTes 3a pasBHTHeTO Ha HTasHaHO- anctpiiicKute oTHoulenus no 1915 r. B HeroswTe BHyuIeHHsA ce THpesT OcHOBAHHS H 3a Mpempapurenen OTKas Ha WTasMaHcKaTa crpata OT NPEAMpHeTATA 1O-KBCHO HOMMTHKA Ha KOMMeHCaIMH, NPONMKTyBAHA HIKMONMTEIHO OT OGcToRTeICTBATA, cBLp3aHH ¢ MsTouHaTa xpusa (1875-1878). — Bx. Torre, A. Op. cit., p. 107. Besmuiocr, ecrecraoto my Ha o6oSuleHa TOsHIWs, NPeHAsHAYeHa Na HOCOWM BUCOKATA WeHa, KosTO Buea OTpexkita 3a MpHstTeNCTBOTO cu ¢ PUM, Ce MpexBEpAA HeOGOCHOBAHO KATO CHYLP:KaLl MOTHB B KOHKpeTHa CHTYANHs ¢ nO- KbCHa JlaTa, MPH TOBA c OGpareH pe H SaBHCHMoOcT Ha OOcTOmTeNcTBATa: B Kpaiitia cMeTKa, He HTANHAHCKHAT NpeneHTHSEM cTaBa MPHYHHA 3a BRIMOKHOCTTA Aa ce aueKcupat Bocua u Xepiierosiia, a M0-CKopo peamHOCTTa Ha TASH AHEKCHs! H NPOMSTHMAILUTe OT TOBA Hera THBHH nocnenMNH 3a Mra, MoTHBHpaT HcKa 3a KOMMeHCaLWM OT crpaHa Ha PUM. % Kangenopo, J. ur, cou, c. 138-139, % Ceposa, O. B. Llu. cbu., c. 205-206. ” Chabod, F. Op. cit., p. 666. Mpoxbmxennero Ha penxara: “Les Ministres passent: mais celui la est toujurs aupres de Moi” (“Munuerpure cu orupat, Ho To3H TYK € BHHarH 360611130 Zo Men”) € He mo-Masiko eneranTen H3pa3 Ha BepyloTo, KoeTO “KpanaT — rananT” (nonynspuoto 8 apucToxpaTHueckHa cBaT MposBMULe Ha WranHaHcKHA MoHapx - 6.m.C.C.) N3noBAIBa 3a posATAa CH Ha MHpBocTeneHeH nonuTHMecKH ¢bakTop. Muoro n0-KbCHO, Ha 14 centemspu 1879 r., w Tenerpama 0 caon wapxe a’acpep » PUM xux3 Bpene, Anmpanm NOTBEPAMAaBa OTOPHSaNMATA, JaeHa MY Mpe3 anpust 1875 r. BEB Benewa oT HramarcKns cyBepeH, NO BCHYKH BLAPOCH, CBDp3IaHH C TepHTopHamHUTe MpobAeMH Mexay ram H Ancrpo-Yurapus (8 korrrexcra nia Horara or 24 ait 1874 1) sla ce OOptuta swHo KEM Hero — Bx. Sandona, A. Op. cit. I, p. 259. * Croce, B. Storia d’ Italia dal 1871 al 1915. Bari, 1942, p. 122. Awtoppr mrepnperupa aymute na Dpann Hocu) no unhopmanus, nanena or Chiala, L. Pagine di storia contemporanea (Dal congreso di Plombieres al congreso di Berlino), vol. 3, 1898, p. 266. 361